66-478: Haledon ( / h eɪ l d ə n / HAIL-don ) is a borough in Passaic County , in the U.S. state of New Jersey . As of the 2020 United States census , the borough's population was 9,052, an increase of 734 (+8.8%) from the 2010 census count of 8,318, which in turn reflected an increase of 66 (+0.8%) from the 8,252 counted in the 2000 census . Haledon was incorporated as a borough by an act of
132-654: A seminary instead, but left soon after, emerging as an anticlerical atheist . From 1898 to 1902, Tresca was secretary of the Italian Federation of Railroad Workers. He was also the editor of Il Germe, a socialist weekly based in Abruzzo. Seeking to avoid a jail term for his radical political activities, Tresca emigrated to the United States in 1904, settling in Philadelphia . Tresca had
198-476: A student–teacher ratio of 11.4:1. Seats on the high school district's nine-member board of education are allocated based on the population of the constituent districts, with three seats assigned to Haledon. As of May 2010, the borough had a total of 17.73 miles (28.53 km) of roadways, of which 11.71 miles (18.85 km) were maintained by the municipality and 6.02 miles (9.69 km) by Passaic County. The only significant road passing through Haledon
264-557: A countywide basis are: Clerk Danielle Ireland-Imhof (D, Hawthorne , 2028), Acting Sheriff Gary Giardina (D, Wayne, 2024) and Surrogate Zoila S. Cassanova (D, Wayne, 2026). As of March 2011, there were a total of 4,289 registered voters in Haledon, of which 1,763 (41.1% vs. 31.0% countywide) were registered as Democrats , 692 (16.1% vs. 18.7%) were registered as Republicans and 1,834 (42.8% vs. 50.3%) were registered as Unaffiliated . There were no voters registered to other parties. Among
330-471: A female householder with no husband present, and 30.0% were non-families. 23.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.83 and the average family size was 3.41. In the borough the population was spread out, with 25.5% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 19.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
396-539: A one-year term) and a six-member council (elected to staggered three-year terms). The mayor would preside at council meetings, but had no vote except to break ties. This system resulted in a period, known as " boroughitis ", where large numbers of small boroughs were created. In 1894, the Legislature passed an act requiring each township to have a single school district. A wave of borough incorporations followed, as one part of several townships decided that it would prefer
462-423: A one-year term. As of 2024, Passaic County's Commissioners are: Bruce James ( D , Clifton , 2026), Deputy Director Cassandra "Sandi" Lazzara (D, Little Falls , 2024), Director John W. Bartlett (D, Wayne , 2024), Orlando Cruz (D, Paterson , 2026), Terry Duffy (D, West Milford , 2025), Nicolino Gallo ( R , Totowa , 2024) and Pasquale "Pat" Lepore (D, Woodland Park , 2025). Constitutional officers, elected on
528-687: A paid advertisement for a birth control pamphlet in one of his newspapers. During the 1930s, Tresca was a vocal critic of both Benito Mussolini 's Fascist government in his native Italy, and of Joseph Stalin and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . In 1937, he was a member of the Dewey Commission , which cleared Leon Trotsky of all charges made during the Moscow Trials . Tresca also used his newspapers to mount
594-484: A partisan basis as part of the November general election. The mayor is elected directly by the voters to a four-year term of office. The borough council includes six members elected to serve three-year terms on a staggered basis, with two seats coming up for election each year in a three-year cycle. The borough form of government used by Haledon is a " weak mayor / strong council" government in which council members act as
660-532: A partisan election. Only two boroughs, Roselle and Roselle Park , have ward structures with councils having five ward members and one at-large. The borough system has a weak mayor and the council performs most legislative and executive functions. This form of local government is used by 39% of the municipalities in New Jersey. There are a total of 253 boroughs in New Jersey, which include: Carlo Tresca Carlo Tresca (March 9, 1879 – January 11, 1943)
726-435: A protest against the arrest of Dr. Mannix. This was done by pickets walking on the docks with placards, calling on the men to leave the ships. So far as I was concerned, this was rather an amusing incident, because I had a placard which read something like this, "Hear the call of the blood and refuse to work on British ships". I realised that the call of the blood was addressed to Greeks, Italians, Lascars, etc., and when they saw
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#1732783781873792-565: A public campaign criticising the Mafia. He was assassinated in New York, January 1943 allegedly by Carmine Galante . Carlo Tresca was born March 9, 1879, in Sulmona , Abruzzo , Italy, the son of a landowner. His formal education reached to secondary school . Tresca had no hope of attending university as his family's finances were poor during the economic slump of the 1880s . He enrolled at
858-523: A relationship with Elizabeth Gurley Flynn , and Flynn's sister, Bina, and was the father of Bina's son Peter D. Martin . He also had a relationship with sculptor Minna Harkavy , whose bust of him was erected in his birth town of Sulmona. In America, Tresca was elected Secretary of the Italian Socialist Federation of North America in 1904. He remained in that position for the next three years. During this same interval, Tresca
924-428: A young woman with a placard they came up to enquire what the strike was about. My efforts to translate "Hear the call of the blood" into Italian were funny, but I found one word which they all seemed to know was "tyranny - Irlanda", and smiling and nodding, they would all walk away. The picketing was extremely effective because when we were holding our meetings it was a thrilling sight when, from time to time, we would hear
990-484: Is County Route 504 , which enters from Wayne , follows Pompton Road and Haledon Avenue eastward through the borough, then exits into Prospect Park and Paterson . NJ Transit provides local bus service on the 703 , 744 and the 748 routes. Musical groups from Haledon include the rock band The Feelies . People who were born in, residents of, or otherwise closely associated with Haledon include: Borough (New Jersey) A borough (also spelled boro ), in
1056-579: Is Democrat Michael Johnson the first African American to be elected to the office of mayor, whose term of office ends on December 31, 2026, and who first came to office when he defeated 16-year incumbent Domenick Stampone in November 2022. Members of the Haledon Borough Council are Carlos Aymat (D, 2024), Nereyda Curiel (D, 2025), James Iza (D, 2025; appointed to serve an unexpired term), Junior A. Morris (D, 2023), Mohammad M. Ramadan (D, 2023) and Aleksandra Tasic (D, 2024). In January 2023,
1122-464: Is governed by Board of County Commissioners , composed of seven members who are elected at-large to staggered three-year terms office on a partisan basis, with two or three seats coming up for election each year as part of the November general election in a three-year cycle. At a reorganization meeting held in January, the board selects a Director and Deputy Director from among its members to serve for
1188-432: Is home to the highest number of boroughs of any New Jersey county, at 56. The Borough Act of 1878 allowed any township (or portion thereof) with a land area of no more than four square miles (10 km ) and a population not exceeding 5,000, to establish itself as an independent borough through a petition and referendum process on a self-executing basis. As enacted, a borough would be governed by an elected mayor (serving
1254-526: Is located in Haledon. The Manchester district participates in the Interdistrict Public School Choice Program , which allows non-resident students to attend the district's schools without cost to their parents, with tuition paid by the state. Available slots are announced annually by grade. As of the 2021–22 school year, the high school had an enrollment of 748 students and 65.5 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for
1320-774: Is represented in the United States Senate by Democrats Cory Booker ( Newark , term ends 2027) and George Helmy ( Mountain Lakes , term ends 2024). For the 2024-2025 session , the 35th legislative district of the New Jersey Legislature is represented in the State Senate by Nellie Pou ( D , North Haledon ) and in the General Assembly by Shavonda E. Sumter (D, Paterson ) and Benjie Wimberly (D, Paterson). Passaic County
1386-440: The 2004 presidential election , Democrat John Kerry received 1,666 votes (59.0% vs. 53.9% countywide), ahead of Republican George W. Bush with 1,047 votes (37.1% vs. 42.7%) and other candidates with 26 votes (0.9% vs. 0.7%), among the 2,825 ballots cast by the borough's 3,982 registered voters, for a turnout of 70.9% (vs. 69.3% in the whole county). In the 2013 gubernatorial election , Democrat Barbara Buono received 54.9% of
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#17327837818731452-624: The Dewey Commission , which cleared Leon Trotsky of all charges made during the Moscow Trials . In early 1938, Tresca publicly accused the Soviets of kidnapping Juliet Stuart Poyntz to prevent her defection from the Communist Party USA underground apparatus. Tresca alleged that before she had disappeared, Poyntz had talked to him about "exposing the communist movement". On January 11, 1943, in New York City , Tresca
1518-517: The New Jersey Legislature on April 8, 1908, replacing the now-defunct Manchester Township , based on the results of a referendum held on May 21, 1908. Haledon developed along the northern side of the industrial city of Paterson . It was settled by farmers with colonial Dutch heritage including the Van Riper, Berdan, Banta, Post and Zabriskie families. Prior to the Civil War they were joined by
1584-406: The poverty line , including 12.9% of those under age 18 and 20.8% of those age 65 or over. Haledon is governed under the borough form of New Jersey municipal government, which is used in 218 municipalities (of the 564) statewide, making it the most common form of government in New Jersey. The governing body is comprised of the mayor and the borough council, with all positions elected at-large on
1650-621: The 1,653 ballots cast by the borough's 4,235 registered voters, yielding a 39.0% turnout (vs. 42.7% in the county). The Haledon School District serves students in pre-kindergarten through eighth grade at Haledon Public School. As of the 2021–22 school year, the district, comprised of one school, had an enrollment of 1,020 students and 96.0 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 10.6:1. For ninth through twelfth grades , public school students attend Manchester Regional High School , which serves students from Haledon, North Haledon , and Prospect Park . The school
1716-575: The 13 counted in 2000. As of the 2000 United States census there were 8,252 people, 2,820 households, and 1,974 families residing in the borough. The population density was 7,111.4 inhabitants per square mile (2,745.7/km). There were 2,906 housing units at an average density of 2,504.3 per square mile (966.9/km). The racial makeup of the borough was 73.59% White , 7.09% African American , 0.17% Native American , 4.57% Asian , 0.02% Pacific Islander , 10.09% from other races , and 4.46% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 22.60% of
1782-640: The Minnesota action, ultimately being released without going to trial. In August 1920, Tresca became involved tangentially in the Irish War of Independence . As Sidney Czira , secretary of Cumann na mBan in New York, and sister of Grace Gifford , later recalled, "Picketing of the British Embassy in Washington had been going on from 1916 onwards and I remember a very successful picketing that
1848-733: The Passaic County communities of North Haledon , Paterson , Prospect Park , Totowa and Wayne . The 2010 United States census counted 8,318 people, 2,778 households, and 2,028 families in the borough. The population density was 7,203.9 per square mile (2,781.4/km). There were 2,932 housing units at an average density of 2,539.3 per square mile (980.4/km). The racial makeup was 62.38% (5,189) White , 11.77% (979) Black or African American , 0.53% (44) Native American , 6.35% (528) Asian , 0.10% (8) Pacific Islander , 14.72% (1,224) from other races , and 4.16% (346) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 41.60% (3,460) of
1914-663: The Roe, Leonhard and Stansfield families, who helped establish St. Mary's Episcopal Church and leading businesses including a general store and the Leonhard Wax Company. The area became a streetcar suburb of Paterson in the years following the Civil War, with the central area known as Haledon, while the area surrounding the large pond along High Mountain Road was called Oldham. The Paterson and Haledon Horse Rail Road Company, formed in 1871, laid trolley tracks from Paterson along
1980-561: The balance of the term of office. In December 2015, the borough council appointed Nereyda Curiel to fill the term expiring in December 2016 that had been held by Maha Kandis until her resignation in October after serving three terms on the council; Curiel served on an interim basis until the November 2016 general election, when she was elected to serve the balance of the term of office. In the 2014 general election, 22-year-old Tahsina Ahmed
2046-425: The borough had a total area of 1.22 square miles (3.15 km), including 1.22 square miles (3.15 km) of land and <0.01 square miles (<0.01 km) of water (0.08%). The borough is home of a Passaic River inlet known as Molly Ann Brook . Unincorporated communities , localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Bridges Pond and Valley View. The borough borders
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2112-465: The borough's 2010 Census population, 51.6% (vs. 53.2% in Passaic County) were registered to vote, including 70.0% of those ages 18 and over (vs. 70.8% countywide). In the 2012 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 73.7% of the vote (2,142 cast), ahead of Republican Mitt Romney with 25.3% (735 votes), and other candidates with 1.0% (29 votes), among the 2,935 ballots cast by
2178-447: The borough's 4,689 registered voters (29 ballots were spoiled ), for a turnout of 62.6%. In the 2008 presidential election , Democrat Barack Obama received 1,973 votes (66.8% vs. 58.8% countywide), ahead of Republican John McCain with 858 votes (29.0% vs. 37.7%) and other candidates with 31 votes (1.0% vs. 0.8%), among the 2,955 ballots cast by the borough's 4,364 registered voters, for a turnout of 67.7% (vs. 70.4% in Passaic County). In
2244-580: The coming of World War I , when the publication was suppressed under the Espionage Act . Tresca joined the revolutionary syndicalist Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in 1912, when he was invited by the union to Lawrence, Massachusetts , to help mobilize the Italian workers during a campaign to free strike leaders Joseph Ettor and Arturo Giovannitti , jailed on false murder charges. After
2310-659: The community. The residential appeal of Haledon was to escape the crowded industrial city and still have access to the textile mills by using the trolley. As a result of the land sales of Cedar Cliff Land Company and of independent landowner William Buschmann, the town was settled by immigrants who came as skilled workers from textile centers in Europe. Paramount Dining Car Company was based in Haledon, and built many of New Jersey's iconic stainless steel modular diners, including White Manna in Hackensack and Rosie's Diner that
2376-447: The context of local government in the U.S. state of New Jersey , refers to one of five types and one of eleven forms of municipal government (in addition to those established under a special charter ). The borough is the most common form of local government in New Jersey . In 2023 there were 253 boroughs in New Jersey. However, boroughs were not always so common. In 1875 only 17 boroughs had been created, all by special acts of
2442-411: The cost of being a separate municipality to paying for the other schools. The Borough Act of 1897 amended the original Act, eliminating the self-executing incorporation feature of the earlier legislation. Henceforth, newly incorporated boroughs (or those seeking to dissolve or increase or decrease in size) required approval of the legislature. The elected mayor and six-member council were retained, with
2508-402: The council selected Mounir Almaita, who had just been re-elected to serve a three-year term on council, to fill the position as administrator / clerk for the borough. James Iza was appointed to fill the vacant council seat expiring in December 2025 that had been held by Almaita; Iza will serve on an interim basis until the November 2023 general election, when voters will choose a candidate to serve
2574-531: The current-day Belmont Avenue, which were electrified by 1888. Many of the trolley company's owners were among the founders of the Cedar Cliff Land Company, which bought up large portions of the area, and the street names in the borough reflect these industrialists and businessmen: Morrissee, Hoxey, Van Dyke, John Ryle and Barbour. The flat, lower part of the community was laid out in city-sized lots of 25 by 100 feet (7.6 by 30.5 m), while
2640-517: The hillsides were plated as sites for larger Victorian "villas" for such individuals as Vice President Garret A. Hobart (now the location of William Paterson University) and the Barbour family of linen flax manufacturers. Haledon's villa development was rather limited and throughout much of the 20th century Haledon was a typical blue-collar community set by the small property sizes planned by the Cedar Cliff Land Company. A never-constructed grand hotel
2706-465: The legislative body with the mayor presiding at meetings and voting only in the event of a tie. The mayor can veto ordinances subject to an override by a two-thirds majority vote of the council. The mayor makes committee and liaison assignments for council members, and most appointments are made by the mayor with the advice and consent of the council. As of 2023, the mayor of the Borough of Haledon
Haledon, New Jersey - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-405: The legislature. These original boroughs were subdivisions of townships, established by state charter; Elizabeth was the first, established by royal charter in 1740, within the now defunct Elizabeth Township. About half of them had been dissolved, or changed into other forms of government—often cities. In 1875, a constitutional amendment prohibited such local or special legislation. Bergen County
2838-453: The march of feet and the crew of some ship would come marching into the room. We found out subsequently that Tresca, who had organised them, was generally supposed to be an anarchist! Of course, there were extremely severe penalties under American law for behaviour of this kind." In August 1923, Tresca was arrested on charges of having printed an advertisement for a birth control pamphlet in his new publication, Il Martello (The Hammer). He
2904-427: The mayor now serving a two-year term. The Borough Act of 1987 was created to streamline borough law and clear away amendments, changes, and contradictory rules that had accumulated over the century of the Borough's existence as a form of government. The 1987 Act allowed for the delegation of executive responsibility to an appointed administrator. Traditionally, voters elect a mayor and six council members at-large in
2970-538: The myths that undergirded Mussolini's power. Tresca was monitored by the United States Department of Justice , who sought to deport him, and by Rome, where Mussolini feared that Italian-Americans would hurt his reputation with the United States and its banks. With pressure from the Italian ambassador to ban Tresca's newspaper, the American government charged Tresca with publishing obscenities. Tresca
3036-432: The population were under the age of 18, 11.2% from 18 to 24, 28.0% from 25 to 44, 24.1% from 45 to 64, and 10.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.7 years. For every 100 females, the population had 91.4 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and older there were 88.3 males. The Census Bureau's 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that (in 2010 inflation-adjusted dollars) median household income
3102-434: The population. In the 2000 Census, 2.6% of Haledon's residents identified themselves as being of Arab American ancestry. This was the 11th-highest percentage of Arab American people in any place in the United States with 1,000 or more residents identifying their ancestry. There were 2,820 households, out of which 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.6% were married couples living together, 15.2% had
3168-416: The population. Of the 2,778 households, 39.0% had children under the age of 18; 44.1% were married couples living together; 22.0% had a female householder with no husband present and 27.0% were non-families. Of all households, 21.2% were made up of individuals and 7.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.98 and the average family size was 3.48. 26.3% of
3234-582: The side of a hill surrounded by open spaces, provided a natural amphitheater for labor leaders of the day to address thousands of people who gathered to hear Big Bill Haywood , Carlo Tresca , Elizabeth Gurley Flynn and John Reed . The Botto House is now a National Historic Landmark and the home of the American Labor Museum. In 2008, Councilman Alan Souto, at the time an officer with the Passaic County Sheriff's Department,
3300-622: The time was that the suspected assassin was a member of the Mafia , acting on orders from Sicily , while other theories suggested that he was murdered by Italian fascists . Others have theorized that Tresca was eliminated by the NKVD as retribution for criticism of the Stalin regime of the Soviet Union . Vito Genovese , boss of the Genovese crime family , is said to have allegedly ordered
3366-529: The trial of Sacco and Vanzetti , Tresca organized publicity, fundraising, and the defense lawyer Fred Moore . In the 1930s, Tresca became an outspoken opponent of Soviet communism and Stalinism , particularly after the Soviet Union had engineered the destruction of the anarchist movement in Catalonia and Aragon during the Spanish Revolution of 1936 . In 1937, Tresca was a member of
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#17327837818733432-638: The victorious strike in Lawrence, Tresca was active in several strikes across the United States; the Little Falls, New York, textile workers' strike (1912) , the New York City hotel workers' strike (1913), the Paterson silk strike (1913), and the Mesabi Range , Minnesota , miners' strike (1916). He was arrested several times and jailed for nine months awaiting trial for murder in conjunction with
3498-547: The vote (858 cast), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 43.8% (684 votes), and other candidates with 1.3% (20 votes), among the 1,609 ballots cast by the borough's 4,783 registered voters (47 ballots were spoiled), for a turnout of 33.6%. In the 2009 gubernatorial election , Democrat Jon Corzine received 957 ballots cast (57.9% vs. 50.8% countywide), ahead of Republican Chris Christie with 598 votes (36.2% vs. 43.2%), Independent Chris Daggett with 63 votes (3.8% vs. 3.8%) and other candidates with 16 votes (1.0% vs. 0.9%), among
3564-484: Was $ 58,049 (with a margin of error of +/− $ 11,220) and the median family income was $ 65,833 (+/− $ 15,887). Males had a median income of $ 36,204 (+/− $ 9,406) versus $ 45,211 (+/− $ 6,778) for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 20,317 (+/− $ 4,090). About 3.3% of families and 6.2% of the population were below the poverty line , including 7.3% of those under age 18 and 2.3% of those age 65 or over. Same-sex couples headed 20 households in 2010, an increase from
3630-413: Was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males. The median income for a household in the borough was $ 45,599, and the median income for a family was $ 49,014. Males had a median income of $ 37,143 versus $ 29,830 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $ 19,099. About 6.2% of families and 10.6% of the population were below
3696-664: Was also the editor of Il Proletario (The Proletarian), the official newspaper of the Italian Socialist Federation. Tresca's political views became increasingly radical and he soon came to identify himself as an anarchist . In 1907 Tresca resigned as editor of Il Proletario and began publishing his own newspaper, La Plebe (The Plebeian). He would later transfer La Plebe to Pittsburgh and, with it, revolutionary ideas to Italian miners and mill workers in Western Pennsylvania . In 1909, Tresca became editor of L'Avvenire, (The Future) remaining in that capacity until
3762-519: Was an Italian-American dissident and newspaper editor, orator, and labor organizer and activist who was a leader of the Industrial Workers of the World during the 1910s. He is remembered as a leading public opponent of fascism , Stalinism , and Mafia infiltration of the trade unions for the purposes of labor racketeering and corruption. Born, raised, and educated in Italy, Tresca
3828-583: Was arrested for stealing heroin and cocaine from the evidence room from the sheriff's department in order to distribute narcotics, amounting to over $ 250,000. After being found guilty, he was sentenced to 85 months in federal prison in May 2009. Souto was replaced in April 2008 by Marc Battle, a commercial litigator and former civil rights attorney. According to the United States Census Bureau ,
3894-493: Was editor of an Italian socialist newspaper and secretary of the Italian Federation of Railroad Workers before he emigrated to the United States in 1904. After a three-year spell as secretary of the Italian Socialist Federation of North America, he joined the Industrial Workers of the World in 1912, and was involved in strikes across the United States over the rest of the decade. He was jailed in 1925 after printing
3960-476: Was elected to the borough council, making her the first Bangladeshi-American woman elected into office in the United States. Haledon is located in the 9th Congressional District and is part of New Jersey's 35th state legislative district. For the 118th United States Congress , New Jersey's 9th congressional district was represented by Bill Pascrell ( D , Paterson ) until his death in August 2024. New Jersey
4026-549: Was found guilty in an October 1923 trial and was sentenced to a year and a day in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary . This sentence was confirmed on November 10, 1924, and Tresca entered prison on January 5, 1925. Tresca became a prominent figure among Italian-Americans for his opposition to fascism and was reported to Benito Mussolini as a leading enemy of the fascist movement. Tresca edited an anti-fascist newspaper named Il Martello , where he attacked
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#17327837818734092-458: Was leaving his parole officer's offices when he dodged surveilling officers by jumping into a car that was waiting for him. Two hours later, Tresca was crossing Fifth Avenue at 15th Street on foot when a black Ford pulled up beside him. A short, squat gunman in a brown coat jumped out and shot Tresca in the back of the head with a handgun, killing him instantly. The black Ford was later found abandoned nearby with all four doors open. One theory at
4158-683: Was once on Route 46 in Little Ferry . Haledon was incorporated in 1908, having been the Oldham district of the former Passaic County municipality of Manchester Township. Socialist William Bruekmann was elected mayor in 1912 by the borough's immigrant resident base of skilled silk workers. During the 1913 Paterson silk strike , Haledon's mayor offered the strikers the opportunity to hold meetings in Haledon, as worker meetings were prohibited in Paterson. The Pietro and Maria Botto House , located on
4224-539: Was planned for the highest point of the community above the intersection of the current day Central and West Haledon Avenues. The Cedar Cliff Land Company ran newspaper advertisements targeted at upwardly mobile immigrants who worked in Paterson's silk industry, offering the city-sized lots for sale at auctions (with free lunches and brass bands) held at St. Mary's Parish Hall, and also opened the Cedar Cliff Silk Mill, which became one of several silk mills in
4290-543: Was sentenced and subject to deportation, but public dissent led the United States President Calvin Coolidge to commute Tresca's sentence. The fascists turned to violence, with a bombing assassination attempt in 1926, after which the antifascists fought back. Tresca contributed towards stopping Mussolini's ideological spread among Italian-Americans, despite Tresca's lack of reach into Italian-American media and business influence. During
4356-473: Was undertaken as a protest in New York against the British arrest of Dr. Mannix in August 1920. This latter picketing was largely the work of an Italian called Carlo Tresca, a personal friend of the well-known Irish-American family of Flynn, who were great friends of James Connolly. Tresca had great influence among the sea-faring fraternity and suggested that we should call out the seamen from the British ships as
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