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125-959: HFX originated from the Halifax International Security Forum, which was founded in 2009 as a program within the German Marshall Fund of the United States . The forum received financial support from the Canadian government. In 2011, the forum became an independent organization, rebranding as HFX, with Foreign Affairs joining as a media partner. The forum founders include Laura Bridge, Tom Clark, Dan Dugas, Dean Fealk, Marian Fernet, Renée Filiatrault, Joseph Hall, David Kramer, John MacDonell , George Macphee, Steve Markle , Duane Monea, Jeff Mullen, Paul Owens, Jay Paxton, Jonathan Tepperman , Jill Sinclair, Janice Gross Stein , and Jonathan Weisstub. HFX

250-550: A Governor and a United States Senator , and General Jonathan Vance , Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Armed Forces . The talk was moderated by Nahlah Ayed from CBC News . The panelists discussed how women play vital roles in creating lasting peace from conflict, and the future of peacebuilding and where progress can be made for women throughout the world. At the beginning of the panel session

375-417: A "liberal order" in northern North America. Many Canadian historians have adopted McKay's liberal order framework as a paradigm for understanding Canadian history. In 2008, historian Andrew Smith advanced a very different view of Confederation's ideological origins. He argues that in the four original Canadian provinces, the politics of taxation were a central issue in the debate about Confederation. Taxation

500-606: A Father of Confederation. As well, Joey Smallwood referred to himself as "the Last Father of Confederation" because he helped lead Newfoundland into the union in 1949. All the former colonies and territories that became involved in the Canadian Confederation on July 1, 1867, were initially part of New France , and were once ruled by France . Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James I . This claim overlapped

625-406: A battle between a staunch individualist economic philosophy and a comparatively collectivist view of the state's proper role in the economy. According to Smith, the victory of the statist supporters of Confederation over their anti-statist opponents prepared the way for John A. Macdonald 's government to enact the protectionist National Policy and to subsidize major infrastructure projects such as

750-659: A champagne lunch on board the Victoria where Mr. McGee's wit sparkled brightly as the wine), they carried the Lower Province delegates a little off their feet." The delegates from the Quebec conference considered if the resolutions would be better suited for acceptance if a popular vote were held on them. However, due to the divide amongst religious groups and general mistrust between areas in Canada, they believed that such

875-651: A conversation with the US president regarding the issue. "The two men agreed about the enduring importance of the NATO alliance and the enduring importance of increased defense spending," Gottemoeller said. New Hampshire Democratic Senator Jeanne Shaheen , also took part in the panel. Shaheen spoke about the role of the US Congress emphasizing: "There is strong support for NATO and I don't see that changing under President Trump." The president-elect Donald Trump dominated most of

1000-463: A damn what the president of United States wants to do or anybody else wants to do, we will not waterboard. We will not torture people … It doesn't work." Other panel discussions sought to address the war in Syria and growing global terrorism, climate change as both an environmental and economic threat, and the intersection of cyber security and national security and the shared responsibility between

1125-430: A first plenary. Friday evening features a gala dinner followed by off-the-record "night-owl-sessions". After the plenaries on Saturday, there are more than 20 dinner discussions on a variety of topics. Sunday morning starts with a 5K run followed by off-the-record breakfast sessions. The forum ends after the plenaries and closing remarks with a press conference Sunday afternoon. The 2023 Halifax International Security Forum

1250-547: A gift from the West German government on the 25th anniversary of the Marshall Plan , GMF contributes research and analysis on transatlantic and global issues; convenes policy and business leaders at international conferences; provides exchange opportunities for emerging American and European leaders; and supports initiatives that can strengthen democracies. GMF focuses on policy, leadership, and civil society. GMF

1375-621: A major strike against the ideology of Islamic terrorists. This sent a "great message to ISIS ", Sajjan told the audience. The forum's opening session addressed the new objectives in Canada's foreign policy. During the US/Canadian panel discussion Sajjan supported targeting ISIS in Syria and Iraq with air strikes in preparation for a ground assault. as a preparation for ground troops. But the Afghanistan War veteran also warned about

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1500-569: A patient nation to a nation in a hurry", Harris told the audience. The Admiral expressed his belief that a conflict with China was not inevitable but emphasized the need to develop the bilateral relationship with a long-term perspective. During the following panel discussion, Admiral Michael S. Rogers , commander of the United States Cyber Command , director of the National Security Agency and chief of

1625-626: A vote would be defeated. Thus, they went ahead with the resolutions on their own volition. After returning home from the Charlottetown Conference, Macdonald asked Viscount Monck , the Governor-General of the Province of Canada to invite delegates from the three Maritime provinces and Newfoundland to a conference with United Canada delegates. At the opening of the conference, a total of 33 delegates were included from

1750-619: Is HFX's flagship annual event, held at The Westin Nova Scotian in Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada. The meeting brings together 300 delegates from over 70 countries and has been referred to by Canadian media as "The Davos of international security". This summit is the only event of its kind in North America. The 16th Halifax Forum was held from 22 to 24 November 2024. The annual forum starts Friday afternoon with an introduction and

1875-601: Is a federation , rather than a confederate association of sovereign states, which is what confederation means in contemporary political theory. The country, though, is often considered to be among the world's more decentralized federations. Use of the term confederation arose in the Province of Canada to refer to proposals beginning in the 1850s to federate all of the British North American colonies, as opposed to only Canada West (now Ontario) and Canada East (now Quebec). To contemporaries of Confederation,

2000-459: Is done". Less than a month after the terror attacks of Quebec and Ottawa , the forum's opening session addressed North American security. The session, moderated by Tom Clark , was recorded and was broadcast on The West Block , a Canadian Sunday political show. Minister Nicholson stated that Canada was willing to enter a more integrated common defense strategy with the US. This would not affect Canadian sovereignty, Nicholson emphasized. From

2125-480: Is governed by an American-Canadian board of directors , including Dr. Janice Stein as Chair, Mark William Lippert as Vice Chair, Ahmet Taçyıldız as Treasurer, and members Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović , Joshua J. Omojuwa, and Dr. Luis Rubio. The President of the organization is Peter Van Praagh. HFX cooperates with institutional partners, including its founding partners: the Department of National Defence (DND) and

2250-786: Is headquartered in Washington, D.C. , and has offices in Berlin, Brussels, Ankara, Belgrade, Bucharest, Paris, and Warsaw. GMF programs include the Alliance for Securing Democracy , the Brussels Forum, Atlantic Dialogues, Transatlantic Academy, and the Transatlantic Trends Survey. GMF was founded as a permanent memorial to Marshall Plan assistance through a grant from the West German government. It

2375-401: Is known Cartier and Macdonald presented arguments in favour of a union of the three colonies, Alexander Tilloch Galt presented the Province of Canada's proposals on the financial arrangements of such a union, and George Brown presented a proposal for what form a united government might take. The Canadian delegation's proposal for the governmental system involved: Other proposals attractive to

2500-437: Is no time for any of us to turn inwards". "The West Block", the forum's opening panel discussion on democracy, peace and conflict, was hosted by Tom Clark of Global News . Clark interviewed Minister Harjit Sajjan, General Jonathan Vance and Paula Dobriansky . In light of statements made by Trump during the campaign suggesting a review of NATO , Dobriansky told the audience: "There's a lack of importance attached to not only

2625-510: Is of the utmost importance to have that principle recognized so that we shall have a sovereign who is placed above the region of party—to whom all parties look up; who is not elevated by the action of one party nor depressed by the action of another; who is the common head and sovereign of all. Following the Quebec Conference, the Province of Canada's legislature passed a bill approving the union. The union proved more controversial in

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2750-700: Is the remnants of the Hudson's Bay Company 's Columbia District and New Caledonia District following the Oregon Treaty . Before joining Canada in 1871, British Columbia consisted of the separate Colony of British Columbia (formed in 1858, in an area where the Crown had granted a monopoly to the Hudson's Bay Company), and the Colony of Vancouver Island (formed in 1849) constituting a separate crown colony until it

2875-843: The 49th parallel as the border with the United States from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada. Following the Rebellions of 1837 , Lord Durham in his Durham Report , recommended Upper and Lower Canada be joined as the Province of Canada and the new province should have a responsible government . As a result of Durham's report, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840 , and

3000-545: The Alaska Purchase of March 30, 1867, which had been supported in the U.S. Senate (by Charles Sumner, among others) precisely in terms of taking the remainder of North America from the British. The American Civil War had also horrified Canadians and turned many from the thought of republicanism. In Britain, political pressure came from financiers who had lost money by investing in the failed Grand Trunk Railway and

3125-850: The Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency (ACOA). HFX receives funding from a diverse range of sources, including international organizations such as NATO and the European Union ; technology companies like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Google , Apple , and YouTube ; defense and aerospace firms including Anduril , CAE , and MDA ; and other entities such as Ipsos , the Canadian Association of Defence and Security Industries (CADSI), and Pansophico. The organization's Club HFX: The Pro-Democracy Business Group includes ATCO , OYAK , Boeing , and Çalık Holding . The Halifax International Security Forum

3250-568: The BRICS , Here’s the CRINKs'. The 2022 Halifax International Security Forum was held from 18 to 20 of November 2022. U.S. Secretary of Defense Lloyd J. Austin III spoke with the topic 'Why Ukraine Matters'. The 2021 Halifax International Security Forum was held from 19 to 21 of November 2021. It was feature the following on-the-record plenary panels: The 2020 Halifax International Security Forum

3375-570: The Central Security Service , blamed China for its cyber-attacks against the United States. Rogers described China as a nation which would hack private companies and share stolen intellectual property with Chinese companies. The admiral warned China that it also could be the target of cyber-intrusions and described the country as being "as vulnerable as any other major industrialized nation state". Rogers expressed his hope that China would refrain from future cyber-attacks against

3500-517: The Confederation). The term is also used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation and post-Confederation periods. The original Fathers of Confederation are those delegates who attended any of the conferences held at Charlottetown and Quebec in 1864 or in London, United Kingdom, in 1866, leading to Confederation. There were 36 original Fathers of Confederation; Hewitt Bernard , who

3625-592: The Courrier du Canada . Two years later, Alexander Tilloch Galt , George-Étienne Cartier , and John Ross travelled to the United Kingdom to present the British Parliament with a project for confederation of the British colonies. The proposal was received by the London authorities with polite indifference. The royal tour of British North America undertaken by Queen Victoria's son, Prince Albert Edward (later King Edward VII ) in 1860, however, helped lead to

3750-674: The Financial Times , Ong Keng Yong , chairman of the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies at the Nanyang Technological University in Singapore , and US Navy Secretary Richard V. Spencer discussed China 's aim to take a larger role in world affairs and global trade through their One Belt One Road Initiative and examined what military and economic impact the initiative will have as Beijing expands its influence. "Making Peace With Women"

3875-523: The Halifax Explosion . Along with Dalhousie University and Saint Mary's University , the forum hosted a public event on the future of global leadership with Tawakkol Karman , Bessma Momani, General Petr Pavel , and Jonathan Tepperman . The event was held prior to the official conference launch and was moderated by Tom Clark , former Global News host. The forum was opened by Harjit Sajjan , Canadian Minister of National Defence , who gave

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4000-525: The Intercolonial and Pacific Railways. In 2007, political scientist Janet Ajzenstat connected Canadian Confederation to the individualist ideology of John Locke . She argued that the union of the British North American colonies was motivated by a desire to protect individual rights, especially the rights to life, liberty, and property. She contends the Fathers of Confederation were motivated by

4125-616: The Kurdistan Regional Government 's (KRG) Department of Foreign Relations (DFR), commenting the panel's discussion on Western interventions in the Middle East in recent years and the ongoing attempts to build democratic institutions in the region. Along with specific interventions and requirements like education, investments, and planning, the two panel participants also discussed global trends. Tzipi Livni , Israel 's former Foreign Minister, commented: "All over

4250-672: The London Resolutions , the conference's decisions were forwarded to the Colonial Office . After breaking for Christmas, the delegates reconvened in January 1867 and began drafting the British North America Act . The 4th Earl of Carnarvon continued to have a central role in drafting the act at Highclere Castle alongside the first prime minister of Canada Macdonald, Cartier and Galt, who signed

4375-675: The South China Sea , Harris emphasized that "the United States will continue to fly, sail and operate anywhere international law allows and that the South China Sea is not, and will not be, an exception". He criticized Chinese efforts to develop man-made islands within disputed territories and called them a "Great Wall of Sand" and "Sandcastles in the Sea". Harris described China as a country which had abandoned Deng Xiaoping 's philosophy of patience. "In fact, China has transitioned from

4500-526: The US presidential election ten days earlier. It was attended by delegates from 70 countries. The forum started with a ministerial meeting on peacekeeping hosted by Canada's Department of National Defence and Canadian Minister of National Defence Harjit Sajjan with Hervé Ladsous , UN Under-Secretary-General for Peacekeeping Operations , and Atul Khare , Head of the Department of Field Support . The Canadian Minister of National Defence, Harjit Sajjan, held

4625-533: The Ukraine , and it breaks all rules of a civilized world," said Poland 's Minister of National Defence , Antoni Macierewicz , in a panel titled "Rapprochement with Russia : Post-Putin Prep". The panel examined Putin 's interferences in global affairs, including cyberwarfare and militaristic intervention in neighboring states, and cooperative solutions for addressing the threats Russia possesses to its neighbors and

4750-551: The University of Toronto , and Constanze Stelzenmüller , fellow at Brookings Institution , discussed how people's faith in democracy and international institutions was under threat, and what could be done to strengthen these institutions and address people's frustrations. During a gala dinner at Pier 21 , the 2017 Halifax Builder Award was presented to NATO and accepted by its Secretary General Stoltenberg. Remarks were made by Senator Jeanne Shaheen . The 2017 Forum also marked

4875-603: The con- prefix indicated a strengthening of the centrist principle compared to the American federation. In this Canadian context, confederation describes the political process that united the colonies in 1867, events related to that process, and the subsequent incorporation of other colonies and territories. The word is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, such as in "the Fathers of Confederation"; provinces that became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into, Confederation (but not

5000-408: The little Englander philosophy fed a desire to withdraw troops from Britain's colonies. There is extensive scholarly debate on the role of political ideas in Canadian Confederation. Traditionally, historians regarded Canadian Confederation an exercise in political pragmatism that was essentially non-ideological. In the 1960s, historian Peter Waite derided the references to political philosophers in

5125-535: The "second and third effects" of indiscriminate bombings, a point with which all panelists agreed. William E. Gortney , commander of US Northern Command , told the audience that " carpet bombing " was not the answer to terrorism. Jonathan Vance , Chief of the Defence Staff of the Canadian Armed Forces , said that "You can't carpet bomb your way to victory". Panelist John R. Allen , former Special Presidential Envoy for Defeating ISIS , who attended

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5250-650: The 25th anniversary of the launching of the Marshall Plan with something more than just a friendly word of remembrance ... I myself announced that the federal government had, with parliamentary approval, resolved to make resources available for a Marshall Memorial Fund. The sum was to provide backing for American-European studies and research projects. Other charter members of the board of trustees included economist Carl Kaysen , judge Arlin Adams , and businessman Donald M. Kendall . The first president, selected in 1973,

5375-623: The British North American Colonies, including Newfoundland, which had not participated in prior meetings. Monck obliged and the Conference went ahead at Quebec City in October 1864. The Conference began on October 10, 1864, on the site of present-day Montmorency Park. The Conference elected Étienne-Paschal Taché as its chairman, but it was dominated by Macdonald. Despite differences in the positions of some of

5500-464: The British government in London, where Brown received "a most gracious answer to our constitutional scheme". He also met with William Gladstone—who was then Chancellor of the Exchequer and, later, Prime Minister—"who agreed in almost everything". In April 1865, Brown, Macdonald, Cartier and Galt met with the government and found "the project of a federal union of the colonies was highly approved of by

5625-469: The Charlottetown Conference varied among the different newspapers. In the Maritimes, there was concern that the smooth Canadians with their sparkling champagne and charming speeches were outsmarting the delegates of the smaller provinces. "From all accounts it looks as if these [Canadian] gentlemen had it all their own way; ... and that, what with their arguments and what with their blandishments, (they gave

5750-740: The Colonies ; the Prince's comments and critiques were later cited by both the Earl of Durham and participants of the Charlottetown and Quebec Conferences . Lord Durham presented his idea of unification in 1839 Report on the Affairs of British North America , which resulted in the Act of Union 1840. Beginning in 1857, Joseph-Charles Taché proposed a federation in a series of 33 articles published in

5875-789: The European Union institutions and the member states, U.S. cabinet officials, congressional representatives, parliamentarians, academics, and media. The Atlantic Dialogues is an annual event in Morocco involving around 300 high-level public- and private-sector leaders from around the Atlantic Basin , including Africa and Latin America. Topics of discussion include cross-regional issues ranging from security to economics, migration to energy. Canadian Confederation Canadian Confederation (French: Confédération canadienne )

6000-507: The French claims to Acadia , and although the Scottish colony of Nova Scotia was short-lived, for political reasons, the conflicting imperial interests of France and the 18th century Great Britain led to a long and bitter struggle for control. The British acquired present-day mainland Nova Scotia by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the Acadian population was expelled by the British in 1755. They renamed Acadia "Nova Scotia", which included present-day New Brunswick . The rest of New France

6125-409: The Graduate School of International Studies (GSIS), and Moshe Ya'alon , former Israeli Minister of Defence . The conversation centered around the future of North Korea , Iranian nuclear capabilities and the role and politics of the United States in global nuclear deterrence. Hyten, in light of recent escalations of nuclear rhetoric, said: "The way the process works is this simple: I provide advice to

6250-465: The Maritime provinces, however, and it was not until 1866 that New Brunswick and Nova Scotia passed union resolutions, while Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland continued to opt against joining. In December 1866, sixteen delegates from the Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia travelled to London, where the Earl of Carnarvon presented each to Queen Victoria in private audience , as well as holding court for their wives and daughters. To

6375-418: The Maritimes, when he had gone down earlier that summer with a trade mission of Canadian businessmen, journalists and politicians. George Brown remarked in a letter to his wife Anne that at a party given by the premier of PEI, Colonel John Hamilton Gray, he met a woman who had never been off the island in her entire life. Nevertheless, he found Prince Edward Islanders to be "amazingly civilized". Reaction to

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6500-446: The NATO Military Committee , stressed the need for "a much broader approach" to fight ISIS and called for a greater involvement of NATO without making it to a "NATO-led anti-ISIS operation". Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr. , commander of the United States Pacific Command , made the opening remarks for a panel discussion on China 's ambitions in the Asia-Pacific region. Addressing the territorial disputes between China and its neighbors in

6625-423: The Nova Scotian delegates, the Queen said, "I take the deepest interest in [Confederation], for I believe it will make [the provinces] great and prosperous." At meetings held at the Westminster Palace Hotel, the delegates reviewed and approved the 72 resolutions; although Charles Tupper had promised anti-union forces in Nova Scotia he would push for amendments, he was unsuccessful in getting any passed. Now known as

6750-440: The President. He'll tell me what to do and if it's illegal, guess what's going to happen? I'm going to say, Mr. President, it's illegal." The statement was quickly picked up by national and international media. In a panel discussion entitled "Weaponizing Capital: One Belt, One Road, One Way", the panelists General Bryan Fenton, deputy commander of US Pacific Command (USPACOM), Edward Luce , Washington columnist and commentator for

6875-494: The Province of Canada was formed in 1841. The new province was divided into two parts: Canada West (the former Upper Canada) and Canada East (the former Lower Canada). Governor General Lord Elgin granted ministerial responsibility in 1848, first to Nova Scotia and then to Canada. In the following years, the British would extend responsible government to Prince Edward Island (1851), New Brunswick (1854), and Newfoundland (1855). The area constituting modern-day British Columbia

7000-429: The Province of Canada, and the provinces of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. The province of Prince Edward Island , which had hosted the first meeting to consider Confederation, the Charlottetown Conference , did not join Confederation until 1873. Over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current number of ten provinces and three territories . Canada

7125-418: The Province of Canada. The Charlottetown Conference began on September 1, 1864. Since the agenda for the meeting had already been set, the delegation from the Province of Canada was initially not an official part of the Conference. The issue of Maritime Union was deferred and the Canadians were formally allowed to join and address the Conference. No minutes from the Charlottetown Conference survive, but it

7250-426: The Study and Reflection of Political Action. The panel "Climate Change: Houston, We Have a Solution" addressed the importance of moving beyond the politics of climate change to find practical solutions. The participants discussed the technological advances necessary for these solutions. The panel was moderated by Tom Clark. The 2016 Halifax International Security Forum was the first major international gathering after

7375-476: The Transatlantic Take commentary series. GMF's exchange programs also expanded with the addition of American Marshall Memorial Fellows, the initiation of the Manfred Worner Seminar for defense specialists, and the establishment of the Congress-Bundestag Forum. Brussels Forum is an annual meeting of influential U.S., European, and global political, corporate, and intellectual leaders in Brussels. Participants include heads of state and government, senior officials from

7500-584: The US, nine members of Congress attended the forum. This largest congressional delegation ever to visit Canada was led by the Senators John McCain and Tim Kaine. At a forum panel examining America's role as a "indispensable superpower" McCain and Kaine confirmed their optimism about the future of the US. Both senators agreed that US President Barack Obama should have sought congressional authorization to conduct operations against ISIL . "You can't ask people to risk their lives, risk getting killed, seeing other folks getting killed or injured if Congress isn't willing to do

7625-464: The US. Further topics of the 2015 forum were current developments in the Muslim world , the European migrant crisis , and ways to cut off the financing for international terror networks . The armed conflict in Ukraine was a key issue at the 2014 Halifax International Security Forum. Canadian Minister of National Defence Rob Nicholson, who also held the forum's opening speech, in a panel discussion called on Russia to get out of Ukraine describing

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7750-492: The United States without taxes or tariffs, which was then considered to be beneficial for Canada) was cancelled by the United States in 1865, partly as revenge against Britain for unofficial support of the south in the American Civil War. Additionally, the U.S. doctrine of " manifest destiny " raised fears of another American invasion (Canadians had fended off American incursions during the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Fenian raids , and St. Albans Raid ), only further inflamed by

7875-419: The West German government renewed its grant to GMF. In 1987, George Kennan gave the keynote address at a conference organized in West Berlin by GMF to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Marshall Plan. Also in the 1980s, GMF supported programs such as a National Governors Association initiative to tackle acid rain, and began to work actively with the democracy movements of Central and Eastern Europe through

8000-412: The acceptable compromise of giving Newfoundland four senators of its own when it joined. The delegates from the Maritimes also raised an issue with respect to the level of government—federal or provincial—that would be given the powers not otherwise specifically defined. Macdonald, who was aiming for the strongest central government possible, insisted this was to be the central government, and in this, he

8125-511: The announcement of the annual "John McCain Prize for Courage in Public Service", which will be awarded for the first time at the 2018 Forum. Against the backdrop of an incident during a NATO military exercise in Norway , General Hulusi Akar , commander of the Turkish Armed Forces , stressed Ankara 's commitment to NATO: "Turkey's alliance with NATO should not be undermined, and NATO is the most successful and most effective military organization that has existed throughout history." A key topic at

8250-424: The audience. He also responded to concerns related to interior developments in Turkey. It was Gül's first public appearance since departing the presidency. German Marshall Fund The German Marshall Fund of the United States ( GMF ) is a non-partisan American public policy think tank that seeks to promote cooperation and understanding between North America and the European Union. Founded in 1972, through

8375-500: The contemporary governmental structure in the Province of Canada and distrust between English Protestants and French Catholics. Further, demographic pressure from an expanding population and economic nationalism wanting economic development butted against a lack of an inter-colonial railroad, which hampered trade, military movement, and transportation in general. Externally, the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty (a free trade policy, starting in 1854, whereby products were allowed into

8500-475: The continent that would become modern Canada had been in Newfoundland which would not join Confederation until 1949. The Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol began to settle Newfoundland and Labrador at Cuper's Cove as far back as 1610, and Newfoundland had also been the subject of a French colonial enterprise . In the wake of the American Revolution , an estimated 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America . The British created

8625-430: The conversation between Theresa Hitchens, Senior research associate at the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM), General Hyten, Commander of US STRATCOM, Julie Perkins, chief engineer of In- space vehicle propulsion systems for Boeing , and Rajeswari Rajagopalan, senior fellow and head of the nuclear and space policy initiative at the Observer Research Foundation (ORF). The second day of

8750-423: The delegates decided to hold a second Conference. One of the most important purposes of the Charlottetown Conference was the introduction of Canadians to the leaders from the Maritime Provinces and vice versa. At this point, there was no railway link from Quebec City to Halifax, and the people of each region had little to do with one another. Thomas D'Arcy McGee was one of the few Canadian delegates who had been to

8875-512: The delegates on some issues, the Quebec Conference, following so swiftly on the success of the Charlottetown Conference, was infused with a determinative sense of purpose and nationalism . For the Reformers of Canada West, led by George Brown, the end of what they perceived as French-Canadian interference in local affairs was in sight. For Maritimers such as Tupper of Nova Scotia or Tilley of New Brunswick, horizons were suddenly broadened to take in much larger possibilities for trade and growth. On

9000-405: The discussed topic. "Let me say how appalling and heartbreaking it is that we have to have a discussion about the possibility ... about whether the United States policy really will be not to engage in war crimes," he said. In this regard US Senator John McCain in a chat with US Senator John Barrasso emphasized that US congress had already banned the torture method. He went on to add: "I don't give

9125-533: The establishment of the "Halifax Peace With Women Fellowship" was announced for the fall of 2018. During the second Halifax Chat, Abdullah Abdullah , chief executive of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan , spoke with Robin Shepherd about the current state of Afghanistan and what the future holds, including continued improvements in the economy, security, and human rights. "Open war is what we see in

9250-560: The evolution of terrorism to the geopolitics of energy—were discussed during off-the-record dinner and late-night sessions. The 2017 Forum was closed by two Sunday morning panels. The first panel, titled "Rebuilding the Middle East: From Civil War to Civil Society", was moderated by Abderrahim Foukara , D.C. bureau chief of Al Jazeera . "We are at risk of another civil war if the international community does not get Iraq engaged", said Falah Mustafa Bakir , head of

9375-437: The forum concluded with the third Halifax Chat featuring Eric Schmidt on the future of the digital world. Schmidt, executive chairman of Alphabet Inc. , talked about Alphabet's efforts to curb the spread of false information on the internet, the increasing importance of artificial intelligence in global affairs, and future technological capabilities to address military needs. A wide range of topics—from Afghanistan politics and

9500-563: The forum was nuclear deterrence and diplomacy. In the second panel discussion entitled "Nukes: The Fire and the Fury" Steven Clemons , editor-at-large of The Atlantic , moderated the conversation between General John E. Hyten , commander of US Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM), Bonnie Jenkins , the US State Department's Coordinator for Threat Reduction Programs, Sung-han Kim, dean and professor of international relations at

9625-602: The forum's opening speech. A key topic at the forum was democracy . In a panel discussion entitled "Make Democracy Great Again" the UK Secretary of State for Defence , Sir Michael Fallon , the professor of political science from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Shlomo Avineri and the Turkish Minister for EU Affairs, Ömer Çelik discussed the western democratic model in the panel which

9750-541: The fund's initial board of trustees – including physicist Harvey Brooks , diplomat Robert Ellsworth , journalist Max Franke , economist Richard N. Cooper , and educator Howard Swearer – Goldman eventually received an agreement to support an independent institution in 1971. German Chancellor Willy Brandt , announced the creation of GMF in a speech on June 5, 1972, at Harvard , saying that it would help increase U.S.–European cooperation and mutual understanding. Brandt wrote four years later: My government wanted to mark

9875-649: The funding of small grants. In 2002, GMF conducted its first survey, along with the Chicago Council on Global Affairs . The next year, it was renamed Transatlantic Trends, and became an annual indicator of public opinion on both sides of the Atlantic. GMF established its Transatlantic Fellows program to enable permanent resident expertise on global public policy issues. It also founded the Transatlantic Academy for visiting scholars, and initiated

10000-530: The government and private sector to develop policies that protect from existing and new cyber threats. Virginia Democratic Senator Tim Kaine , who served as 2016 Vice-Presidential Candidate , received the 2016 Halifax Builder Award. The 2015 Halifax International Security Forum took place against the backdrop of the ISIS terror attacks in Paris and was attended by 300 delegates from 60 countries. The terror attack

10125-464: The holdings of absentee landlords . "Never was there such an opportunity as now for the birth of a nation" proclaimed a pamphlet written by S. E. Dawson and reprinted in a Quebec City newspaper during the Conference. Again, reaction to the Quebec Conference varied depending on the political views of the critic. George Brown was the first, in December 1864, to carry the constitutional proposals to

10250-613: The idea of a Maritime Union which would join their three colonies together. The government of the Province of Canada surprised the Maritime governments by asking if the Province of Canada could be included in the negotiations. The request was channelled through the Governor-General, Monck, to London and accepted by the Colonial Office. After several years of legislative paralysis in the Province of Canada caused by

10375-412: The imperial authorities". On the form of the proposed system of governance for Canada, the Fathers of Confederation were influenced by the American republic. Macdonald said in 1865: By adhering to the monarchical principle, we avoid one defect inherent in the constitution of the United States . By the election of the president by a majority and for a short period, he never is the sovereign and chief of

10500-547: The issue of the Senate, the Maritime Provinces pressed for as much equality as possible. With the addition of Newfoundland to the Conference, the three Maritime colonies did not wish to see the strength of their provinces in the upper chamber diluted by simply adding Newfoundland to the Atlantic category. It was the matter of the Senate that threatened to derail the entire proceedings. It was Macdonald who came up with

10625-475: The job to put their thumbprint on this and say, this is a national mission and worth it", Kaine said during the panel. "I totally agree with Tim, and I do think it's very important for the president to come over with the authorization that he wants", McCain added. Regarding the Keystone XL pipeline, Senator Kaine at the forum also explained why in the previous week he had voted against a Senate bill to approve

10750-418: The legislative debates on Confederation as "hot air". In Waite's view, Confederation was driven by pragmatic brokerage politics and competing interest groups. In 1987, political scientist Peter J. Smith challenged the view Canadian Confederation was non-ideological. Smith argued Confederation was motivated by new political ideologies as much as the American and French Revolutions and Canadian Confederation

10875-686: The minister promised. Nicholson's cabinet colleague, Justice Minister Peter MacKay, called it "telling" that none of the delegates from Russia were representing their government. In view of the Ukrainian conflict Estonian President Toomas Hendrik Ilves opposed Russian propaganda and warned that "many things that Europe often takes for granted are under threat today". Ilves also described the conflict's negative consequences for global nuclear disarmament as Ukraine in 1994 gave up its nuclear weapons in exchange of international security promises and "when it comes to guaranteeing their territorial integrity, nothing

11000-472: The nation. He is never looked up to by the whole people as the head and front of the nation. He is, at best, but the successful leader of a party. This defect is all the greater on account of the practice of reelection. During his first term of office, he is employed in taking steps to secure his own reelection and, for his party, a continuance of power. We avoid this by adhering to the monarchical principle—the sovereign, whom you respect and love. I believe that it

11125-632: The need for increased incorporation of women into the military, and the importance of ongoing American leadership in NATO . The forum's opening panel, titled "Peace? Prosperity? Principle? Securing What Purpose?"," was hosted by Gideon Rose , editor of Foreign Affairs . The panelists Jane Harman , CEO of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars , Kay Bailey Hutchison , United States Permanent Representative to NATO , Margaret MacMillan , historian and professor at

11250-548: The need to maintain a double legislative majority (a majority of both the Canada East and Canada West delegates in the Province of Canada's legislature), Macdonald had led his Liberal-Conservative Party into the Great Coalition with Cartier's Parti bleu and George Brown 's Clear Grits . Macdonald, Cartier, and Brown felt union with the other British colonies might be a way to solve the political problems of

11375-676: The opening speech, followed by remarks from Michèle Coninsx, Assistant Secretary General of the United Nations , and Scott Brison , president of the Treasury Board of Canada . The opening was followed by the first out of a total of three Halifax Chats that were scheduled throughout the forum. The first Halifax Chat with Minister Sajjan and Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg was moderated by Robin Shepherd and centered on Canada's role in European peacekeeping missions,

11500-573: The organization had spent more than $ 7 million on nearly 100 projects involving the United States, West Germany, France, Britain, Italy, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland, Japan and Canada. Academic Michael Naumann has said that GMF was one of the first think tanks to focus on the importance of soft power at a time when most academic focus was on military issues. In 1980, GMF opened its first European office in Bonn. In 1985,

11625-464: The panel and later had an additional appearance at the Halifax Chat , emphasized the necessity to fight ISIS also financially and in the sphere of information warfare . Allen told the audience that for the US a massive ground operation was not on the agenda. He instead favored operations by combined special forces. Speaking at a panel on global security threats, General Petr Pavel , chairman of

11750-604: The panel discussions. The panel "The Superpower's Enduring Priorities: Trade, Justice and the American Way" was an example for that. The panelists Rosa Brooks , professor of law and associate dean for graduate programs at Georgetown University Law Center , Admiral Harry B. Harris Jr. , commander of the United States Pacific Command , Josef Joffe , publisher and editor of Die Zeit and moderator Gideon Rose , editor of Foreign Affairs , discussed

11875-408: The political system. Queen Victoria remarked on "the impossibility of our being able to hold Canada; but, we must struggle for it; and by far the best solution would be to let it go as an independent kingdom under an English prince." Several factors influenced Confederation, caused both by internal sources and pressures from external sources. Internally, there was political deadlock resulting from

12000-569: The politicians from the Maritime colonies were: By September 7, 1864, the delegates from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island gave a positive answer to the Canadian delegation, expressing the view the federation of all of the provinces was considered desirable if the terms of union could be made satisfactory and the question of Maritime Union was waived. After the Conference adjourned on September 9, there were further meetings between delegates held at Halifax , Saint John , and Fredericton . These meetings evinced enough interest that

12125-507: The project due to environmental reasons. Senator McCain, against the backdrop of the failing negotiations on the Iranian nuclear program in Vienna and its repeated extension, criticized the US diplomacy and drew parallels to North Korea . McCain told the audience that North Korea was in command of nuclear weapons and delivery systems and called this a "wake up call". The senator's statement

12250-578: The separate province of New Brunswick in 1784 for the Loyalists who settled in the western part of Nova Scotia. While Nova Scotia (including New Brunswick) received slightly more than half of this influx, many Loyalists also settled in the Province of Quebec, which by the Constitutional Act 1791 was separated into a predominantly English Upper Canada and a predominantly French Lower Canada . The War of 1812 and Treaty of 1818 established

12375-427: The situation there as "completely unacceptable". He emphasized the Canadian commitment to oppose the conflict and accused Russian President Vladimir Putin of ignorance. "It's certainly my hope and the hope of everyone that he does get the message", Nicholson declared. "We are not going to let up on this… Whether it takes five years or 50, the people of Ukraine deserve the freedom that they deserve, that they fought for",

12500-405: The uncertainty occurring within the international community as to how the new US president would govern and execute his presidency as well as the international implications. A key topic under discussion during the conference was a statement made by Trump in previous debates about him favoring a torture method called waterboarding . Gideon Rose, editor of the magazine Foreign Affairs , commented on

12625-501: The unification of the colonies by confirming a common bond between their inhabitants; indeed, the monarchy played a "pivotal legal and symbolic role [...] in cementing the new Canadian union". Further, by 1864, it was clear that continued governance of the Province of Canada under the terms of the 1840 Act of Union had become impracticable. Therefore, a grand coalition of parties, the Great Coalition , formed in order to reform

12750-557: The values but the alliances and also the institutions that preserved peace, stability and security post- World War II , no less the Cold War ". Dobriansky mentioned pressure on NATO members to fulfill the agreed contributions would have increased no matter which candidate won. "It's not a new issue," Dobriansky said. Rose Gottemoeller , NATO's Deputy Secretary General, during a separate panel discussion entitled "NATO: Necessary", reported that Secretary General of NATO Jens Stoltenberg had

12875-558: The values of the Enlightenment of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. She argues their intellectual debts to Locke are most evident when one looks at the 1865 debates in the Province of Canada's legislature on whether or not union with the other British North American colonies would be desirable. In the spring of 1864, New Brunswick premier Samuel Leonard Tilley , Nova Scotia premier Charles Tupper , and Prince Edward Island premier John Hamilton Gray were contemplating

13000-530: The visitor book in 1866. After suggestions of 'Franklin' and 'Guelfenland', they agreed the new country should be called Canada , Canada East should be renamed Quebec and Canada West should be renamed Ontario . There was, however, heated debate about how the new country should be designated. Ultimately, the delegates elected to call the new country the Dominion of Canada, after "kingdom" and "confederation", among other options, were rejected. The term dominion

13125-545: The whole thing is, or more perfectly", going on to suggest a unified Canada consisting of two provinces—one formed from Upper and Lower Canada and the other from the Maritime colonies—each with a lieutenant governor and executive council, one located in Montreal and the other in either Annapolis Royal or Windsor . Edward said he would pass the report on to the Earl Bathurst , the then- Secretary of State for War and

13250-529: The world we see the erosion of democracy. We need to be united to address this." The panelists of the final panel were Carl Bildt , former Prime Minister of Sweden , Masashi Nishihara, president of the Research Institute for Peace and Security, Mayor Dale Ross, City of Georgetown, Texas , and Nicolas Tenzer , editor and director of Le Banquet as well as the founding president of the Center for

13375-646: The world. Other panelists were Pavlo Klimkin , Minister for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine , Vladimir Milov , founder and president of the Institute of Energy Policy, and Senator Jeanne Shaheen. The conversation was moderated by POLITICO 's columnist Susan Glasser . In the panel "Satellite Armies: The Race in Space", panelists discussed the complexities and unknown potentials of satellites space weaponry , and how this final frontier needs new laws and regulations to address these potential unknowns. Jeanne Meserve moderated

13500-636: Was Benjamin H. Read , who was later to become U.S. Under Secretary of State for Management . In the 1970s and 1980s, GMF disbursed grants in accordance with its mission, including to academic researchers and to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio . It also provided the initial funding for the Institute for International Economics , now the Peterson Institute for International Economics . By 1977,

13625-649: Was acquired by the British as the result of its defeat of New France in the Seven Years' War , which ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. From 1763 to 1791, most of New France became the Province of Quebec . However, in 1769 the present-day Prince Edward Island , which had been part of Acadia, was renamed "St John's Island" and organized as a separate colony. It was renamed "Prince Edward Island" in 1798 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn . The first English attempt at settlement on that part of

13750-667: Was allegedly suggested by Sir Samuel Leonard Tilley. The delegates had completed their draft of the British North America Act by February 1867. The act was presented to Queen Victoria on February 11, 1867. The bill was introduced in the House of Lords the next day. The bill was quickly approved by the House of Lords, and then also quickly approved by the British House of Commons . (The Conservative Lord Derby

13875-558: Was also central to the debate in Newfoundland, the tax-averse colony that rejected it. Smith argued Confederation was supported by many colonists who were sympathetic to a relatively interventionist, or statist, approach to capitalist development. Most classical liberals, who believed in free trade and low taxes, opposed Confederation because they feared it would result in Big Government. The struggle over Confederation involved

14000-462: Was being floated as early as 1814. That year, Chief Justice of Lower Canada Jonathan Sewell sent a copy of his report, A Plan for the federal Union of British Provinces in North America , to Prince Edward (both a son of King George III and the father of Queen Victoria ), whom Sewell had befriended when they both resided in Quebec City . Edward replied, "nothing can be better arranged than

14125-436: Was confirmed by General Charles H. Jacoby , outgoing commander of NORAD and US Northern Command , who referred to North Korea as a "practical threat" due to its nuclear and ballistic capabilities. Abdullah Gül , the former Turkish president , at the forum spoke about the persistent instability in the Middle East . "The key term to express the gravity of the situation in the region at present can be 'frustration'", Gül told

14250-544: Was driven by a Court Party ideology. Smith traces the origins of this ideology to eighteenth and nineteenth-century Britain, where political life was polarized between defenders of classical republican values of the Country Party and proponents of a new pro-capitalist ideology of the Court Party, which believed in centralizing political power. In British North America in the late 1860s, the Court Party tradition

14375-414: Was founded by Guido Goldman , who was the director of Harvard 's West European Studies program in the early 1970s. Goldman, an American whose family had fled Germany in 1940, lobbied the West German government, particularly Finance Minister Alex Möller for an endowment to promote European and U.S. relations on the 25th anniversary of Marshall Plan aid. Working with a planning group that was to constitute

14500-441: Was held from 17 to 19 of November 2023. There were high-profile guests such as Canadian National Defence Minister Bill Blair and former Israel prime minister Ehud Barak . The Russian invasion of Ukraine and climate change were the main topics. The acronym CRINK ( China , Russia , Iran , North Korea ), coined by forum president Peter Van Praag, appeared in the titles of several discussions, including such as 'Never Mind

14625-400: Was held from 20 to 22 November 2020. The 2019 Halifax International Security Forum was held from 22 to 24 November 2019. The 2018 Halifax International Security Forum was held from 16 to 18 November 2018. The 2017 Halifax International Security Forum was attended by delegates from more than 80 countries. The forum celebrated 150 years of Canadian Confederation and the 100th anniversary of

14750-460: Was moderated by Jonathan Tepperman , managing editor of Foreign Affairs magazine. Fallon, against the backdrop of Brexit , said: "Although Britain is leaving the European Union we still have a role to pay in defending our European continent... and to continue to make democracy great again." Referring to the United States presidential election, he added: "...He ( Donald Trump ) knows from his election that we cannot take democracy for granted... This

14875-486: Was represented by the supporters of Confederation, whereas the anti-capitalist and agrarian Country Party tradition was embodied by the Anti-Confederates. In a 2000 journal article, historian Ian McKay argued Canadian Confederation was motivated by the ideology of liberalism and the belief in the supremacy of individual rights. McKay described Confederation as part of the classical liberal project of creating

15000-491: Was supported by, among others, Tupper. At the end of the Conference, it adopted the " seventy-two resolutions " which would form the basis of a scheduled future conference. The Conference adjourned on October 27. Prince Edward Island emerged disappointed from the Quebec Conference. It did not receive support for a guarantee of six members in the proposed House of Commons, and was denied an appropriation of $ 200,000 it felt had been offered at Charlottetown to assist in buying out

15125-623: Was the fourth panel discussion between Fauizya Ali, founder and president of Women In International Security (WIIS) in Kenya , Pastor Esther Ibanga , Jos Christian Missions International in Nigeria , human rights activist Tawakkol Karman from Yemen , who was awarded the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize , Nancy Lindborg, president of the United States Institute of Peace , Senator Jeanne Shaheen, the first woman in US history to be elected both

15250-451: Was the main topic of the forum discussions. Harjit Sajjan , Canadian Minister of National Defence , gave the opening keynote. For Sajjan it was the first major public event he attended after his inauguration earlier that month. In his speech, Sajjan also addressed the situation of Syrian refugees and defended the government's plan to resettle 25,000 refugees in Canada. The minister described democratic societies welcoming Syrian refugees as

15375-533: Was the process by which three British North American provinces—the Province of Canada , Nova Scotia , and New Brunswick —were united into one federation , called the Dominion of Canada , on July 1, 1867. This process occurred in accordance with the rising tide of Canadian nationalism that was then beginning to swell within these provinces and others. Upon Confederation, Canada consisted of four provinces: Ontario and Quebec , which had been split out from

15500-479: Was the recording secretary at the Charlottetown Conference , is considered by some to be among them. The individuals who brought the other provinces into Confederation after 1867 are also referred to as Fathers of Confederation . In this way, Amor De Cosmos , who was instrumental both in bringing democracy to British Columbia and in bringing the province into Confederation, is considered to be

15625-549: Was united with the colony of British Columbia in 1866. The remainder of modern-day Canada was made up of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory (both of which were controlled by the Hudson's Bay Company and sold to Canada in 1870) and the Arctic Islands , which were under direct British control and became a part of Canada in 1880. The idea of joining the various colonies in North America

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