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77-432: The area of today's Altstadt had a minor Bronze Age settlement dating from the 9th or 8th century BC. An Ingaevonian settlement at this location was known by the name " Treva " – a strategic trading node on amber routes during Iron Age and Late Antiquity . In the 8th century CE, Saxon merchants established what was to become the nucleus of Hamburg: the " Hammaburg ", then a refuge fort located at today's Domplatz,

154-542: A "Homeric burial" due to its close similarity to contemporary elite burials in Greece and Italy. In the Nordic Bronze Age, both agriculture (including cultivation of wheat , millet , and barley ) and animal husbandry (keeping of domesticated animals such as cattle, sheep and pigs) were practiced. Fishing and hunting were also sources of food, which included shellfish, deer, elk, and other wild animals. There

231-534: A 1880s-built ring road continuing into Neustadt . Willy-Brandt-Straße is part of Bundesstraße 4 , a 1960s-built thoroughfare, crossing Altstadt midway from East to West. These are the results of Altstadt in the Hamburg state election : Major landmarks in Altstadt are three of Hamburg's five main-churches ( Hauptkirchen ): St. Jacobi , St. Katharinen and St. Petri ; the former St. Nikolai today serves as

308-522: A Minoan/Mycenaean template." During the 15th–14th centuries BC the Nordic Bronze Age and Mycenaean Greece shared the use of similar flange-hilted swords, as well as select elements of shared lifestyle, such as campstools, drinking vessels decorated with solar symbols, and tools for body care including razors and tweezers. This "Mycenaean package", including spiral decoration, was directly adopted in southern Scandinavia after 1500 BC, creating "a specific and selective Nordic variety of Mycenaean high culture" that

385-643: A couple of extensions: first in the 1530s, then again in the 1620s to include all of adjacent Neustadt . Regarding the urban history of Altstadt, only a few structures prior to the 17th century are left: repeated damming and diverting of the Alster and its canals, the Great Fire (1842), the bombing in World War II (1941–1945) and modern infrastructure projects (particularly during the 1880s to 1900s, 1920s and 1950s to 1970s) left Hamburg's inner-city with

462-554: A height of 122 metres (400 ft), and with its characteristic dome was a landmark of the city and jewel of its skyline. As the center of one of the four Hamburg parishes, the Church of St. Nicholas was heavily involved in all of the theological debates that were fought out in the city, especially during the Reformation . After the minister Henning Kissenbrügge resigned in 1524, the residents chose as minister Johannes Bugenhagen ,

539-580: A large set of bells. These ruins continue to serve as a memorial and an important architectural landmark. When Hamburg residents mention the Nikolaikirche , it is generally to this church that they are referring, and not the new Hauptkirche dedicated to Saint Nicholas in the Harvestehude district. The remains of the old church are the second-tallest structure in Hamburg . In 2005, an elevator

616-532: A mainly 19th and 20th-century built environment. The Hammaburg, Hamburg's origin, was established on a former headland , between the confluences of Alster and Bille into the Elbe Stream. Over the centuries Alster and Bille were impoldered and diverted several times, resulting in an ever different geography. Today, Altstadt is bordered by Alster (i.e. Alsterfleet and Binnenalster ) to the West and North-West,

693-615: A memorial against war. The Hamburg Rathaus is an imposing Renaissance Revival structure, housing Hamburg's Senate and Parliament ( Bürgerschaft ). Forming a joint building ensemble back-to-back with the Hamburg Chamber of Commerce , it was built after the Great Fire of 1842. Other landmarks include various buildings in the Kontorhaus District (most notably Chilehaus , Pressehaus and Sprinkenhof ), and

770-609: A migration of people from the north or northeast and the emergence of stone cist burials, leading to the start of the Nordic Bronze Age. The study found that the LNBA phase III cluster forms the predominant source in supervised ancestry modelling for future populations in Iron Age Scandinavia and Viking Age Scandinavia, as well as non-Scandinavian populations with Scandinavian or Germanic association, for example Anglo-Saxons and Goths . These findings are in accordance with

847-520: A new Church of St. Nicholas was built in the district of Harvestehude . In 1951, the nave was finally demolished and the rubble was partially used for the reinforcement of the banks of the River Elbe . The loss of a valuable Gothic revival architectural monument was regretted by many, but after the war there were other priorities as far as reconstruction was concerned. Compared to the Church of Michael

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924-440: A particularly moving event for the citizens. It was the first large building to burn, and was an indication of how catastrophic the fire would become. On 5 May, the noon service held by preacher Wendt, who stood in for the minister Carl Moenckeberg, had to be cut short and ended with an intercessory prayer for the saving of the church. One obviously did not count on the loss of the church as most art treasures were not saved. The tower

1001-486: A profiled Reformer and confidant to Martin Luther . The conservative city council was able to prevent his appointment by making Kissenbrügge stay. However, they could not stop the general wave of elected Lutheran ministers in Hamburg; in the Church of St. Nicholas, Johann Zegenhagen was appointed after Kissenbrügge's final departure. The Reformation was completed peacefully, and in 1528 Bugenhagen appeared in Hamburg and became

1078-733: A sign or symbol akin to the Hittite hieroglyph meaning ‘divine’ found among the rock carvings at Fossum in Sweden, associated with possible images of divinities. According to Kristiansen & Larsson (2005), "From the eighteenth century BC until the beginning of the fifteenth century BC networks were operating between the Hittites, the steppe and the Carpathians, with direct link to northern Europe. During this period basic institutions were transmitted north in exchange for amber and horses, while at

1155-480: A trading post for people from Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea region, as well as a cult centre and seat of a ruling elite. Associated with Nordic Bronze Age settlements are burial cairns, mounds and cemeteries, with interments including oak coffins and urn burials; other settlement associations include rock carvings, or bronze hoards in wetland sites. Some burial mounds are especially large and, with respect to

1232-642: A two-wheeled vehicle with four-spoked wheels is also known from Kültepe in Central Anatolia, dating from c.  1900 BC , concurrent with the appearance of steppe horses in this region. In contrast, chariot wheels from the Sintashta culture and Andronovo cultures near the Urals had more than four spokes. Miniature spoked-wheel models have been found in the Carpathian Basin dating to

1309-630: A wetter, colder climate and a more radical climate change began around 650 BC. A June 2015 study published in Nature found the people of the Nordic Bronze Age to be closely genetically related to the Corded Ware culture , the Beaker culture and the Unetice culture. People of the Nordic Bronze Age and Corded Ware show the highest lactose tolerance among Bronze Age Europeans. The study suggested that

1386-416: Is Rathausmarkt , both by location and function. It is the starting point of Alter Wall, Reesendamm/ Ballindamm , Mönckebergstraße and Große Johannisstraße/ Großer Burstah , all important streets in Altstadt. Other important squares in Altstadt include Burchardplatz, Domplatz, Gerhart-Hauptmann-Platz , and Hopfenmarkt. The eastern end of Altstadt is encircled by " Ring 1 " (Glockengießerwall, Steintorwall),

1463-407: Is evidence that oxen were used as draught animals; domesticated dogs were common, but horses were rarer and probably status symbols. Scandinavian Bronze Age sites present a rich and well-preserved legacy of bronze and gold objects. These valuable metals were all imported, primarily from Central Europe, but they were often crafted locally and the craftsmanship and metallurgy of the Nordic Bronze Age

1540-662: Is the size of a megaron in contemporary Mycenean palaces". Larger settlements are also known (such as Hallunda and Apalle in Sweden and Voldtofte in Denmark), as well as fortified sites, specialist workshops for metalwork and ceramic production, and dedicated cult houses. Settlements were geographically located on higher ground, and tended to be concentrated near the sea. Certain settlements functioned as regional centres of power, trade, craft production, and ritual activity. The Bronze Age fortified town of Hünenburg bei Watenstedt in northern Germany (12th c. BC) has been described as

1617-711: The Germanic peoples . The Nordic Bronze Age is a successor of the Corded Ware culture in southern Scandinavia and Northern Germany . It appears to represent a fusion of elements from the Corded Ware culture and the preceding Pitted Ware culture . The decisive factor that triggered the change from the Chalcolithic Battle Axe culture into the Nordic Bronze Age is often believed to have been metallurgical influence as well as general cultural influence from Central Europe , similar in custom to those of

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1694-497: The Hallstatt culture . Copper was imported from Central Europe and Italy. There is no coherent knowledge about the Nordic Bronze Age religion, its pantheon , world view, and how it was practised. Written sources are lacking, but archaeological finds draw a vague and fragmented picture of the religious practices and the nature of the religion in this period. Only some possible sects and only certain possible tribes are known. Some of

1771-725: The Kunsthalle . Nordic Bronze Age Chronological history The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age , or Scandinavian Bronze Age ) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from c.  2000/1750–500 BC . The Nordic Bronze Age culture emerged about 1750 BC as a continuation of the Battle Axe culture (the Scandinavian Corded Ware variant) and Bell Beaker culture , as well as from influence that came from Central Europe . This influence most likely came from people similar to those of

1848-525: The Pre-Roman Iron Age . Settlement in the Nordic Bronze Age period consisted mainly of single farmsteads, which usually consisted of a longhouse plus additional four-post built structures ( helms ). Longhouses were initially two aisled, and after c.  1300 BC three aisled structure became normal. Some longhouses were exceptionally large (up to about 500 m in area), and have been described as "chiefly halls", "the sitting area of which

1925-668: The Sintashta culture , and its succeeding Andronovo culture , represented an eastward migration of Corded Ware peoples. In the June 2015 study, the remains of nine individuals of the Northern Bronze Age and earlier Neolithic cultures in Denmark and Sweden from ca. 2850 BC to 500 BC, were analyzed. Among the Neolithic individuals, the three males were found to be carrying haplogroup I1 , R1a1a1 and R1b1a1a2a1a1 . Among

2002-598: The Tumulus culture and Mycenaean Greece . The Nordic Bronze Age exported amber through the Amber Road , and imported metals in return. During the time of the Nordic Bronze Age, metals, such as copper , tin and gold , were imported into Scandinavia on a massive scale. Copper was imported from Sardinia , Iberia and Cyprus . The trade network was briefly disrupted during the Late Bronze Age collapse in

2079-812: The Unetice culture , since they brought customs that were derived from Unetice or from local interpretations of the Unetice culture located in North Western Germany. The metallurgical influences from Central Europe are especially noticeable. The Bronze Age in Scandinavia can be said to begin shortly after 2000 BC with the introduction and use of bronze tools, followed by a more systematic adoption of bronze metalworking technology from 1750 BC. The Nordic Bronze Age maintained close trade links with Mycenaean Greece , with whom it shares several striking similarities. Some cultural similarities between

2156-399: The Unetice culture . Oscar Montelius , who coined the term used for the period, divided it into six distinct sub-periods in his piece Om tidsbestämning inom bronsåldern med särskilt avseende på Skandinavien ("On Bronze Age dating with particular focus on Scandinavia") published in 1885, which is still in wide use. His relative chronology has held up well against radiocarbon dating, with

2233-490: The 12th century BC. Evidence for horse-drawn chariots appears in Scandinavia c.  1700 BC , around the same time or earlier than it appears in Greece. In both cases the chariots appear to have come from the region of the Carpathian Basin or the western steppe. Cheek-pieces and whip handles in Denmark dating from this time feature curvilinear 'wave-band' designs that are also found on contemporary artefacts from

2310-573: The 20th–19th centuries BC, and cheek-pieces are known there from c. 2000 BC. According to Maran (2020, 2014) chariots probably originated "in the entire zone between the Carpathian Basin and the Southern Ural", rather than just in the Ural region, and spread southwards from there to Greece and the Near East. In the case of Greece this is given some support by analyses of skeletal material from

2387-523: The Amber Road and other trade routes that were important for the continuous prosperity of their society. Many of the stone carvings from the Nordic Bronze Age depict boats in great numbers as well as groups of armed men manning the boats. Finds such as the Hjortspring boat , among others, give further credence to the theory that Bronze Age people in Scandinavia relied heavily on naval dominance of

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2464-523: The Archangel , the Church of St. Nicholas was not regarded as one of Hamburg's most important landmarks. The tower and some remains of the wall have since been preserved as a memorial against war. For several decades they were not cared for, and, consequently, they gradually decayed. In 1987, the Rettet die Nikolaikirche e.V. (Rescue St. Nicholas's Church) foundation began to restore the existing fabric of

2541-556: The Carpathian Basin and Greece, including in the elite shaft graves at Mycenae. These designs subsequently appear on Nordic Bronze Age metalwork, including on the gold disc of the Trundholm Sun Chariot . Engraved depictions of chariots appear in Scandinavian rock art from c.  1700 BC onwards, as they do on engraved stone stelae from Mycenae. The introduction of the chariot in Scandinavia coincided with

2618-572: The LNBA phase I cluster belonged to haplogroup R1a. LNBA phase II - Dated to 4,300–3,700 cal. bp and archaeologically associated with the Flint Dagger period (c. 2300-2000 BC). The males in the LNBA phase II cluster belonged to haplogroup R1b. LNBA phase III - A final stage from around 4,000 cal. bp onwards, in which a distinct cluster of Scandinavian individuals dominated by males with I1 Y-haplogroups appears. Archaeologically associated with

2695-662: The Late Bronze Age which she calls the Lady of the Battle and of the Horse. Sacrifices , including of animals, weapons, jewellery, and humans, often had a strong connection to bodies of water. Water bodies such as bogs, ponds, streams, and lakes were often used as ceremonial and holy places for sacrifices and many artifacts have been found in such locations. Ritual instruments such as bronze lurs have been uncovered, especially in

2772-523: The Nordic Bronze Age, the Sintashta / Andronovo culture and peoples of the Rigveda have also been detected. The Nordic Bronze Age region included part of northern Germany, and some scholars also include sites in what is now Estonia , Finland and Pomerania as part of its cultural sphere . The people of the Nordic Bronze Age were actively engaged in the export of amber , and imported metals in return, becoming expert metalworkers. With respect to

2849-607: The amount of gold and bronze in them, extraordinarily rich for this time period. Examples of prominent burial mounds include the Håga mound and Kivik King's Grave in Sweden, and the Lusehøj in Denmark. A minimum of 50,000 burial mounds were constructed between 1500 and 1150 BC in Denmark alone. Oak coffin burials dating from the 14th–13th centuries BC contained well-preserved mummified bodies, along with their clothing and burial goods. The bodies were intentionally mummified by watering

2926-409: The archaeological and linguistic associations of the Nordic Bronze Age with early Germanic speakers. St. Nikolai, Hamburg The Church of St. Nicholas (German: St.-Nikolai-Kirche ) was a Gothic Revival cathedral that was formerly one of the five Lutheran Hauptkirchen (main churches) in the city of Hamburg, Germany . The original chapel, a wooden building, was completed in 1195. It

3003-560: The best clues come from tumuli , elaborate artifacts , votive offerings , and rock carvings scattered across Northern Europe. There are many rock carving sites from this period. The rock carvings have been dated through comparison with depicted artifacts, for example bronze axes and swords. Many rock carvings are uncanny in resemblance to those found in the Corded Ware culture . There are also numerous Nordic Stone Age rock carvings, those of northern Scandinavia mostly portray elk . Many finds, especially rock carvings, indicate sun worship

3080-572: The building and erected a so-called "place of encounters" (a room for events and exhibitions) in the crypt. The organization attempts to salvage pieces of rubble that were removed in 1951, such as pieces from the destroyed nave pulled from the River Elbe in November 2000. A reconstruction of the church, as done with the Church of Our Lady in Dresden , is not intended. However, a 51-bell carillon

3157-654: The burial mounds to create a bog-like, oxygen-free environment within the graves. This practice may have been stimulated by cultural influence from Egypt, as it coincided with the appearance of Egyptian artefacts in Scandinavia and the appearance of Baltic amber in Egypt (e.g. in the tomb of Tutankhamun ). However, intentional mummification within oak coffin burials has also been noted in Britain at an earlier date (c. 2300 BC). The Late Bronze Age King's Grave of Seddin in northern Germany (9th century BC) has been described as

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3234-541: The completion of the cathedral of Rouen in 1876. Second only to the TV tower , the tower of the church is still the second tallest building in Hamburg. The clearly visible tower of the Church of St. Nicholas served as a goal and orientation marker for pilots of the Allied Air Forces during the extensive air raids on Hamburg. On 28 July 1943, the church was heavily damaged by aerial bombs . The roof collapsed and

3311-464: The congregation of the Hauptkirche and various corporate sponsors and private contributors. The organization is charged with maintaining the building's existing structure, restoration, arranging events and displays in the church, and operating an information center housed in the church's crypt. Since 1 September 2005, an elevator has taken visitors to a 75.3-metre-high (247 ft) platform inside

3388-482: The exception that the period's start is closer to 1700 BC than 1800 BC, as Montelius suggested. For Central Europe a different system developed by Paul Reinecke is commonly used, as each area has its own artifact types and archaeological periods. A broader subdivision is the Early Bronze Age, between 1700 BC and 1100 BC, and the Late Bronze Age, 1100 BC to 550 BC. These divisions and periods are followed by

3465-468: The helmets. Despite the importance of weapons in their society, archaeological discoveries suggest that intrasocietal violence was not particularly common in the Nordic Bronze Age, especially not when compared to contemporary European Bronze Age cultures. The people of the Nordic Bronze Age seem to instead have been directing their military efforts outwards, likely against people of neighbouring cultures, and are believed to have participated in battles along

3542-449: The individuals from the Nordic Bronze Age, two males carried I1 , while two carried R1b1a1a2 . A 2024 study published in Nature analyzed around 40 individuals from Late Neolithic and Bronze Age Southern Scandinavia. The study found evidence for three distinct genetic clusters: LNBA phase I - Dated to 4,600 and 4,300 cal. bp and archaeologically associated with the Battle Axe culture and early Single Grave culture. The males in

3619-483: The interior and on the tower was unusual. The new church was built to the southeast, a short distance from the old location, where the Neue Burg (New Castle) had once stood. Construction began in 1846, and on 27 September 1863 the church was consecrated. The 147.3-metre-high (483 ft) tower was finished in 1874. At that time, the Church of St. Nicholas became the tallest building in the world, which it remained until

3696-458: The interior of the nave suffered heavy damage. The walls began to show cracks, yet neither they nor the tower collapsed. After the war, the basic structure of the Gothic church remained intact to a large extent and reconstruction was a realistic option. Nevertheless, it was decided to demolish the nave while leaving the tower untouched. As the vicinity of the church was no longer a residential area,

3773-585: The introduction of socketed spearheads, whose ultimate origin Vandkilde (2014) ascribes to the Seima-Turbino culture. Cheek-pieces and belt hooks adorned with horse heads are suggested to have originated from the Carpathian Basin, making their way into Scandinavia. Chariot wheels in Scandinavia are depicted with four spokes, as in Mycenaean Greece and the Carpathian Basin. A depiction of

3850-580: The large stone burial monuments known as stone ships . Those sites suggest that ships and seafaring played an important role in the culture at large. The depicted ships, most likely represents sewn plank built canoes used for warfare, fishing and trade. These ship types may have their origin as far back as the neolithic period and they continue into the Pre-Roman Iron Age, as exemplified by the Hjortspring boat . 3,600-year-old bronze axes and other tools made from Cypriot copper have been found in

3927-497: The largest number of Bronze Age rock carvings in Europe . The west coast of Sweden is home to around 1,500 recorded rock engraving sites, with more being discovered every year. When the rock carvings were made, the area was the coastline; but it is now 25 meters above sea level . The engravings in the region depict everyday life, weapons, human figures, fishing nets, ships, chariots, plows, the sun, deer, bulls, horses, and birds. By far,

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4004-473: The most dominant theme is human figures and ships, especially ships — 10,000 of which have recorded. The typical ship depicts a crew of six to thirteen. Rock carvings in the late Bronze Age, and even the early Iron Age, often depict conflict, power, and mobility. The culture of the Nordic Bronze Age was that of a warrior culture, with a strong emphasis on weapons and status. Helle Vandkilde of Aarhus University, in her publications from 1995, describes most men of

4081-524: The number and density of metal deposits, the Nordic Bronze Age became the richest culture in Europe during its existence. Iron metallurgy began to be practised in Scandinavia during the later Bronze Age, from at least the 9th century BC. Around the 5th century BC, the Nordic Bronze Age was succeeded by the Pre-Roman Iron Age and the Jastorf culture . The Nordic Bronze Age is often considered ancestral to

4158-447: The number and density of metal deposits, the Nordic Bronze Age became the richest culture in Europe. More Bronze Age swords have also been found in Denmark than anywhere else in Europe. Uniform crucibles found at metal workshop sites further indicate the mass production of certain metal artefacts. The west coast of Sweden , namely Bohuslän , has the largest concentration of Bronze Age rock carvings in Scandinavia; and Scandinavia has

4235-882: The opposite, that snakes were the enemy of the Sun. During the day, the Sun is thought to be transported by horse or by boat, then at night embarks a night ship to be transported in at night, switching for a day ship or horse afterwards, repeating this process every night and day in its journey. A pair of male twin gods are believed to have been worshiped in close conjunction with the sun goddess and were associated with objects such as lurs, horned helmets, and weapons, particularly axes and swords. Where sacrificial artifacts have been buried, they are often found in pairs and paired objects, like boats, are very common on rock carvings. The horned helmets found in sacrificial deposits are thought to be purely ceremonial and to have no practical function, i.e. in actual warfare. The Divine Twins are thought to be

4312-502: The period as having followed a warrior ethos. More than 70% of burials dating to the Nordic Bronze Age contain metal objects of various kinds, the most common objects being swords and daggers. It is noted that the people of the Nordic Bronze Age also placed great importance on helmets of intricate design, which they put much effort into making. However, not all of the weapons and armour of the Nordic Bronze Age were used for warfare. Some of them are believed to have been ceremonial, especially

4389-415: The preacher at the Church of St. Nicholas. He is known for establishing a church order in Hamburg which regulated finances and other church affairs such as the school curriculum. This order continued for 200 years. The old Church of St. Nicholas was the first large public building to burn in the Great Fire of Hamburg of May 1842. The destruction of the Church of St. Nicholas is described by chroniclers as

4466-402: The protectors of the sun, ensuring its safe passage through the night so it can rise again in the morning and make its usual path across the daylit sky, repeating this every night and day. Jeanette Varberg has proposed, in light of archaeological evidence pairing horse gear with women's ornaments (and wagons), that there may have been a goddess associated with war and horses that was worshiped in

4543-748: The rail tracks of Hamburg-Altona link line and Hauptbahnhof to the East, and Zollkanal to the South. Districts bordering Hamburg-Altstadt are (starting clockwise in the North-West): Neustadt , St. Georg , Hammerbrook and HafenCity . Hamburg-Altstadt has four designated quarters ( German : Viertel , or specifically used in Hamburg: Quartier ) for statistical and planning purposes, however not recognized as administrative subdivisions. The single most important square in Altstadt

4620-419: The region of Denmark and western Sweden. Lurs are also depicted in several rock carvings and are believed to have been used in ceremonies. Nordic Bronze Age religion and mythology is believed to be mostly Indo-European in character and to itself be the ancestor to Norse mythology and religion and wider Germanic mythology and religion. Thousands of rock carvings from the Nordic Bronze Age depict ships, and

4697-469: The region. Researchers note that there is great continuity in the way that ships continuously had a strong importance in Scandinavian society. The boat building and seafaring traditions that were established during the Nordic Bronze Age lasted throughout the ages and were further developed upon during the Iron Age . Some archaeologists and historians believe that the culmination of this sea-focused culture

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4774-409: The same time the institution of chariotry was transmitted south from the steppe". Trade and cultural contacts have also been noted between the Nordic Bronze Age and New Kingdom Egypt . The contacts during the Late Bronze Age (period IV–VI) were more intensive with Central Europe and Italy. A lot of similarities are seen in art and iconography between different continental Urnfield cultures and

4851-648: The shaft graves at Mycenae, which also indicate connections to the north. Chechushkov & Epimakhov (2018) suggest that chariot technology developed before 2000 BC in the Don - Volga interfluve , in the context of pre-Sintashta cultures (such as the Abashevo culture ). According to Kristiansen and Larsson (2005), "foreign origins were most consciously demonstrated in the formation of the Nordic Bronze Age Culture from 1500 BC onwards, basing itself on

4928-566: The site of the former cathedral . Under Frankish rule, a baptistery was installed in 804 and Hammaburg strengthened by Charlemagne in 811. Quickly, the place grew to a sizable market town , declared a bishop's see in 831, an archbishop's see a year later. For the next 600 years, the history of Altstadt was equivalent to the history of Hamburg . By the end of the 15th century, the then Hanseatic city-republic and free Imperial city had accumulated various territorial possessions in its hinterland. Eventually, Hamburg's 13th-century city-walls received

5005-433: The waters surrounding their region in order to secure trade and safety. Ancient DNA and archaeological evidence indicates that people from the Nordic Bronze Age sphere were involved in the conflict at the Tollense valley battlefield in northern Germany (13th century BC), "the largest excavated and archaeologically verifiable battle site of this age in the world". The Nordic Bronze Age maintained intimate trade links with

5082-411: Was an expert in the restoration of medieval churches and an advocate of the Gothic architectural style, was commissioned to devise a new design. He designed an 86-metre-long (282 ft) nave , with a 28-metre-high (92 ft) vault. The architecture was strongly influenced by French and English Gothic styles, though the pointed spire is typically German. The amount of sculptures made from sandstone in

5159-439: Was apparently replicated in the Nordic Bronze Age. However this dual organization may have also been part of a shared Indo-European tradition. Other similarities have been noted in artistic iconography from both regions and its associated cosmology. Some of the contacts between Scandinavia and Greece were probably conveyed through Central Europe. Cultural connections with the Hittites have also been suggested. These include

5236-422: Was central to the religion. The Sun , when personified, was conceived of as female and associated with various objects, like the swastika , sun cross , and boats, and animals such as horses, birds, snakes, and fish (see also Sól ), though snakes may only have been associated with the Sun by one group of religious specialists, as seen on their razors; otherwise the myths depicted on rock carvings seem to indicate

5313-433: Was engulfed by the fire at about four o'clock in the afternoon. Despite desperate efforts, it was not possible to contain the fire due to the equipment of the day, which did not allow water to be carried in sufficient quantity to the heights of the tower. It finally collapsed, setting the nave on fire and burning it completely. Shortly after the fire, the church was rebuilt again. In 1843, a so-called " shilling collection"

5390-411: Was installed in 1993 as a memorial. The current condition of the Church of St. Nicholas is the result of the bombing of Hamburg in World War II , the removal of its ruinous walls and rubble in 1951 and restoration work to the tower in the 1990s and 2012. The Rettet die Nikolaikirche e.V. foundation works to restore the tower further and improve its memorial role, supported by the city of Hamburg,

5467-440: Was installed to a 75.3-metre-high (247 ft) platform. With the founding of the Nikolai settlement and a harbor on the Alster in the 12th century, a chapel dedicated to Saint Nicholas , patron saint of sailors, was erected. This wood building was the second church in Hamburg, after St. Mary's Cathedral . In 1335, some years before the onslaught of the Black Death , construction on a new brick building began. The structure

5544-445: Was not adopted in the intermediate region of Central Europe. These similarities can not have come about without intimate contacts, probably through the travels of warriors and mercenaries. Archaeological evidence further indicates the existence in both regions of shared institutions linked to warriors. Specifically, the dual organisation of leadership between a Wanax (ritual chief) and a Lawagetas (warrior chief) in Mycenaean Greece

5621-467: Was of a high standard. The lost-wax casting method was used to produce artefacts such as the Trundholm Sun Chariot and the Langstrup belt plate . The archaeological legacy also encompasses locally crafted wool and wooden objects. During the 15th and 14th centuries BC, southern Scandinavia produced and deposited more elaborate bronzes in graves and hoards than any other region of Europe. As regards

5698-505: Was replaced by a brick church in the 14th century, which was eventually destroyed by fire in 1842. The church was completely rebuilt by 1874, and was the tallest building in the world from 1874 to 1876. It was designed by the English architect George Gilbert Scott . The bombing of Hamburg in World War II destroyed the bulk of the church. The removal of the rubble left only its crypt, its site and tall-spired tower, largely hollow save for

5775-569: Was started, and in 1844 there was an architectural competition, won by the architect Gottfried Semper (a native of nearby Altona ) with the draft of a Romanesque domed structure. His design, however, was not realized, as it did not fit into Hamburg's townscape. Shortly before this time, the completion of the medieval Cologne cathedral in 1842 had led to a Gothic revival in Germany. Hamburg's own medieval cathedral had been demolished in 1805. The English architect George Gilbert Scott , who

5852-497: Was the Viking Age . The Nordic Bronze Age was initially characterized by a warm climate that began with a climate change around 2700 BC. The climate was comparable to that of present-day central Germany and northern France and permitted a fairly dense population and good opportunities for farming; for example, grapes were grown in Scandinavia at this time. A minor change in climate occurred between 850 BC and 760 BC, introducing

5929-438: Was to be a three-naved hall church in the typical North German Brick Gothic style. This building stood until the middle of the 19th century, undergoing changes, expansions, and withstanding several partial destructions. The tower, which was erected in 1517, burned down in 1589. The tower built to replace it collapsed in 1644. The last tower of the old Church of St. Nicholas was designed by Peter Marquardt. The Marquardt tower had

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