Shōgen Okabayashi ( 岡林 将玄 , Okabayashi Ryoichi (Shōgen was his budo name.) , born June 27,1949 - February 20, 2018) was a well known Kansai based aikijujutsu teacher.
79-636: He was a founding member and one of the shihan or ‘senior teachers’ of the Takumakai Daitō-ryū group, founder of the Hakohokai branch and later founder of the Hakuhō-ryū which is based upon the techniques of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu and the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū . Okabayashi is unique in that he spent significant amounts of time training under both Hisa Takuma , and Takeda Tokimune. Hisa was the founder of
158-519: A battlefield environment but instead utilize grips and holds on opponent's clothing . Most systems of Edo jujutsu include extensive use of atemi waza (vital-striking technique), which would be of little use against an armored opponent on a battlefield. They would, however, be quite valuable in confronting an enemy or opponent during peacetime dressed in normal street attire (referred to as "suhada bujutsu"). Occasionally, inconspicuous weapons such as tantō (daggers) or tessen (iron fans) were included in
237-402: A form of, and development of, jujutsu. A judo technique starts with gripping the opponent, followed by off-balancing them and using their momentum against them and then applying the technique. Kuzushi (the art of breaking balance) is also used in jujutsu, whereby an opponent's attack is deflected using their momentum against them in order to arrest their movements then throw them or pin them with
316-757: A heavily armed and armored enemy on the battlefield. In battle, it was often impossible for a samurai to use his long sword or polearm, and would, therefore, be forced to rely on his short sword, dagger, or bare hands. When fully armored, the effective use of such "minor" weapons necessitated the employment of grappling skills. Methods of combat (as mentioned above) included striking (kicking and punching), various takedowns , trips, throwing (body throws, shoulder and hip throws, joint-locking throws, sacrifice throws, unbalance and leg sweeping throws), restraining (pinning, strangling, grappling, wrestling, and rope tying) and weaponry. Defensive tactics included blocking, evading, off-balancing, blending and escaping. Minor weapons such as
395-779: A hojo cord in addition to handcuffs. The very old Takenouchi-ryu is one of the better-recognized systems that continue extensive training in hojo waza. Since the establishment of the Meiji period with the abolishment of the Samurai and the wearing of swords, the ancient tradition of Yagyū Shingan-ryū (Sendai and Edo lines) has focused much towards the Jujutsu (Yawara) contained in its syllabus. Many other legitimate Nihon jujutsu Ryu exist but are not considered koryu (ancient traditions). These are called either Gendai Jujutsu or modern jujutsu. Modern jujutsu traditions were founded after or towards
474-542: A process of adaptation at the hands of Western practitioners, molding the arts of jujutsu to suit Western culture in its myriad varieties. There are today many distinctly westernized styles of jujutsu, that stick to their Japanese roots to varying degrees. Some of the largest post-reformation (founded post-1905) gendai jujutsu schools include (but are certainly not limited to these in that there are hundreds (possibly thousands), of new branches of "jujutsu"): There are many types of sports jujutsu. One version of sports jujutsu
553-422: A scientific method to explain how traditional techniques function. Shihan Shihan ( 師範 ) is a Japanese term that is used in many Japanese martial arts as an honorific title for expert or senior instructors. It can be translated as "master instructor". The use of the term is specific to a school or organization, as is the process of becoming a shihan. In aikido , the title shihan often
632-495: A series of seminars which he did at the dojo over many years. Being a newspaper, the dojo members made use of the facilities to photograph the techniques they were taught after sessions and produced a photo document of the techniques to reinforce training which was called the "Soden" and still exists today. They also took a film of Ueshiba Morihei performing Daitō-ryū techniques where one can already begin to influence of his more circular aikido style coming into play. Lost for many years
711-429: A set-up for further techniques or as a stand-alone action. In jujutsu, practitioners train in the use of many potentially fatal or crippling moves, such as joint-locking throws. However, because students mostly train in a non-competitive environment, the risk is minimized. Students are taught break falling skills to allow them to safely practice otherwise dangerous throws . As jujutsu has so many facets, it has become
790-633: A short English i. This may also be a reflection of the speech of Shitamachi that merges 'ju' into 'ji'. Since Japanese martial arts first became widely known of in the West in that time period, these earlier spellings are still common in many places. Ju-jitsu is still a common spelling in France, Canada, and the United Kingdom while jiu-jitsu is most widely used in Germany and Brazil. Different from
869-510: A suspect without taking him down; Sambo utilized throws mainly as a defensive counter in case of a surprise attack from behind. Instead of takedowns , it used shakedowns to unbalance the opponent without actually dropping him down, while oneself still maintaining a steady balance . It was, in essence, a standing arm-wrestling, armlock mastery-type of martial art, which utilized a variety of different types of armlocks, knots and compression holds (and counters to protect oneself from them) applied to
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#1732776631909948-421: A systemic refinement of defensive techniques from Aiki-Jujutsu in ways that are intended to prevent harm to either the attacker or the defender. Aikido changed much during Ueshiba's lifetime, so earlier styles (such as Yoshinkan ) are more like the original Aiki-Jujutsu than ones (such as Ki-Aikido ) that more resemble the techniques and philosophy that Ueshiba stressed towards the end of his life. Wadō-ryū (和道流)
1027-441: A technique — thus controlling the opponent. It is known in both systems that kuzushi is essential in order to use as little energy as possible. Jujutsu differs from judo in a number of ways. In some circumstances, judoka generates kuzushi by striking one's opponent along his weak line. Other methods of generating kuzushi include grabbing, twisting, poking or striking areas of the body known as atemi points or pressure points (areas of
1106-478: A way to distract the opponent or to unbalance him in the lead up to a joint lock, strangle or throw. During the same period the numerous jujutsu schools challenged each other to duels which became a popular pastime for warriors under a peaceful unified government. From these challenges, randori was created to practice without risk of breaking the law and the various styles of each school evolved from combating each other without intention to kill. The term jūjutsu
1185-530: A weapon") was an early Soviet martial art, a direct descendant of judo, developed in the 1920s by Viktor Spiridonov , the Dynamo Sports Society jujutsu instructor, and Russo-Japanese War veteran. As it was developed largely for police purposes, a special emphasis in Sambo was placed on the standing armlocks and grappling counters in order to free oneself from holding, apprehending, and escorting
1264-657: Is Wadō-ryū Karate. Jujutsu was first introduced to Europe in 1898 by Edward William Barton-Wright , who had studied Tenjin Shinyō-ryū and Shinden Fudo-ryū in Yokohama and Kobe . He also trained briefly at the Kodokan in Tokyo . Upon returning to England he folded the basics of all of these styles, as well as boxing , savate , and forms of stick fighting , into an eclectic self-defense system called Bartitsu . Modern judo
1343-511: Is a classic example of a sport that is derived from jujutsu. Many who study judo believe as Kanō did, that judo is not a sport but a self-defense system creating a pathway towards peace and universal harmony. Another layer removed, some popular arts had instructors who studied one of these jujutsu derivatives and later made their own derivative succeed in the competition. This created an extensive family of martial arts and sports that can trace their lineage to jujutsu in some part. The way an opponent
1422-776: Is a family of Japanese martial arts and a system of close combat (unarmed or with a minor weapon) that can be used in a defensive or offensive manner to kill or subdue one or more weaponless or armed and armored opponents. It was coined by Hisamori Tenenuchi when he officially established the first school of jiu-jitsu in Japan. A subset of techniques from certain styles of jujutsu were used to develop many modern martial arts and combat sports , such as judo , aikido , sambo , ARB , Brazilian jiu-jitsu (via judo), and mixed martial arts . " Jū " can be translated as "gentle, soft, supple, flexible, pliable, or yielding", and " jutsu " can be translated as "art or technique". "Jujutsu" thus has
1501-550: Is a special system named Random Attacks , focusing on instilling quick reaction times against any given attack by defending and countering. The tori and the uke are also from the same team but here they do not know what the attack will be, which is given to the tori by the judges, without the uke's knowledge. The second variant is the Fighting System ( Freefighting ) where competitors combine striking, grappling, and submissions under rules which emphasize safety. Many of
1580-761: Is dealt with also depends on the teacher's philosophy with regard to combat. This translates also in different styles or schools of jujutsu. Not all jujutsu was used in sporting contests, but the practical use in the samurai world ended circa 1890. Techniques like hair-pulling, eye-poking, and groin attacks were and are not considered acceptable in sport, thus, they are excluded from judo competitions or randori . However, judo did preserve some more lethal, dangerous techniques in its kata . The kata were intended to be practiced by students of all grades but now are mostly practiced formally as complete set routines for performance, kata competition and grading, rather than as individual self-defense techniques in class. However, judo retained
1659-474: Is derived using the Hepburn romanization system. Before the first half of the 20th century, however, jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu were preferred, even though the romanization of the second kanji as jitsu is not faithful to the standard Japanese pronunciation. It was a non-standardized spelling resulting from how English speakers heard the second short u in the word, which is pronounced /ɯ/ and therefore close to
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#17327766319091738-560: Is granted to teachers when they reach 6th dan. It is sometimes associated with certain rights, such as the right to give out black belt ( dan ) ranks. However, the title is distinct from the black belt ranking system ( 段位 dan'i ). This article related to martial arts terminology is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Jujutsu Jujutsu ( / ˈ dʒ uː dʒ uː t s uː / joo-joo-tsu ; Japanese: 柔術 jūjutsu , pronounced [dʑɯꜜːʑɯtsɯ] ), also known as jiu-jitsu and ju-jitsu ,
1817-480: Is known as "JJIF Rules Sport Ju-Jitsu", organized by Ju-Jitsu International Federation (JJIF). The JJIF is a member of GAISF and has been recognized as an official sport of the World Games . Sport jujutsu comes in three main variants. In Duo (self-defense demonstration), both the tori (attacker) and the uke (defender) come from the same team and demonstrate self-defense techniques. In this variant, there
1896-527: Is one of the four major karate styles and was founded by Hironori Otsuka (1892–1982). Wadō-ryū is a hybrid of Japanese Martial Arts such as Shindō Yōshin-ryū Ju-jitsu, Shotokan Karate, and Shito Ryu Karate. The style itself emphasizes not only striking but also tai sabaki, joint locks, and throws. It has its origins within Tomari-te. From one point of view, Wadō-ryū might be considered a style of jū-jutsu rather than karate. Hironori Ōtsuka embraced ju-jitsu and
1975-485: Is similar to BJJ, Kata, and Demonstrations. Sparring and ground fighting can have various rule sets depending on the organization. Kata can be open hand or with traditional Jujutsu weapons and Demonstrations can be in pairs or teams of up to 7. Japanese culture and religion have become intertwined with martial arts in the public imagination. Buddhism , Shinto , Taoism and Confucian philosophy co-exist in Japan, and people generally mix and match to suit. This reflects
2054-801: Is the principle or "the action" part of ju-jutsu. In Japanese this word means art. Japanese jujutsu systems typically put more emphasis on throwing , pinning , and joint-locking techniques as compared with martial arts such as karate , which rely more on striking techniques. Striking techniques were seen as less important in most older Japanese systems because of the protection of samurai body armor and because they were considered less effective than throws and grappling so were mostly used as set-ups for their grappling techniques and throws, although some styles, such as Yōshin-ryū , Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū and Kyushin-ryū had more emphasis on striking. However, many modern-day jujutsu schools include striking, both as
2133-432: Is the same as the first one in judo ( Chinese and Japanese : 柔道; pinyin : róudào ; rōmaji : jūdō ; Korean : 유도 ; romaja : yudo ). The second Chinese character of jujutsu ( traditional Chinese and Japanese : 術; simplified Chinese : 术 ; pinyin : shù ; rōmaji : jutsu ; Korean : 술 ; romaja : sul )
2212-503: Is the same as the second one in bujutsu ( traditional Chinese and Japanese : 武術; simplified Chinese : 武术 ; pinyin : wǔshù ; rōmaji : bujutsu ; Korean : 무술 ; romaja : musul ). The written history of jujutsu first began during the Nara period ( c. 710 – c. 794 ) combining early forms of Sumo and various Japanese martial arts which were used on
2291-399: The menkyo kaiden . The Takumakai Daitō-ryū Aikijujutsu was officially formed from this group of Asahi News group practitioners between 1973–75, depending on reference. This Kansai based group developed its own unique teaching curriculum based upon the teaching of Ueshiba Morihei, who taught them basic Daitō-ryū techniques, and Takeda Sōkaku who taught them more advanced techniques through
2370-439: The ryofundo kusari (weighted chain) or the bankokuchoki (a type of knuckle-duster), to defeat both armed or unarmed opponents. Furthermore, the term jujutsu was also sometimes used to refer to tactics for infighting used with the warrior's major weapons: katana or tachi (sword), yari (spear), naginata ( glaive ), jō (short staff), and bō (quarterstaff). These close combat methods were an important part of
2449-589: The tantō (knife), ryofundo kusari (weighted chain), kabuto wari (helmet breaker), and Kaku shi buki (secret or disguised weapons) were almost always included in Sengoku jujutsu. In later times, other ko-ryū developed into systems more familiar to the practitioners of Nihon jujutsu commonly seen today. These are correctly classified as Edo jūjutsu (founded during the Edo period ): they are generally designed to deal with opponents neither wearing armor nor in
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2528-507: The Gracie family thought that it was easier to learn than throws and standup fighting, and was also more adequate to the physical limitations of a smaller or scrawny person. Carlos and Hélio developed the style by promoting challenge fights against practitioners of other martial arts, competitions, and experimenting throughout decades of training. The success of the BJJ specialist Royce Gracie in
2607-458: The Ono-ha Ittō-ryū system, albeit modified by techniques that Sōkaku had developed. Tokimune called this system Daitō-ryū 'Aiki Budō' as it emphasized a more than just jujutsu and other weapons and that in this day and age it was not merely not an art of fighting but a means of self-improvement or 'martial path'. Okabayashi Shōgen introduced the 'shoden waza' or first level of techniques from
2686-524: The Tokugawa shogunate to reduce war as influenced by the Chinese social philosophy of Neo-Confucianism which was obtained during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea and spread throughout Japan via scholars such as Fujiwara Seika . During this new ideology, weapons and armor became unused decorative items, so hand-to-hand combat flourished as a form of self-defense and new techniques were created to adapt to
2765-546: The battlefield for close combat. The oldest known styles of Jujutsu are, Shinden Fudo-ryū ( c. 1130 ), Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū ( c. 1447 ), and Takenouchi-ryū , which was founded in the Sengoku period ( c. 1530s ). Many jujutsu forms also extensively taught parrying and counterattacking long weapons such as swords or spears via a dagger or other small weapons. In contrast to
2844-441: The bushi (classic warriors) to develop effective methods of defense, including parrying or blocking strikes, thrusts and kicks, receiving throws or joint locking techniques (i.e., falling safely and knowing how to "blend" to neutralize a technique's effect), releasing oneself from an enemy's grasp, and changing or shifting one's position to evade or neutralize an attack. As jujutsu is a collective term, some schools or ryu adopted
2923-696: The martial arts . His first exposure to martial arts was the Shitō-ryū style of karate . In addition he is reputed to have been exposed to a style of kung-fu while living in Taiwan . While still a young man he was attacked by a young yakuza wielding a bokken . Having developed strong abilities in striking based arts he felt hesitant to use these skills against his young assailant for fear of gravely injuring him and so blocked strike after strike on his arms eventually scaring his attacker away without retaliating. Having injured his arms in this altercation he began to feel
3002-565: The "way of softness" ( 柔道 , jūdō ) (as early as 1724, almost two centuries before Kanō Jigorō founded the modern art of Kodokan judo ). Today, the systems of unarmed combat that were developed and practiced during the Muromachi period (1333–1573) are referred to collectively as Japanese old-style jujutsu ( 日本古流柔術 , Nihon koryū jūjutsu ) . At this period in history, the systems practiced were not systems of unarmed combat, but rather means for an unarmed or lightly armed warrior to fight
3081-629: The Daitō-ryū name at all. As there had been a power struggle over succession after the death of the headmaster between Kondo Katsuyuki and some of the Hokkaidō based Daitokan teachers who had been present while he trained at the headquarters, and with groups like the Saigo-ha and Nakamura-ha, having questionable links to Daitō-ryū making claims concerning the art, Okabayashi chose to avoid explanations and comparisons to other groups and just continue to teach
3160-527: The Daitōkan dojo in Hokkaidō , where Tokimune taught, the art had been organized differently due to differences in the way that Sōkaku had taught and changes which Tokimune had introduced into the system. Tokimune had systematized the art and given names to the techniques, resulting in a more rigidly organized curriculum. He had also pared down the wider sword system he had been taught by his father to concentrate on
3239-772: The Hakuhōkai. Of key important to Okabayashi's approach was a traditional concept of movement common to most koryū styles but not present in the teachings of most contemporary Daitō-ryū teachers. This concept was called 'hitoemi', and describes an idiosyncratic movement, readily seen in any Japanese period drama or koryū art, where the warrior class walk and perform techniques while lining their bodies up 'on one line' as they move forward. Okabayashi during his lengthy morning sessions acting uke , or receiver of techniques for Takeda noticed that his movements always seem to conform to this principle while other teachers, even those who had been taught by Tokimune did not always move so. When he asked
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3318-662: The Headmaster's system to the Takumakai as these techniques were not taught as part of the Takumakai's system. Sōkaku, knowing that they had received previous training from Ueshiba, announced that he would dispense with teaching the fundamentals to the Asahi News group and so they never learned them in a systematic way. For this reason the Kansai-based group had preserved a great many high level waza , or techniques, but
3397-577: The Japanese pronunciation, the word Jujutsu is still usually pronounced as if it is spelled jujitsu in the United States. Some define jujutsu and similar arts rather narrowly as "unarmed" close combat systems used to defeat or control an enemy who is similarly unarmed. Basic methods of attack include hitting or striking, thrusting or punching, kicking, throwing, pinning or immobilizing, strangling, and joint locking. Great pains were also taken by
3476-539: The Sengoku jūjutsu systems that did. The improbability of confronting an armor-clad attacker and using traditional weapons is the reason for this bias. Over time, Gendai jujutsu has been embraced by law enforcement officials worldwide and continues to be the foundation for many specialized systems used by police. Perhaps the most famous of these specialized police systems is the Keisatsujutsu (police art) Taiho jutsu (arresting art) system formulated and employed by
3555-542: The Takumakai Daitō-ryū group and was a direct student of Daitō-ryū's founder Takeda Sōkaku . Takeda Tokimune was the son of Sōkaku and inherited the leadership of the main branch of the art. Okabayashi played a pivotal role in a growing relationship between the Takumakai and Tokimune's Daitōkan group during the 1980s and 1990s. Born in 1949 in Ashiya city in Hyōgo Prefecture , Okabayashi Shōgen developed an early love for
3634-463: The Takumakai in 1980 and then received a menkyo in the sword or Ona-ha Ittō-ryū portion of the headmaster's system in 1987, which the headmaster asserted contained the heart of the system. Out of convenience this system is sometimes referred to as 'Takeda-den' or 'Sokaku-den' Ona-ha Ittō-ryū to denote its difference from the main-line Ona-ha Ittō-ryū tradition. Reputedly only six people are said to have been taught this system by Tokimune. These changes in
3713-525: The Tokyo Police Department. Jujutsu techniques have been the basis for many military unarmed combat techniques (including British/US/Russian special forces and SO1 police units) for many years. Since the early 1900s, every military service in the world has an unarmed combat course that has been founded on the principal teachings of jujutsu. In the early 1900s Edith Garrud became the first British female teacher of jujutsu, and one of
3792-432: The art from Ferro and Maeda, he passed his knowledge to his brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., and George. Meanwhile, Hélio Gracie would peek in and practice the techniques, although he was told he was too young to practice. At the time, Judo was still commonly called Kanō jiu-jitsu (from its founder Kanō Jigorō), which is why this style variation is called Brazilian jiu-jitsu . Its emphasis shifted to ground fighting because
3871-511: The basic techniques had not been preserved according to the original teaching method. (It is also possible that the Tokimune created this teaching method.) Regardless, Okabayashi had been greatly impressed and influenced by the headmaster's approach to performing Daitō-ryū techniques and felt that they provided much needed missing links in his own training. The Takumakai must have agreed as he received his kyoju dairi , or teaching license, from
3950-425: The body where nerves are close to the skin – see kyusho-jitsu ) to unbalance opponent and set up throws. Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) was developed after Mitsuyo Maeda brought judo to Brazil in 1914. Maeda agreed to teach the art to Luiz França , Jacintho Ferro and Carlos Gracie , son of his friend, businessman, and politician Gastão Gracie . Luiz França went on to teach it to Oswaldo Fadda . After Carlos learned
4029-489: The changing situation of unarmored opponents. This included the development of various striking techniques in jujutsu which expanded upon the limited striking previously found in jujutsu which targeted vital areas above the shoulders such as the eyes, throat, and back of the neck. However towards the 18th century the number of striking techniques was severely reduced as they were considered less effective and exert too much energy; instead striking in jujutsu primarily became used as
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#17327766319094108-511: The curriculum of Edo jūjutsu. Another seldom-seen historical side is a series of techniques originally included in both Sengoku and Edo jujutsu systems. Referred to as Hojo waza ( 捕縄術 hojojutsu , Tori Nawa Jutsu , nawa Jutsu , Hayakawa and others), it involves the use of a hojo cord, (sometimes the sageo or tasuke ) to restrain or strangle an attacker. These techniques have for the most part faded from use in modern times, but Tokyo police units still train in their use and continue to carry
4187-526: The defender is judged on performance. Another more recent form of competition growing much more popular in Europe is the Random Attack form of competition, which is similar to Randori but more formalized. The word Jujutsu can be broken down into two parts. "Ju" is a concept. The idea behind this meaning of Ju is "to be gentle", "to give way", "to yield", "to blend", "to move out of harm's way". "Jutsu"
4266-404: The demands of real fighting. His teacher Hisa had become elderly and had suffered a debilitating stroke and so was moving to Tokyo to be cared for by his family. Okabayashi decided that he would give up the practise of Daitō-ryū. Hearing of this Hisa encouraged him rather to go study with Sōkaku's son, the current headmaster of the art, Tokimune Takeda, and gave him a letter of recommendation. In
4345-437: The differences and produce a combined system. Modern sports sambo is similar to sport judo or sport Brazilian jiu-jitsu with differences including use of a sambovka jacket and shorts rather than a full keikogi , and a special emphasis on leglocks and holds, but with much less emphasis on guard and chokes (banned in competition). After the introduction of jujutsu to the West, many of these more traditional styles underwent
4424-573: The different martial systems that were developed for use on the battlefield. They can be generally characterized as either Sengoku period (1467–1603) katchu bu Jutsu or yoroi kumiuchi (fighting with weapons or grappling while clad in armor), or Edo period (1603–1867) suhada bu Jutsu (fighting while dressed in the normal street clothing of the period, kimono and hakama ). The first Chinese character of jujutsu ( Chinese and Japanese : 柔; pinyin : róu ; rōmaji : jū ; Korean : 유 ; romaja : yu )
4503-746: The end of the Tokugawa period (1868) when more than 2000 schools ( ryū ) of jūjutsu existed. Various supposedly traditional ryu and ryuha that are commonly thought of as koryu jujutsu are actually gendai jūjutsu. Although modern in formation, very few gendai Jujutsu systems have direct historical links to ancient traditions and are incorrectly referred to as traditional martial systems or koryu. Their curriculum reflects an obvious bias towards techniques from judo and Edo jūjutsu systems, and sometimes have little to no emphasis on standing armlocks and joint-locking throws that were common in Koryu styles. They also usually do not teach usage of traditional weapons as opposed to
4582-481: The film was recovered and made available in 1990s by Stanley Pranin 's Aiki News group now known as the Aikido Journal. Although already an accomplished practitioner, in interview Okabayashi Shōgen stated that he felt as if he had come to a technical road block in his training through which he could not pass. He could perform the techniques effectively but not at a speed necessary for them to be employed under
4661-580: The first female martial arts instructors in the Western world. There are many forms of sports jujutsu, the original and most popular being judo, now an Olympic sport. One of the most common is mixed-style competitions, where competitors apply a variety of strikes, throws, and holds to score points. There are also kata competitions, where competitors of the same style perform techniques and are judged on their performance. There are also freestyle competitions, where competitors take turns attacking each other, and
4740-812: The first worldwide modern MMA competition, the UFC , brought prominence to BJJ and is largely credited for bringing attention to the importance of ground fighting in mixed martial arts, causing the emerging field to adopt many of its practices. BJJ is primarily a ground-based fighting style that applies close range grappling techniques and uses joint locks and chokeholds to submit the adversary ( submission grappling ). But less-practiced stand-up techniques in Gracie jiujitsu survive in some BJJ clubs from its judo and jujutsu heritage (judo throws, knife defense, gun defense, blocking, striking, etc.) Sambo (an acronym from sam ozashchita b ez o ruzhia , Russian for " self-defense without
4819-427: The foundation for a variety of styles and derivations today. As each instructor incorporated new techniques and tactics into what was taught to them originally, they codified and developed their own ryu (school) or Federation to help other instructors, schools, and clubs. Some of these schools modified the source material enough that they no longer consider themselves a style of jujutsu. Arguments and discussions amongst
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#17327766319094898-430: The full set of choking and strangling techniques for its sporting form and all manner of joint locks. Even judo's pinning techniques have pain-generating, spine-and-rib-squeezing, and smothering aspects. A submission induced by a legal pin is considered a legitimate win. Kanō viewed the safe "contest" aspect of judo as an important part of learning how to control an opponent's body in a real fight. Kanō always considered judo
4977-594: The headmaster about this he reputedly replied obliquely saying "The secret of Daitō-ryū is to be found in our sword. Study the sword movements and you will find the answers. " As the koryū sword movements were based upon hitoemi Okabayashi took this to mean that he was moving in the right direction with his practise. Witnessing the growing pains and still feeling constrained by the Takumakai system which had strict rules concerning what techniques could be shown to students of different levels Okabayashi decided to form his system in 2002 in which, unusually, he decided not to use
5056-628: The late 1930s it was methodized by Spiridonov's trainee Vladislav Volkov to be taught at military and police academies, and eventually combined with the judo-based wrestling technique developed by Vasili Oshchepkov , who was the third foreigner to learn judo in Japan and earned a second-degree black belt awarded by Kanō Jigorō himself, encompassing traditional Central Asian styles of folk wrestling researched by Oshchepkov's disciple Anatoly Kharlampiyev to create sambo . As Spiridonov and Oshchepkov disliked each other very much, and both opposed vehemently to unify their effort, it took their disciples to settle
5135-492: The limitations of arts which relied predominantly upon striking. In 1972 he began studying with the group of students under Hisa Takuma who had run the Asahi Newspaper Dojo where both Ueshiba Morihei , the founder of aikido and Ueshiba's teacher Takeda Sōkaku and the founder of the art, had taught Daitō-ryū aiki-jujutsu. Hisa was one of only two people who had received a high level license in Daitō-ryū called
5214-421: The martial arts fraternity have evoked to the topic of whether specific methods are in fact not jujitsu at all. Tracing the history of a specific school can be cumbersome and impossible in some circumstances. Around the year 1600, there were over 2000 jujutsu ko-ryū styles, most with at least some common descent, characteristics, and shared techniques. Specific technical characteristics, a list of techniques, and
5293-430: The meaning of "yielding-art", as its core philosophy is to manipulate the opponent's force against themself rather than confronting it with one's own force. Jujutsu developed to combat the samurai of feudal Japan as a method for defeating an armed and armored opponent in which one uses no form of weapon, or only a short weapon. Because striking against an armored opponent proved ineffective, practitioners learned that
5372-624: The most efficient methods for neutralizing an enemy took the form of pins, joint locks , and throws. These techniques were developed around the principle of using an attacker's energy against them, rather than directly opposing it. There are many variations of the art, which leads to a diversity of approaches. Jujutsu schools ( ryū ) may utilize all forms of grappling techniques to some degree (e.g., throwing , takedowns , leg sweeps, trapping, pins, joint locks , holds , chokeholds , strangulation, gouging, biting, hair pulling, disengagements, and striking ). In addition to jujutsu, many schools teach
5451-436: The neighbouring nations of China and Okinawa whose martial arts made greater use of striking techniques, Japanese hand-to-hand combat forms focused heavily upon throwing (including joint-locking throws), immobilizing, joint locks , choking , strangulation , and to lesser extent ground fighting . In the early 17th century during the Edo period , jujutsu continued to evolve due to the strict laws which were imposed by
5530-436: The opponent's fingers, thumbs, wrist, forearm, elbow, biceps, shoulder, and neck, coupled with finger pressure on various trigger points of the human body, particularly sensitive to painful pressure, as well as manipulating the opponent's sleeve and collar to immobilize his upper body, extremities, and subdue him. Sambo combined jujutsu with wrestling, boxing, and savage techniques for extreme street situations. Later, in
5609-435: The organization and established his own Daibukan organization after Hisa's death in 1980. Wanting to implement further changes and add the weapons components he had learned under Tokimune to the Takumakai's largely weaponless system while leaving other Takumakai teachers to feel comfortable teaching in their traditional way Okabayashi Shōgen formed a separate branch school within the Takumakai organization in 1994 which he named
5688-524: The potentially dangerous techniques such as scissor takedowns, necklocks and digital choking and locking are prohibited in sport jujutsu. There are a number of other styles of sport jujutsu with varying rules. The third variant is the Japanese/Ne Waza (grappling) system in which competitors start standing up and work for a submission. Striking is not allowed. Other variants of competition include Sparring, with various rule sets. Ground fighting
5767-425: The principle of ju more than others. From a broader point of view, based on the curricula of many of the classical Japanese arts themselves, however, these arts may perhaps be more accurately defined as unarmed methods of dealing with an enemy who was armed, together with methods of using minor weapons such as the jutte (truncheon; also called jitter), tantō (knife), or kakushi buki (hidden weapons), such as
5846-466: The techniques he had learned from Hisa and Tokimune under a new name; the Hakuhō-ryū or 'White Phoenix School'. Like an ancient Phoenix being reborn from the ashes anew, Okabayashi took the opportunity to reveal the koryū movements within the contemporary techniques of Daitō-ryū. He also wished to introduce what were considered more advanced portions of the art at an earlier stage in training to foster quicker learning of essential concepts and to introduce
5925-411: The traditional curriculum of the Takumakai system were accepted well by some of the older teachers in the Takumakai but were greeted with less enthusiasm by others creating some tensions within the group. Ōgami Shikichi, a senior teacher of the Takumakai, knowing nothing of the new techniques brought over from the Daitōkan and wishing to preserve the original curriculum he had learned under Hisa Takuma left
6004-475: The use of weapons . Today, jujutsu is practiced in both traditional self-defense oriented and modern sports forms. Derived sport forms include the Olympic sport and martial art of judo , which was developed by Kanō Jigorō in the late 19th century from several traditional styles of jujutsu, and sambo and Brazilian jiu-jitsu , which were derived from judo. Jujutsu , the standard English language spelling,
6083-430: The way techniques were performed varied from school to school. Many of the generalizations noted above do not hold true for some schools of jujutsu. Schools of jujutsu with long lineages include: Aikido is a modern martial art developed primarily during the late 1920s through the 1930s by Morihei Ueshiba from the system of Daitō-ryū Aiki-jūjutsu . Ueshiba was an accomplished student of Takeda Sokaku with aikido being
6162-751: Was its chief instructor for a time. When Ōtsuka first registered his school with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai in 1938, the style was called "Shinshu Wadō-ryū Karate-Jūjutsu", a name that reflects its hybrid character. Ōtsuka was a licensed Shindō Yōshin-ryū practitioner and a student of Yōshin-ryū when he first met the Okinawan karate master Gichin Funakoshi. After having learned from Funakoshi, and after their split, with Okinawan masters such as Kenwa Mabuni and Motobu Chōki, Ōtsuka merged Shindō Yōshin-ryū with Okinawan karate. The result of Ōtsuka's efforts
6241-491: Was not coined until the 17th century, after which time it became a blanket term for a wide variety of grappling-related disciplines and techniques. Prior to that time, these skills had names such as "short sword grappling" ( 小具足腰之廻 , kogusoku koshi no mawari ) , "grappling" ( 組討 or 組打 , kumiuchi ) , "body art" ( 体術 , taijutsu ) , "softness" ( 柔 or 和 , yawara ) , "art of harmony" ( 和術 , wajutsu, yawarajutsu ) , "catching hand" ( 捕手 , torite ) , and even
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