79-437: (Redirected from Hakkâri ) Hakkari or Hakkâri may refer to: Hakkari (historical region) , a historical region in modern-day Turkey and Iraq Hakkâri (city) , a city and the capital of Hakkâri Province, Turkey Hakkâri Province , a province in southeast Turkey Hakkari (electoral district) , an electoral district Grand National Assembly of Turkey Emirate of Hakkâri ,
158-402: A black or a red robe with a red belt. They should not wear a red robe in the presence of the patriarch, who wears a red robe. Bishops visiting a diocese outside their jurisdiction also wear black robes in deference to the bishop of the diocese, who alone wears red robes. They carry a crosier stylised with serpents representing the staff of Moses during sacraments. Corepiscopos wear a black or
237-503: A historical Kurdish emirate Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hakkari . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hakkari&oldid=1049347790 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
316-501: A period of economic and intellectual flourishing lasted for Syriac Orthodox communities from 950 to 1020. The Syriac Patriarch John Sarigta and his two successors lived at the monastery of Bārid close to Melitene, one of the many newly founded monasteries at the time, and Syriac Orthodox Christians were granted access to imperial positions. The wealth and influence of the Syriac Orthodox communities then sparked conflicts with
395-431: A purple robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses. A priest also wears a phiro , or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear masnapso , a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called msone . Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called kutino symbolizing purity. Hamniko or stole
474-481: A unique name has long been used to distinguish the church from the polity of Syria . In Arabic (the official language of Syria), the church is known as the "Kenissa Suryaniya" as the term " Suryani " identifies the Syriac language and people. Chalcedonians referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after Jacob Baradaeus ) since the schism that followed the 451 Council of Chalcedon . English-speaking historians identified
553-577: Is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, which led Dorothea Weltecke to conclude that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings. This changed during the 12th century when the Crusader states were established. Scholars agree generally that relations between the Syriac Orthodox and Latins in Outremer were good. The Syriac population in
632-558: Is credited for ordaining most of the miaphysite hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth century. In 544, Jacob Baradeus ordained Sergius of Tella continuing the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the Church of Antioch . That was done in opposition to the government-backed Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as
711-514: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hakkari (historical region) Hakkari ( Syriac : ܚܟܪܝ Ḥakkāri , or ܗܟܪܝ Hakkāri Kurdish: هەکاری), was a historical mountainous region lying to the south of Lake Van , encompassing parts of the modern provinces of Hakkâri , Şırnak , Van in Turkey and Dohuk in Iraq . During
790-574: Is rarely awarded. Syriac Orthodox churches use the Peshitta (Syriac: simple, common) as its Bible. The New Testament books of this Bible are estimated to have been translated from Greek to Syriac between the late first century to the early third century AD. The Old Testament of the Peshitta was translated from Hebrew , probably in the second century. The New Testament of the Peshitta , which originally excluded certain disputed books, had become
869-573: Is that Christ is "in two natures, full humanity and full divinity". This is the doctrinal difference that separated the Oriental Orthodox from the rest of Christendom. The church believes in the mystery of Incarnation and venerate Virgin Mary as Theotokos or Yoldath Aloho (Meaning: 'Bearer of God'). The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of Saint Peter . They were fully convinced of
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#1732802313838948-556: Is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried. In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the deacons are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are: Only a full deacon can take the censer during the Divine Liturgy to assist the priest. In Jacobite Syrian Christian Church , because of
1027-484: Is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the sacraments . Unlike in the Catholic Church , Syriac deacons may marry before ordained as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are Corepiscopos who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos
1106-434: Is the successor to Saint Peter on whom primacy was conferred by Jesus Christ . The church accepted first three synods held at Nicaea (325), Constantinople (381), and Ephesus (431), shaping the formulation and early interpretation of Christian doctrines . The Syriac Orthodox Church is part of Oriental Orthodoxy , a distinct communion of churches claiming to continue the patristic and apostolic Christology before
1185-510: Is venerated as the first bishop of Antioch in c. 37 AD after the Incident at Antioch . Saint Evodius was Bishop of Antioch until 66 AD and was succeeded by Saint Ignatius of Antioch . The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" (Greek: Χριστιανισμός ) was by Ignatius of Antioch , in around 100 AD. In A.D 169, Theophilus of Antioch wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus. Patriarch Babylas of Antioch
1264-403: Is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a girdle called zenoro , and zende , meaning sleeves. If the celebrant is a bishop, he wears a veil-mitre over the masnapso, . A cope called phayno is worn over these vestments. Batrashil , or pallium , is worn over the phayno by bishops and corepiscopas wear a half cope over the phayno, like hamnikho worn by priests. The priest's usual dress
1343-743: The Armenian and Syriac Orthodox communities when an estimated 105,000 Christians were killed. By the end of the 19th century, 200,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians remained in the Middle East, most concentrated around Saffron Monastery , the Patriarchal Seat. In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of Diyarbakır . In the 1870–71 Diyarbakır salnames , there were 1,434 Orthodox Syriacs in that city. On 10 December 1876, Ignatius Peter IV consecrated Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala as metropolitan. Rivalry within
1422-884: The Assyrian Empire and Aramean kingdoms. Church traditions crystallized into ethnogenesis through the preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire was principally religious and linguistic. In recent works, Assyrian-American historian Sargon Donabed has pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using Assyrian designations in their official English names, also noting that in some cases those designations were later changed to Syrian , and then to Syriac , while several other parishes still continue to use Assyrian designations. The church claims apostolic succession through
1501-469: The Chalcedonians and Miaphysites (Syriac Orthodox). The longer hagiography shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: suryoye yaquboye ) self-identified with Jacob's story more than those of other saints. Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that unlike
1580-633: The Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (part of the wider Eastern Orthodox Church ) and the Maronite church (an Eastern Catholic church). In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church . Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin . The non-Catholic Syriac party elected
1659-663: The Kurdish Emir of Hakkari. Badr Khan allied with Nur Allah and attacked the Assyrians of Hakkari in the summer of 1843 massacring them and taking those who survived as slaves. Another massacre was inflicted in 1846 on the Assyrians of Tiyari, also residing in Hakkari. The western powers, alarmed by the massacres pressured the Ottomans to intervene. Badr Khan was subsequently defeated and exiled to Crete in 1847. Although
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#17328023138381738-600: The Liturgy of Saint James , associated with James the Just . Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church. The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro- Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Byzantine emperor Anastasius I Dicorus , and a synod was held at Laodicea in Syria in order to choose his successor, a prominent Miaphysite theologian Severus
1817-560: The Malabar Syrian Christians . In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group. During the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks. In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from
1896-510: The Principality of Antioch grew, also due to the influx of refugees, which also manifested itself in the construction of two further churches. During that time, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch, with some even establishing temporary residences there, and the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision. Nevertheless, they stayed officially independent although they also engaged in talks with
1975-613: The Sapna and Nahla valleys in northern Iraq. Those who went to Simele ended up immigrating further to the Tell Tamer Subdistrict in Syria during the 1930s. In 980AD, ' Adud al-Dawla sent an expedition against Hakkari Kurds and subdued them. In 1041AD, after the defeat of the invading Ghuz turks and subsequent massacre in Urmia by Rawadids . They fled to Hakkari where they ravaged it. they were eventually defeated by
2054-526: The Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on West Syriac Rite : The seven Holy Sacraments of the church are: The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the deacons , the priests, the chorbishops , the bishops, and the patriarch each have different vestments. Bishops usually wear
2133-1044: The Syriac Catholic Church ). Mor Hananyo Monastery was the headquarters of the church from c. 1160 until 1932. The patriarchate was transferred to Homs due to the Sayfo genocide and the effects of World War I . The current see of the church is the Cathedral of Saint George , Bab Tuma , Damascus , Syria, since 1959. Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II has served as the Patriarch of Antioch . The church has an autonomous Maphrianate in India , along with archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates in countries covering six continents . Syriac -speaking Christians have referred to themselves as " Ārāmāyē/Āṯūrāyē/Sūryāyē " in native Aramaic terms based on their ethnic identity. In most languages besides English,
2212-482: The Syriac genocide . In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to Damascus in Syria. In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox living in Syria was 82,000. In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries. On 20 October 1987, Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala
2291-551: The Syrian Orthodox Church which sheltered near Nineveh at Mar Mattai Monastery following the destruction of Christians in the region, the Ismailis and Sunni and Shi'a Muslims indiscriminately by Timur during the second part of the 14th century. The few survivors sought refuge among the Assyrians of Hakkari and the surrounding region. This region also produced many bishops and patriarchs as hereditary succession
2370-640: The liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch , Tur ‘Abdin , Urfa , Mardin in modern Turkey , as well as in Aleppo and Qamishli in modern Syria. Syriac Orthodox clergy and laity follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at fixed prayer times , in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo ). According to
2449-538: The schism following the Council of Chalcedon in 451. In terms of Christology , the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) understanding is that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate, of the full humanity and full divinity". Just as humans are of their mothers and fathers and not in their mothers and fathers, so too is the nature of Christ according to Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian understanding
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2528-681: The "Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known popularly as Melkites —c oming from the Syriac word for king (malka), an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman Emperor (later emphasised by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church ). Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate
2607-476: The "father of fathers", he must be an ordained bishop. He is the general administrator to Holy Synod and supervises the spiritual, administrative, and financial matters of the church. He governs external relations with other churches and signs agreements, treaties, contracts, pastoral encyclicals (bulls), pastoral letters related to the affairs of the church. After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in
2686-682: The Assyrians asked for a state in Diyarbekir and northern Mesopotamia in Iraq; others requested a British protectorate in Upper Mesopotamia , northern Mosul, and Urmia. The Assyrians tried to retake the region, but the Turks and Kurds objected to their desire to retake their ancestral lands in Hakkari, and an attempt to occupy the region by Agha Petros failed. In 1924, after a rebellion , Turkey formally occupied northern Hakkari and expelled
2765-464: The Assyrians of Hakkari in 1838. The Ottomans, seeking to consolidate their control of the region, engaged him in a costly war which eventually led to the dissolution of his Emirate. After the fall of his main rival Badr Khan of Bohtan sought to extend his dominion by annexing the Assyrian regions in Hakkari. He took advantage of a rift between the patriarch Shimun XVII Abraham and Nur Allah ,
2844-626: The Bishopric as one of main regional primacies in Christendom, with jurisdiction over the administrative Diocese of the Orient , thus laying the foundation for the creation of the "Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East". Because of the significance attributed to Ignatius of Antioch in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in the title of
2923-721: The Byzantine church, which begun to persecute Syriac Orthodox Christians, forcing Patriarch Dionysius IV to move the seat to the Arabic Amida . Before the advent of the Crusades in the 11th century, the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah ( Upper Mesopotamia ). In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions by the Byzantines, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church
3002-658: The Byzantines and Latins about church union. In 1293, the patriarchal seat was transferred from the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery , where the patriarchs had resided since 1166, to the Mor Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern Anatolia near Mardin where it would remain until 1933, when it was re-established in Homs , Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. Among
3081-539: The Catholic and Orthodox Syriacs. Around 1665, many Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala , India, committed themselves in allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which established the Malankara Syrian Church . The Malankara Church consolidated under Mar Thoma I welcomed Gregorios Abdal Jaleel , who regularised the canonical ordination of Mar Thoma I as a native democratically elected Bishop of
3160-536: The Chalcedonian Christians (who were labeled as "Melkites"), Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their Orthodoxy to win the favor of the Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites had done ( malko is derived from "ruler, king, emperor"). In the 10th century, after the Byzantine reconquest of Cappadocia, Cilicia and Syria, the Byzantine emperor encouraged Syriac settlement of these new frontier lands and
3239-590: The Church of Mār Shalīṭa in Qudshanis enjoyed both spiritual and political power over his subjects. Since priests were required to remain celibates the patriarchy moved from uncle to nephew. This system came to be known as Nāṭar Kursyā ( ܢܛܪ ܟܘܪܣܝܐ "Guardian of the throne"), and by the 19th century this system was applied to all dioceses of Hakkari. The Assyrians formed intricate alliances with neighbouring Kurdish tribes and their Ottoman lords, and each tribe
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3318-565: The East , and informally as the Jacobite Church , is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch . The bishop of Antioch , known as the patriarch , heads the church and possesses apostolic succession through Saint Peter ( Classical Syriac : ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ , romanized: Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā ), according to sacred tradition . The church upholds Miaphysite doctrine in Christology , and employs
3397-784: The East lost some of its members in the few centuries following the Schism of 1552 to the Chaldean Catholic Church , mainly in Diyarbakir. Those living in Hakkari, however, were unaffected by the disputes until 1692 when the Chaldean Archbishop of Diyarbakir Shimun IX Dinkha broke away from Rome and moved to Qudshanis in Hakkari where he reintroduced the Shimun line of hereditary patriarchial succession which continued until 1976. The Patriarch residing in
3476-516: The Great (d. 538). His later deposition (in 518) was not recognized by the Miaphisite party, and thus a distinctive ( autocephalous ) Miaphysite patriarchate was established, headed by Severus and his successors. During the sixth century, Miaphysite hierarchical structure in the region was further straightened by Jacob Baradaeus (d. 578), while the pro-Chalcedonian faction would form to become
3555-510: The Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac Orthodox Church" after the Syriac language , the official liturgical language of the church. The church is not ethnically exclusive, but two main ethnic groups in the community contest their ethnic identification as " Assyrians " and " Arameans ". "Suryoye" is the term used to identify the Syriacs in the diaspora. The Syriac Orthodox identity included auxiliary cultural traditions of
3634-567: The Kurds and 1500 Ghuz tribesmen were killed and the survivors were enslaved by the Kurds. Following the devastation of the urban centres of Mesopotamia at the hands of Timur , a Turkic military leader operating under the guise of restoring the Mongol Empire , he was known as "the Sword of Islam." His conquest of Baghdad and the general area, especially the destruction of Tikrit, affected
3713-573: The Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of chants and melodies . Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo , the key reference to Syriac Orthodox church music . In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced audio recordings of
3792-522: The Patriarch of the newly founded Syriac Catholic Church . The Propaganda Fide and foreign diplomats pushed for Akhijan to be recognized as the Jacobite Patriarch, and the Porte then consented and warned the Syriac Orthodox that they would be considered an enemy if they did not recognize him. Despite the warning and gifts to priests, frequent conflicts and violent arguments continued between
3871-446: The Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name. Christological controversies that followed the Council of Chalcedon (451) resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Emperor Anastasius I (d. 518), and new patriarch Severus of Antioch (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at
3950-408: The Syriac Orthodox Church in Tur Abdin resulted in many conversions to the Syriac Catholic Church (the Uniate branch). The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties. During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%. In 1924, the patriarchate of the church
4029-405: The Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to
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#17328023138384108-423: The ancient Syriac tradition. The church uses both Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar based on their regions and traditions they adapted. The liturgical service is called Holy Qurobo in the Syriac language meaning " Eucharist ". Liturgy of Saint James is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of Gospel reading, Bible readings , prayers, and songs. The recitation of
4187-479: The authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction. The title bishop comes from the Greek word episkopos, meaning "the one who oversees". A bishop is a spiritual ruler of the church who has different ranks. Then there are metropolitan bishops or archbishops , and under them, there are auxiliary bishops . The priest ( Kasheesho )
4266-426: The children who are under the age of five. She can read scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl. Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holy chrism . While this rank exists, it
4345-432: The church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient Syria . In the 15th century, the term " Orthodox " (from Greek : " orthodoxía "; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for things named after the Syrian Federation . Hence, in 2000,
4424-426: The church split due to his being deposed for Homoiousian leanings—which became known as the Meletian Schism and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch. Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire , the First Council of Nicaea (325) recognized
4503-449: The cities of Adana and Harput , began the process of creating the Syriac diaspora , with the United States being one of their first destinations in the 1890s. Later, in Worcester, Massachusetts , the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United States was built. Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar Thoma Syrian Church . The 1895–96 massacres in Turkey affected
4582-439: The entire Christian community, including non-Syriac Orthodox communities, such as Greek Orthodox Syrians. The Emir demanded translations of the Gospels into Arabic to confirm John's beliefs, which according to the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian was the first translation of the Gospels into Arabic. The 8th century hagiography Life of Jacob Baradaeus is evidence of a definite denominational and social differentiation between
4661-443: The lack of deacons, altar assistants who do not have a rank of deaconhood may assist the priest. Historically, in the Malankara Church , the local chief was called as Archdeacon , who was the ecclesiastical authority of the Saint Thomas Christians in the Malabar region of India. An ordained deaconess is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited to give Holy Communion to women and
4740-413: The last Christian inhabitants who still remained in the region, with the exception of the village of Gaznakh which due to Kurdish alliances and their conversion to the Chaldean Catholic Church avoided deportation. Assyrians still live in the southern Hakkari region of Barwari Bala , now straddling the Turkey-Iraq border, and in the Sapna and Nahla Valleys of Iraqs Nohadra region. As of 1920, Hakkari
4819-504: The late Ottoman Empire it was a sanjak within the old Vilayet of Van . The region stretching from Tur Abdin to Hakkari formed the Nairi lands which served as the northern Assyrian frontier and border with their Urartian rivals. The Assyrians of this region were Christians adhering to the Assyrian Church of the East and lived here until 1924, when the last Assyrians who survived the Assyrian genocide and massacres that occurred during 1918 were expelled. Most subsequently moved to
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#17328023138384898-400: The pre-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch to the Early Christian communities from Jerusalem led by Saint Barnabas and Saint Paul in Antioch , during the Apostolic era , as described in the Acts of the Apostles ; " The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch " ( New Testament , Acts 11:26 ). Saint Peter was selected by Jesus Christ ( New Testament , Matthew 16:18 ) and
4977-417: The preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century. By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries. The Catholic missionaries had sought to place a Catholic Patriarch among the Jacobites and consecrated Andrew Akhijan as
5056-421: The region was nominally under Ottoman control since the 16th century, it was in reality administered by its Assyrian and Kurdish inhabitants and their lords. The situation changed after the Badr Khans rule and the Tanzimat reforms as the Ottomans now were able to extend their full control unopposed, and in 1868 the Sanjak of Hakkari was created. On the eve of the First World War, patriarch Shimun XIX Benyamin
5135-416: The rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael III Jarweh , who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as
5214-505: The see of Antioch. The miaphisite patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with Severus the Great who took refuge in Alexandria . The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and aphthartodocetae , and that division remained unresolved until 527. Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors. Bishop Jacob Baradaeus (died 578)
5293-403: The standard by the early fifth century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels. The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the Nicene Creed . The Syriac Orthodox Church teaches that it is the One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church founded by Jesus Christ in his Great Commission , that its metropolitans are the successors of Christ's Apostles , and that the Patriarch
5372-427: The synod of Laodicea in Syria , a prominent miapyhsite theologian Severus the Great was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the Great Church of Antioch . In 518, he was exiled from Antioch, by new emperor Justin I (d. 527), who tried to enforce a uniform Chalcedonian orthodoxy throughout the empire. Those who belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed patriarch Paul , who took over
5451-440: The unique office of Peter in the early Christian community. Ephrem , Aphrahat , and Maruthas unequivocally acknowledged the office of Peter. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of church buildings, marriages, ordinations etc., reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of faith of the church. The church does not believe in Papal Primacy as understood by the Roman See , rather, Petrine Primacy according to
5530-438: Was able to move unnoticed to Urmia , which at the time was under Russian control, and tried to persuade them to send a relief force to the besieged Assyrians. When the Russians replied that the request was unreasonable, he returned to Hakkari and led the surviving 50,000 Assyrians through the mountains to safety in Urmia. Thousands perished from cold and hunger during this march. During the peace conferences in Paris in 1919,
5609-401: Was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or " translated " for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries. Eustathius of Antioch supported Athanasius of Alexandria who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of Arius ( Arian controversy ) at the First Council of Nicaea . During the time of Meletius of Antioch
5688-551: Was declared a saint by Ignatius Zakka I Iwas , Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs. The mother church and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma , Damascus , capital of Syria. The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named Patriarch of Antioch , in reference to his titular pretense to one of the five patriarchates of the Pentarchy of Byzantine Christianity . Considered
5767-541: Was led by a Malik ( ܡܠܟ ) who also functioned as a military leader during wartime. In the 19th century, several competing Kurdish centers began emerging in the region. Mir Muhammed , the Kurdish Emir of the Soran Emirate , situated around Rawanduz was able to depose his rivals and control a region stretching from Mardin to Persian Azerbaijan . He was however defeated in battle when he tried to subdue
5846-497: Was producing lead . The lead, which came from a government owned mine, was used to make bullets . Syrian Orthodox Church The Syriac Orthodox Church ( Classical Syriac : ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ , romanized: ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo ), also known as West Syriac Church or West Syrian Church , officially known as the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All
5925-525: Was promised preferential treatment in anticipation of the war. Shortly after the war began, however, Assyrian and Armenian settlements to the north of Hakkari were attacked and sacked by Kurdish irregulars allied with the Ottoman Army in the Assyrian genocide . Others were forced into labour battalions and later executed. The turning point was when the patriarch's brother was taken prisoner as he
6004-463: Was studying in Constantinople . The Ottomans demanded Assyrian neutrality and executed him as a warning. In return, the patriarch declared war on the Ottomans on 10 April 1915. The Assyrians were immediately attacked by Kurdish irregulars backed by the Ottomans, driving most of the Assyrians of Hakkari to the mountain tops, as those who stayed in their villages were killed. Shimun Benjamin
6083-609: Was transferred to Homs after Kemal Atatürk expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in Damascus . The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the 1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued. In the early 1920s, the city of Qamishli was built mainly by Syriac Orthodox refugees, escaping
6162-633: Was transferred to different monasteries in Mesopotamia for centuries. John III of the Sedre was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of Athanasius I Gammolo in 631 AD, followed by the fall of Roman Syria and the Muslim conquest of the Levant . John and several bishops were summoned before Emir Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari of Hims to engage in open debate regarding Christianity and represent
6241-563: Was used to prevent a full ecclesiastical collapse of the church. By the 16th century, the Assyrians disappeared from many cities where they previously thrived, such as in Tabriz and Nisibis . The head of the Church of the East moved from Baghdad to Maragha in Urmia by 1553. By the 1500s, the Assyrians were concentrated in an older version of the Assyrian triangle, with its points in Diyarbakir (west), Maragha (east). The Church of
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