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76-595: Frank Haven Hall (February 9, 1841 – January 3, 1911) was an American inventor and essayist who is credited with inventing the Hall braille writer and the stereographer machine . He also invented the first successful mechanical point writer and developed major functions of modern day typography with kerning and tracking . Born in Mechanic Falls , Maine he served in the Union Army 's Maine Volunteers during

152-613: A Free Soiler , and again in the Senate as a Republican from 1856 to 1857. He was instrumental in the successful movement to abolish capital punishment in Wisconsin ; his newspaper, The Kenosha Telegraph , reported on the trial of John McCaffary in 1851, and then in 1853 he led the campaign in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Also noteworthy was Sholes' part in the massive railroad corruption scheme which permeated

228-632: A printer . After completing his apprenticeship , Sholes moved to Milwaukee, Wisconsin , in 1837, and later to Southport, Wisconsin (present-day Kenosha ). On February 4, 1841 in Green Bay , he married Mary Jane McKinney of that town. He became a newspaper publisher and politician , serving in the Wisconsin State Senate from 1848 to 1849 as a Democrat , in the Wisconsin State Assembly from 1852 to 1853 as

304-426: A 'shift' key to allow both letters and numbers to be produced. With eleven keys in a 3/4/4 arrangement, 43 symbols could be arranged allowing for lowercase text, numbers and a modest number of punctuation symbols to be represented along with a 'shift' function for accessing uppercase letters. While this had the advantage of being usable by untrained users via ' hunt and peck ' typing and requiring one less key switch than

380-481: A 12-key chord keyboard from NewO Company, appeared in 1978 issues of ROM Magazine, an early microcomputer applications magazine. Another early commercial model was the six-button Microwriter , designed by Cy Endfield and Chris Rainey, and first sold in 1980. Microwriting is the system of chord keying and is based on a set of mnemonics. It was designed only for right-handed use. In 1982 the Octima 8 keys cord keyboard

456-402: A braille cell. The Perkins Brailler , first manufactured in 1951, uses a 6-key chord keyboard (plus a spacebar) to produce braille output, and has been very successful as a mass market affordable product. Braille, like Baudot, uses a number symbol and a shift symbol, which may be repeated for shift lock, to fit numbers and upper case into the 63 codes that 6 bits offer. After World War II, with

532-761: A career in invention. Hall focused on experimental typefaces , typesetting , type design , and display configurations with ink on paper and metal placings which subsequently led to his first invention: the Hall Braille writer. He publicly announced his invention in May 1892 and unveiled it at the World's Columbian Exposition in October 1893. His furthered development of the Hall Braille Writer revolutionized Braille communication by dramatically speeding up

608-406: A chord keyboard was in the stenotype machine used by court reporters, which was invented in 1868 and is still in use. The output of the stenotype was originally a phonetic code that had to be transcribed later (usually by the same operator who produced the original output), rather than arbitrary text—automatic conversion software is now commonplace. In 1874, the five-bit Baudot telegraph code and

684-453: A chording keyboard to represent sounds: on the standard keyboard, the U represents the sound and word, 'you', and the three-key trigraph KAT represents the sound and word 'cat'. The stenotype keyboard is explicitly ordered: in KAT , K , on the left, is the starting sound. P , S , and T , which are common starting sounds and also common ending sounds, are available on both sides of

760-520: A conventional 12 button keypad, it had the disadvantage that some symbols required three times as much force to depress them as others which made it hard to achieve any speed with the device. That solution is still alive and proposed by Fastap and Unitap among others, and a commercial phone has been produced and promoted in Canada during 2006. Historically, the baudot and braille keyboards were standardized to some extent, but they are unable to replicate

836-570: A derivative of the inventions by Rasmus Malling-Hansen , in 1893. At the Chicago World Fair, Hall was displaying his latest invention, the stereotyper, when Helen Keller famously approached him and publicly hugged and kissed him, drawing gasps from the crowd as such an occurrence was against social structure at the time. In the book Devil in the White City , Erick Larson retells the emotional story of Hall meeting Helen Keller at

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912-428: A flat surface. Chording keyboards are also used as portable but two handed input devices for the visually impaired (either combined with a refreshable braille display or vocal synthesis). Such keyboards use a minimum of seven keys, where each key corresponds to an individual braille point, except one key which is used as a spacebar. In some applications, the spacebar is used to produce additional chords which enable

988-595: A manufacturer of sewing machines ) to commercialize the machine as the Sholes and Glidden typewriter . Hall would go on to take his standardized version to Aurora, Illinois where a new position in academia was awaiting him. After seven successful years in Aurora, he was asked to head the Sugar Grove Industrial School, a work-and-learn agricultural school nearby. Hall spent twelve years as head of

1064-410: A matching 5-key chord keyboard was designed to be used with the operator forming the codes manually. The code is optimized for speed and low wear: chords were chosen so that the most common characters used the simplest chords. But telegraph operators were already using typewriters with QWERTY keyboards to "copy" received messages, and at the time it made more sense to build a typewriter that could generate

1140-501: A mnemonic system that enabled fast and easy touch type learning. Within a few hours the user could achieve a typing speed similar to hand writing speed. The unique design also gave a relief from hand stress (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome) and allowed longer typing sessions than traditional keyboards. It was multi-lingual supporting English, German, French and Hebrew. The BAT is a 7-key hand-sized device from Infogrip, and has been sold since 1985. It provides one key for each finger and three for

1216-481: A stereotyper used to make typeset plates for printing Braille books. He unveiled this device at the Chicago World Fair . Other inventions include an apparatus for skimming milk and co-invention of the stereo typewriter. A Jacksonville gunmaker named Gustav A. Sieber often helped Hull with the engineering of his inventions. He also co-founded the stereo typewriter which produced copies faster and cheaper,

1292-430: Is Edgar Matias' Half-Qwerty keyboard described in patent US 5288158   circa 1992 that produces the letters of the missing half when the user simultaneously presses the space bar along with the mirror key. INTERCHI '93 published a study by Matias, MacKenzie and Buxton showing that people who have already learned to touch-type can quickly recover 50 to 70% of their two-handed typing speed. The loss contributes to

1368-416: Is a chorded keyboard driver for Linux. With a configuration file, any joystick or gamepad can be turned into a chorded keyboard. This design philosophy was decided on to lower the cost of building devices, and in turn lower the entry barrier to becoming familiar with chorded keyboards. Macro keys, and multiple modes are also easily implemented with a user space driver. One minimal chordic keyboard example

1444-399: Is known to have shown Sholes. Sholes' typewriter improved on both the simplicity and efficiency of previous models, which led to his successful patent and commercial success. Sholes had moved to Milwaukee and became the editor of a newspaper. Following a strike by compositors at his printing press, he tried building a machine for typesetting , but this was a failure and he quickly abandoned

1520-419: Is mapped to a number and then can be mapped to a corresponding letter or command. By pressing two or more keys together the user can generate many combinations. In Engelbart's original mapping, he used five keys: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16. The keys were mapped as follows: a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4, and so on. If the user pressed keys 1 and 2 simultaneously, and then released the keys, 1 and 2 would be added to 3, and since C

1596-469: Is the 3rd letter of the alphabet, and the letter "c" appeared. Unlike pressing a chord on a piano, the chord is recognized only after all the keys or mouse buttons are released. Since Engelbart introduced the keyset, several different designs have been developed based on similar concepts. As a crude example, each finger might control one key which corresponds to one bit in a byte , so that using seven keys and seven fingers, one could enter any character in

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1672-492: Is the CharaChorder One, which features a split design with each having access to 9 switches that can be moved in five directions (up, down, left, right, and pressed) in contrast to typical keyboards. This device allows for both chorded entry as well as traditional character entry. The set of words that can be chorded can be dynamically changed by the user in real time, but by default includes the 300 most common words in

1748-473: The ASCII set—if the user could remember the binary codes. Due to the small number of keys required, chording is easily adapted from a desktop to mobile environment. Practical devices generally use simpler chords for common characters ( e.g., Baudot ), or may have ways to make it easier to remember the chords ( e.g., Microwriter ), but the same principles apply. These portable devices first became popular with

1824-632: The American Civil War . After the war he attended Bates College in Lewiston before initiating a teaching career. From 1862 to 1867, he taught at private and public schools throughout the greater Illinois area. While in Illinois, he held the political offices of postmaster, township treasurer, and clerk. He also owned and operated a general store, a lumberyard, and a creamery . In between his teaching and business interests he began to pursue

1900-463: The Chicago World Fair in 1893. According to Larson, when Helen Keller learned that Hall was the inventor of the Braille typewriter she used, she hugged and kissed him. Larson added that retelling the story always brought Hall to tears. She was later integral to the establishment of the practice buy learning multiple codes in order to read and write. Hall was a researcher focused on the development of

1976-469: The Hall Braille Writer to the public. Hall traveled to Milwaukee, Wisconsin originally to take up a position as an academic administrator but soon detoured to continue his research in Braille and commercial typewriters. He was present at a typewriter exhibition by Christopher Latham Sholes and saw the first prototype in January 1867. He compared the technical specifications of his earlier prototypes of

2052-506: The Hall Braille Writer , first formed in 1892. It would go on to revolutionize Braille communication by dramatically speeding up the rate by which one could produce Braille characters . His research and development in the tactile writing system used by people who are blind or visually impaired , has been hailed as "the most innovative development of communications for the blind in the 19th century." His main research focused on specialized machines with differentiated keys, one for each dot in

2128-483: The Hall Braille Writer . The typewriter is recognized as the first successful mechanical point writer. Modeled on typewriters of the time, his invention revolutionized Braille communication. Prior to his invention, Braille was not widely taught by teachers of the blind, because teaching Braille involved writing boards on which a student had to push one or more of six Braille character points in reverse. The Hall Braille Writer, along with Hall's advocacy, helped make Braille

2204-524: The wearable computer movement in the 1980s. Thad Starner from Georgia Institute of Technology and others published numerous studies showing that two-handed chorded text entry was faster and yielded fewer errors than on a QWERTY keyboard. Currently stenotype machines hold the record for fastest word entry. Many stenotype users can reach 300 words per minute. However, stenographers typically train for three years before reaching professional levels of speed and accuracy. The earliest known chord keyboard

2280-470: The Braille cell. He also worked on international uniformity of the braille alphabets , and the development of typesetting systems . In the spring of 1910, he was diagnosed with tuberculosis of the lungs and diabetes. He died the following January. Hall's final resting place is in Aurora, Illinois . Hall's legacy is honored through the names of a few Illinois area schools. The main administrative building at

2356-534: The Braille writer and say modes to fashion it into a commercial type writer. He was introduced to Christopher Latham Sholes by Carlos Glidden and along with Samuel W. Soule began construction of what would be contested as the first commercial type writer in the United States. In 1868 their typewriter was debuted in Milwaukee, Wisconsin to critical acclaim. Hall stood by the begin and overall function of

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2432-659: The English language. This chorded entry feature allows for potentially extremely fast typing speeds, so much so the founder of the company has been banned from online typing competitions. Additionally, they create the Charachorder Lite with a more traditional keyboard design. The manufacturer claimed that users of the Charachorder One can reach speeds of 300 words per minute, while users of the Charachorder Lite can reach 250 words per minute. The WriteHander,

2508-587: The GKOS keypad driver for Linux as well as the Gkos library for the Atmel/ Arduino open-source board. Plover is a free, open-source, cross-platform program intended to bring real-time stenographic technology not just to stenographers, but also to hobbyists using anything from professional Stenotype machines to low-cost NKRO gaming keyboards. It is available for Linux , Windows , and macOS . Joy2chord

2584-996: The Illinois School for the Visually Impaired is named the Frank Haven Hall Building. Also, in the West Auroral School District 129, where Hall served as Superintendent, the Hall Elementary School is named for him. Artist Rudulph Evans commissioned a sculpture of Hall's likeness in 1912. It stood for many years at Hall Elementary, and is now on permanent loan to the Smithsonian Institution. Hall has written approximately twenty widely circulated textbooks and publications on mathematics , structuralism , and educationalist policy . He

2660-748: The School for the Blind in Jacksonville, Illinois , despite his lack of training or experience with education for the blind. He was a quick study, visiting several schools for the blind on the east coast, and quickly decided that blind students required vocational and experiential learning much the same as any student. A political power shift in Illinois from the Republican party to the Democratic party caused Hall to lose his post. From 1893 to 1897, during

2736-706: The Sugar Grove public schools, Hall owned and ran a general store, a lumberyard, a creamery, and held the political offices of postmaster, township treasurer, and clerk. Hall and his wife also remained active in their local church. Hall's first school administration post was as principal of Towle Academy in Maine. In 1866 he moved to Illinois, where he served as principal and teacher at public schools in Earlville , Aurora , Sugar Grove , Petersburg , Jacksonville , Waukegan , and Milwaukee . On May 27, 1892, he introduced

2812-465: The Union Army's Twenty-Third Maine Volunteers, as a hospital steward at Edward's Ferry. After the service, Hall attended Bates College from 1863 to 1864. He married Sybil Hall and with her had three children. He began teaching primary school in 1864. Two years later he moved his family from Maine to Earlville, Illinois so Hall could advance his career in school administration. While working for

2888-748: The alleged discovery of the Voree Record , a set of three minuscule brass plates unearthed by James J. Strang , a would-be successor to Joseph Smith , founder of the Latter Day Saint movement . Strang asserted that this proved that he was a true prophet of God, and he invited the public to call upon him and see the plates for themselves. Sholes accordingly visited Strang, examined his "Voree Record," and wrote an article about their meeting. He indicated that while he could not accept Strang's plates or his prophetic claims, Strang himself seemed to be "honest and earnest" and his disciples were "among

2964-510: The arrival of electronics for reading chords and looking in tables of "codes", the postal sorting offices started to research chordic solutions to be able to employ people other than trained and expensive typists. In 1954, an important concept was discovered: chordic production is easier to master when the production is done at the release of the keys instead of when they are pressed. Researchers at IBM investigated chord keyboards for both typewriters and computer data entry as early as 1959, with

3040-430: The article: the typewriting machine , or typewriter . For this project, Soule was again enlisted and Glidden joined them as a third partner to provide funding. The Scientific American article (unillustrated) had figuratively used the phrase "literary piano"; the first model that the trio built had a keyboard literally resembling a piano. It had black keys and white keys, laid out in two rows. It did not contain keys for

3116-611: The blind) uses either 6 or 8 tactile 'points' from which all letters and numbers are formed. When Louis Braille invented it, it was produced with a needle holing successively all needed points in a cardboard sheet. In 1892, Frank Haven Hall , superintendent of the Illinois Institute for the Education of the Blind, created the Hall Braille Writer, which was like a typewriter with 6 keys, one for each dot in

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3192-705: The blind. Hall was an advocate of integrating farming and agriculture into academic and studious life. He served as the official Illinois state delegate to the Farmers' National Congress in 1908 and the National Farm Land Congress in 1909, and was a member of the National Conservation Commission. On May 27, 1892, while working as superintendent for the Illinois Institution for the Blind, Hall unveiled

3268-477: The boundary of two keys, or at the joining of three keys. Pressing down on one of the dimples would cause either one, two or three of the hexagonal buttons to be depressed at the same time, forming a chord that would be unique to that symbol. With this arrangement, a nine button keyboard with three rows of three hexagonal buttons could be fitted onto a telephone and could produce up to 33 different symbols. By choosing widely separated keys, one could employ one dimple as

3344-414: The codes automatically, rather than making them learn to use a new input device. Some early keypunch machines used a keyboard with 12 labeled keys to punch the correct holes in paper cards. The numbers 0 through 9 were represented by one punch; 26 letters were represented by combinations of two punches, and symbols were represented by combinations of two or three punches. Braille (a writing system for

3420-488: The comptroller for the city of Milwaukee. Machines similar to Sholes's had been previously used by the blind for embossing, but by Sholes's time the inked ribbon had been invented, which made typewriting in its current form possible. At this stage, the Sholes-Glidden-Soule typewriter was only one among dozens of similar inventions. They wrote hundreds of letters on their machine to various people, one of whom

3496-548: The dominant form of written communication for the blind. He never patented the machine because he thought profit would sully his work with the blind. The Hall Braille Writer was manufactured by the Harrison & Seifried company in Chicago, Illinois . It was manufactured for 10 dollars and sold for 11 dollars. Distribution of the machine has been found in library collections as far away as Australia and China. This invention took

3572-534: The full character set of a modern keyboard. Braille comes closest, as it has been extended to eight bits. The only proposed modern standard, GKOS (or Global Keyboard Open Standard ) can support most characters and functions found on a computer keyboard but has had little commercial development. There is, however, a GKOS keyboard application available for iPhone since May 8, 2010, for Android since October 3, 2010 and for MeeGo Harmattan since October 27, 2011. Stenotype machines, sometimes used by court reporters , use

3648-599: The governorship of Democrat John Peter Altgeld , Hall served as superintendent of the Waukegan schools. When the Republicans returned to power in 1897, Hall was reappointed to his post at the School for the Blind. He remained at the school until 1902. Hall's work led him to advocacy, most importantly persuading Chicago school administrators to create the first public school day class for blind students in 1900. This created an alternative to segregated boarding schools for

3724-441: The idea that it might be faster than touch-typing if some chords were used to enter whole words or parts of words. A 1975 design by IBM Fellow Nat Rochester had 14 keys that were dimpled on the edges as well as the top, so one finger could press two adjacent keys for additional combinations. Their results were inconclusive, but research continued until at least 1978. Doug Engelbart began experimenting with keysets to use with

3800-465: The idea. He arrived at the typewriter through a different route. His initial goal was to create a machine to number pages of a book, tickets and so on. He began work on this at a machine shop in Milwaukee, together with fellow printer Samuel W. Soule . They patented a numbering machine on November 13, 1866. Sholes and Soule showed their machine to Carlos Glidden , a lawyer and amateur inventor at

3876-529: The inventors of the first typewriter in the United States. He was also a newspaper publisher and Wisconsin politician. In his time, Sholes went by the names C. Latham Sholes , Latham Sholes , or C. L. Sholes , but never "Christopher Sholes" or "Christopher L. Sholes". Born in Mooresburg , in Montour County, Pennsylvania , Sholes moved to nearby Danville and worked there as an apprentice to

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3952-664: The keyboard: POP is a 3-key chord, using both P keys. Multiple open-source keyer/keyset designs are available, such as the pickey, a PS/2 device based on the PIC microcontroller ; the spiffchorder, a USB device based on the Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers; the FeatherChorder, a BLE chorder based on the Adafruit Feather, an all-in-one board incorporating an Arduino -compatible microcontroller; and

4028-644: The legislature in 1856. Sholes was one of a small number of legislators who actually refused the bribe. He was the younger brother of Charles Sholes (1816–1867), who was also a newspaper publisher and politician who served in both houses of the Wisconsin State Legislature and as mayor of Kenosha. In 1845, Sholes was working as editor of the Southport Telegraph , a small newspaper in Kenosha. During this time, he heard about

4104-594: The machine examined by an expert mechanic, who directed them to E. Remington and Sons (which later became the Remington Arms Company), manufacturers of firearms, sewing machines and farm tools. In early 1873, they approached Remington, who decided to buy the patent from them. Sholes sold his half for $ 12,000, while Densmore, still a stronger believer in the machine, insisted on a royalty, which would eventually fetch him $ 1.5 million. Sholes returned to Milwaukee and continued to work on new improvements for

4180-647: The machine shop who was working on a mechanical plow. Glidden wondered if the machine could not be made to produce letters and words as well. Further inspiration came in July 1867, when Sholes came across a short note in Scientific American describing the "Pterotype", a prototype typewriter that had been invented by John Pratt . From the description, Sholes decided that the Pterotype was too complex and set out to make his own machine, whose name he got from

4256-571: The most honest and intelligent men in the neighborhood." As for the "record" itself, Sholes indicated that he was "content to have no opinion about it." Typewriters with various keyboards had been invented as early as 1714 by Henry Mill and have been reinvented in various forms throughout the 1800s. It is believed that Sholes drew inspiration from the inventions of others, including those of Frank Haven Hall , Samuel W. Soule , Carlos Glidden , Giuseppe Ravizza and, in particular, John Pratt, whose mention in an 1867 Scientific American article Glidden

4332-561: The mouse and keyset. In the 1970s the funding Engelbart's group received from the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was cut and many key members of Engelbart's team went to work for Xerox PARC where they continued to experiment with the mouse and keyset. Keychord sets were used at Xerox PARC in the early 1980s, along with mice, GUIs , on the Xerox Star and Alto workstations. A one-button version of

4408-566: The mouse in the mid-1960s. In a famous 1968 demonstration , Engelbart introduced a computer human interface that included the QWERTY keyboard, a three button mouse , and a five key keyset. Engelbart used the keyset with his left hand and the mouse with his right to type text and enter commands. The mouse buttons marked selections and confirmed or aborted commands. Users in Engelbart's Augmentation Research Center at SRI became proficient with

4484-471: The mouse was incorporated into the Apple Macintosh but Steve Jobs decided against incorporating the chorded keyset. In the early 1980s, Philips Research labs at Redhill, Surrey did a brief study into small, cheap keyboards for entering text on a telephone. One solution used a grid of hexagonal keys with symbols inscribed into dimples in the keys that were either in the center of a key, across

4560-412: The number of keys is low, the button areas can be made bigger and easier to hit on the small screen. The most common letters do not necessarily require chording as is the case with the GKOS keyboard optimised layouts (Android app) where the twelve most frequent characters only require single keys. The company CharaChorder commercially sells chorded entry devices. Their first commercially available device

4636-453: The numerals 0 or 1 because the letters O and I were deemed sufficient: The first row was made of ivory and the second of ebony , the rest of the framework was wooden. Despite the evident prior art by Pratt, it was in this same form that Sholes, Glidden and Soule were granted patents for their invention on June 23, 1868 and July 14. The first document to be produced on a typewriter was a contract that Sholes had written, in his capacity as

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4712-420: The place of more laborious devices used for instruction. Students were regularly using slate or metal frame to guide a stylus or punch held in the hand. Hall created an instrument that adapted its stripping capabilities to produce a stereotyper, a metal plate from which multiple copies could be made. This system was built upon the previous and more established models however with key differences. One such difference

4788-666: The project, leaving Sholes and Densmore in sole possession of the patent. Realizing that stenographers would be among the first and most important users of the machine, and therefore best in a position to judge its suitability, they sent experimental versions to a few stenographers. The most important of them was James O. Clephane of Washington D.C. , who tried the instruments as no one else had tried them, subjecting them to such unsparing tests that he destroyed them, one after another, as fast as they could be made and sent to him. His judgments were similarly caustic, causing Sholes to lose his patience and temper. But Densmore insisted that this

4864-476: The rate by which one could produce Braille characters . His research and development in the tactile writing system used by people who are blind or visually impaired , has been hailed as "the most innovative development of communications for the blind in the 19th century." Frank Haven Hall was born on February 9, 1841, in Mechanic Falls, Maine . During the American Civil War Hall served in

4940-494: The school. From his work around Aurora and Sugar Grove he learned the value of experiential learning and began to lecture at teachers' institutes around the country, challenging the "learning by rote" forms of education dominant at the time. For a short time he became superintendent of schools in Petersburg, Menard County before moving back to Aurora. Hall's most distinguished post in academic began in 1890 as Superintendent of

5016-426: The speed discussion above. It is implemented on two popular mobile phones, each provided with software disambiguation, which allows users to avoid using the space-bar. "Multiambic" keyers for use with wearable computers were invented in Canada in the 1970s. Multiambic keyers are similar to chording keyboards but without the board, in that the keys are grouped in a cluster for being handheld, rather than for sitting on

5092-407: The thumb. It is proposed for the hand which does not hold the mouse, in an exact continuation of Engelbart's vision. Christopher Latham Sholes Christopher Latham Sholes (February 14, 1819 – February 17, 1890) was an American inventor who invented the QWERTY keyboard, and, along with Samuel W. Soule , Carlos Glidden and John Pratt , has been contended to be one of

5168-482: The typewriter throughout the 1870s, which included the QWERTY keyboard (1873). James Densmore had suggested splitting up commonly used letter combinations in order to solve a jamming problem caused by the slow method of recovering from a keystroke: weights, not springs, returned all parts to the "rest" position. This concept was later refined by Sholes and the resulting QWERTY layout is still used today on both typewriters and English language computer keyboards, although

5244-450: The typewriter while Sholes , Soule , and Carlos Glidden soon disowned the machine and refused to use, or even to recommend it. It looked "like something like a cross between a piano and a kitchen table." The working prototype was made by the machinist Matthias Schwalbach, but later standardized by Hall. The patent (US 79,265) was sold for $ 12,000 to Densmore, Yost, and Hall who made an agreement with E. Remington and Sons (then famous as

5320-497: The user to issue editing commands, such as moving the cursor , or deleting words. Note that the number of points used in braille computing is not 6, but 8, as this allows the user, among other things, to distinguish between small and capital letters, as well as identify the position of the cursor. As a result, most newer chorded keyboards for braille input include at least nine keys. Touch screen chordic keyboards are available to smartphone users as an optional way of entering text. As

5396-552: Was James Densmore of Meadville, Pennsylvania . Densmore believed that the typewriter would be highly profitable, and offered to buy a share of the patent, without even having seen the machine. The trio immediately sold him one-fourth of the patent in return for his paying all their expenses so far. When Densmore eventually examined the machine in March 1867, he declared that it was good for nothing in its current form, and urged them to start improving it. Discouraged, Soule and Glidden left

5472-636: Was exactly what they needed: This candid fault-finding is just what we need. We had better have it now than after we begin manufacturing. Where Clephane points out a weak lever or rod let us make it strong. Where a spacer or an inker works stiffly, let us make it work smoothly. Then, depend upon Clephane for all the praise we deserve. Sholes took this advice and set to improve the machine at every iteration, until they were satisfied that Clephane had taught them everything he could. By this time, they had manufactured 50 machines or so, at an average cost of $ 250 (equivalent to almost $ 5,000 in 2020). They decided to have

5548-412: Was part of the "five-needle" telegraph operator station, designed by Wheatstone and Cooke in 1836, in which any two of the five needles could point left or right to indicate letters on a grid. It was designed to be used by untrained operators (who would determine which keys to press by looking at the grid), and was not used where trained telegraph operators were available. The first widespread use of

5624-569: Was presented by Ergoplic Kebords Ltd an Israeli Startup that was founded by Israeli researcher with intensive experience in Man Machine Interface design. The keyboard had 8 keys one for each finger and additional 3 keys that enabled the production of numbers, punctuations and control functions. The keyboard was fully compatible with the IBM PC and AT keyboards and had an Apple IIe version as well. Its key combinations were based on

5700-500: Was the creation of non-impressed metal holdings, which subsequently lead to a termed, "Battle of the Dots". Researches at the time, believed strongly of the typographic form of New York Point . His adaptions created a new precedent for blind education and information technology, it quickly spread around the country and was established on a global scale soon after. Hall invented several other tools used for Braille communication, most notably

5776-425: Was widely known for his publications of Hall's Mathematical Series. Some of the most prominent textbooks and publications include: Chorded keyboard#History A chorded keyboard minus the board, typically designed to be used while held in the hand, is called a keyer . Douglas Engelbart introduced the chorded keyset as a computer interface in 1968 at what is often called " The Mother of All Demos ". Each key

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