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28-436: See text Haloferax (common abbreviation: Hfx. ) is a genus of halobacteria in the order Haloferacaceae . Cells of H. mediterranei and cells of the related species H. volcanii can undergo a process of genetic exchange between two cells which involves cell fusion resulting in a heterodiploid cell (containing two different chromosomes in one cell). Although this genetic exchange ordinarily occurs between two cells of

56-443: A 2 aa deletion in leucyl-tRNA synthetase was commonly present in the above orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria and in some members of the order Oceanospirillales. Another CSI-based study has also identified 4 CSIs that are exclusive to the order Xanthomonadales. Taken together, these two facts show that Xanthomonadales is a monophyletic group that is ancestral to other Gammaproteobacteria, which further shows that Xanthomonadales

84-486: A conserved insert or deletion is shared by several major phyla, but absent from other phyla. Figure 2 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in a conserved region that is commonly present in the species belonging to phyla X, Y and Z, but it is absent in other phyla (A, B and C). This signature indicates a specific relationship of taxa X, Y and Z and also A, B and C. Based upon the presence or absence of such an indel, in out-group species (viz. Archaea), it can be inferred whether

112-481: A family. Together, Haloferacaceae refers to a family whose nomenclatural type is the genus Haloferax . As of 2021, Haloferacaceae contains 10 validly published genera. This family can be molecularly distinguished from other Halobacteria by the presence of five conserved signature proteins (CSPs) and four conserved signature indels (CSIs) present in the following proteins: thermosome , ribonuclease BN and hypothetical proteins. The currently accepted taxonomy

140-429: A number of CSIs were found that are specific for different orders of Thermoproteota—3 CSIs for Sulfolobales , 5 CSIs for Thermoproteales , lastly 2 CSIs common for Sulfolobales and Desulfurococcales . The signatures described provide novel means for distinguishing Thermoproteota and Nitrososphaerota, additionally they could be used as a tool for the classification and identification of related species. The members of

168-406: A particular taxon (e.g. genus, family, class, order, phylum) but they are not present in other groups. These CSIs were most likely introduced in an ancestor of the group of species before the members of the taxa diverged. They provide molecular means for distinguishing members of a particular taxon from all other organisms. Figure 1 shows an example of 5aa CSI found in all species belonging to

196-621: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Conserved signature indels The CSIs that are restricted to a particular clade or group of species, generally provide good phylogenetic markers of common evolutionary descent. Due to the rarity and highly specific nature of such changes, it is less likely that they could arise independently by either convergent or parallel evolution (i.e. homoplasy) and therefore are likely to represent synapomorphy . Other confounding factors such as differences in evolutionary rates at different sites or among different species also generally do not affect

224-456: Is a family of halophilic , chemoorganotrophic or heterotrophic archaea within the order Haloferacales . The type genus of this family is Haloferax . Its biochemical characteristics are the same as the order Haloferacales . The name Haloferacaceae is derived from the Latin term Haloferax, referring to the type genus of the family and the suffix "-ceae", an ending used to denote

252-461: Is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea . Similarly a large CSI of about 100 amino acids in RpoB homologs (between amino acids 919-1058) is present in various species belonging to Pseudomonadota, Bacteroidota , Chlorobiota , Chlamydiota , Planctomycetota, and Aquificota. This CSI is absent in other ancestral bacterial phyla as well as Archaea. In both cases one can infer that

280-1195: Is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Halobaculum Salinigranum Halolamina Natronocalculus Sorokin et al. 2023 Halalkalirubrum Zuo et al. 2022 Halohasta Halonotius Haloferax * Halopelagius * Halogeometricum * Halobellus (incl. Haloquadratum ) * Halobium Halegenticoccus * Haloprofundus * Halogranum * Haloplanus * Halalkaliarchaeum Halopenitus Haloparvum Chen et al. 2016 * Halorubrum Halorubraceae Haloplanus Elevi Bardavid et al. 2007 Haloprofundus Zhang et al. 2017 Halegenticoccus Liu et al. 2020 Halogranum Cui et al. 2010 Salinigranum Haloferax Torreblanca et al. 1986 Halopelagius Cui et al. 2010 Halogeometricum Montalvo-Rodriguez et al. 1998 Haloquadratum Burns et al. 2007 Halobellus Cui et al. 2011 This archaea -related article

308-603: The class Gammaproteobacteria. A 2 aa deletion in AICAR transformylase was uniquely shared by all gammaproteobacteria except for Francisella tularensis . A 4 aa deletion in RNA polymerase b-subunit and a 1 aa deletion in ribosomal protein L16 were found uniquely in various species belonging to the orders Enterobacteriales, Pasteurellales, Vibrionales, Aeromonadales and Alteromonadales, but were not found in other gammaproteobacteria. Lastly,

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336-718: The class or its different subgroups are known. A detailed CSI-based study was conducted to better understand the phylogeny of this class. Firstly, a phylogenetic tree based on concatenated sequences of a number of universally-distributed proteins was created. The branching order of the different orders of the class Gammaproteobacteria (from most recent to the earliest diverging) was: Enterobacteriales > Pasteurellales > Vibrionales , Aeromonadales > Alteromonadales > Oceanospirillales , Pseudomonadales > Chromatiales , Legionellales , Methylococcales , Xanthomonadales , Cardiobacteriales , Thiotrichales . Additionally, 4 CSIs were discovered that were unique to most species of

364-429: The discovery and analyses of conserved indels (CSIs) in many universally distributed proteins have aided in this quest. The genetic events leading to them are postulated to have occurred at important evolutionary branch points and their species distribution patterns provide valuable information regarding the branching order and interrelationships among different bacterial phyla. Recently the phylogenetic relationship of

392-1435: The genus Haloferax . Several species and novel binomial names have been proposed, but not validly published. The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). H. namakaokahaiae McDuff et al. 2017 H. elongans H. larsenii H. mediterranei H. mucosum H. sulfurifontis H. chudinovii Saralov et al. 2014 H. denitrificans H. lucentense corrig. Gutierrez et al. 2004 H. gibbonsii H. prahovense H. alexandrinus Asker & Ohta 2002 H. volcanii H. elongans Allen et al. 2008 H. larsenii Xu et al. 2007 " H. litoreum " Cho et al. 2021 " H. profundi " Zhang et al. 2020 " H. marinisediminis " Cho et al. 2021 " H. marinum " Cho et al. 2021 H. mediterranei (Rodriguez-Valera et al. 1983) Torreblanca et al. 1987 H. mucosum Allen et al. 2008 H. gibbonsii Juez et al. 1986 H. prahovense Enache et al. 2007 " H. marisrubri " Zhang et al. 2020 " H. massiliensis " Khelaifia & Raoult 2016 H. volcanii (Mullakhanbhai & Larsen 1975) Torreblanca et al. 1986 H. denitrificans (Tomlinson et al. 1986) Tindall et al. 1989 H. sulfurifontis Elshahed et al. 2004 Haloferacaceae Haloferacaceae

420-482: The group Thermotogota was characterized based on the CSI approach. Previously no biochemical or molecular markers were known that could clearly distinguish the species of this phylum from all other bacteria. More than 60 CSIs that were specific for the entire Thermotogota phylum or its different subgroups were discovered. Of these, 18 CSIs are uniquely present in various Thermotogota species and provide molecular markers for

448-418: The groups lacking the CSI are ancestral. A key issue in bacterial phylogeny is to understand how different bacterial species are related to each other and their branching order from a common ancestor. Currently most phylogenetic trees are based on 16S rRNA or other genes/proteins. These trees are not always able to resolve key phylogenetic questions with a high degree of certainty. However in recent years

476-454: The indel is an insert or a deletion, and which of these two groups A, B, C or X, Y, Z is ancestral. Mainline CSIs have been used in the past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla. The large CSI of about 150-180 amino acids within a conserved region of Gyrase B (between amino acids 529-751), is commonly shared between various Pseudomonadota , Chlamydiota , Planctomycetota and Aquificota species. This CSI

504-503: The interpretation of a CSI. By determining the presence or absence of CSIs in an out-group species, one can infer whether the ancestral form of the CSI was an insert or deletion and this can be used to develop a rooted phylogenetic relationship among organisms. CSIs are discovered by looking for shared changes in a phylogenetic tree constructed from protein sequences. Most CSIs that have been identified have been found to have high predictive value upon addition of new sequences, retaining

532-541: The number of CSIs that are commonly shared with other taxa is much smaller than those that are specific for Thermotogota and they do not exhibit any specific pattern. Hence they have no significant effect on the distinction of Thermotogota. Mesophillic Thermoproteota were recently placed into a new phylum of Archaea called the Nitrososphaerota (formerly Thaumarchaeota). However there are very few molecular markers that can distinguish this group of archaea from

560-430: The order Pasteurellales are currently distinguished mainly based on their position in the branching of the 16srRNA tree. There are currently very few molecular markers known that can distinguish members of this order from other bacteria. A CSI approach was recently used to elucidate the phylogenetic relationships between the species in this order; more than 40 CSIs were discovered that were uniquely shared by all or most of

588-692: The past to determine the phylogenetic relationship of a number of bacterial phyla and subgroups within it. For example a 3 amino acid insert was uniquely shared by members of the phylum Thermotogota (formerly Thermotogae) in the essential 50S ribosomal protein L7/L12 , within a highly conserved region (82-124 amino acid). This is not present in any other bacteria species and could be used to characterize members of Thermotogota from all other bacteria. Group-specific CSIs were also used to characterize subgroups within Thermotogota. Mainline CSIs are those in which

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616-458: The phylum Thermoproteota (formerly Crenarchaeota). A detailed phylogenetic study using the CSI approach was conducted to distinguish these phyla in molecular terms. 6 CSIs were uniquely found in various Nitrososphaerota, namely Cenarchaeum symbiosum , Nitrosopumilus maritimus and a number of uncultured marine Thermoproteota. 3 CSIs were found that were commonly shared between species belonging to Nitrososphaerota and Thermoproteota. Additionally,

644-823: The phylum. Additionally there were many CSIs that were specific for various Thermotogota subgroups. Another 12 CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of various Thermotogota species except Tt. Lettingae. While 14 CSIs were specific for a clade consisting of the Fervidobacterium and Thermosipho genera and 18 CSIs were specific for the genus Thermosiphon . Lastly 16 CSIs were reported that were shared by either some or all Thermotogota species or some species from other taxa such as Archaea , Aquificota , Bacillota , Pseudomonadota , Deinococcota , Fusobacteriota , Dictyoglomota , Chloroflexota , and eukaryotes . The shared presence of some of these CSIs could be due to lateral gene transfer (LGT) between these groups. However

672-470: The same species, it can also occur at a lower frequency between an H. mediterranei and an H. volcani cell. These two species have an average nucleotide sequence identity of 86.6%. During this exchange process, a diploid cell is formed that contains the full genetic repertoire of both parental cells, and genetic recombination is facilitated. Subsequently, the cells separate, giving rise to recombinant cells. As of 2022, 13 species are validly published under

700-431: The species. Two major clades are formed within this Pasteurellales: Clade I, encompassing Aggregatibacter , Pasteurella , Actinobacillus succinogenes , Mannheimia succiniciproducens , Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus somnus , was supported by 13 CSIs. Clade II, encompassing Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae , Actinobacillus minor , Haemophilus ducreyi , Mannheimia haemolytica and Haemophilus parasuis ,

728-434: The specificity for the originally identified clades of species. They can be used to identify both known and even previously unknown species belonging to these groups in different environments. Compared to tree branching orders which can vary among methods, specific CSIs make for more concrete circumscriptions that are computationally cheaper to apply. Group-specific CSIs are commonly shared by different species belonging to

756-494: The taxon X. This is a distinctive characteristic of this taxon as it is not found in any other species. This signature was likely introduced in a common ancestor of the species from this taxon. Similarly other group-specific signatures (not shown) could be shared by either A1 and A2 or B1 and B2, etc., or even by X1 and X2 or by X3 and X4, etc. The groups A, B, C, D and X, in this diagram could correspond to various bacterial or Eukaryotic phyla. Group-specific CSIs have been used in

784-481: Was supported by 9 CSIs. Based on these results, it was proposed that Pasteurellales be divided from its current one family into two different ones. Additionally, the signatures described would provide novel means of identifying undiscovered Pasteurellales species. The class Gammaproteobacteria forms one of the largest groups of bacteria. It is currently distinguished from other bacteria solely by 16s rRNA -based phylogenetic trees. No molecular characteristics unique to

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