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60-633: The historical roots of the region trace back to the 13th century, and it is noted that the area around Gauteng province was initially occupied by the Batswana . The Batswana Chief Mokgatla dominated the area to the north of what is known today as the Gauteng province, and his descendants are known as the Bakgatla. To this day, nearly half of the population of the Hammanskraal region are descendants of

120-512: A Motswana playwright and poet. Soshanguve Soshanguve is a township situated about 30 km north of Pretoria , Gauteng , South Africa , just east of Mabopane . The name Soshanguve is an acronym for Sotho, Shangaan, Nguni and Venda, thus showing the multi-ethnic composition of the population. The major African languages of South Africa are heard in Soshanguve. It was formerly known as Mabopane East. The acronym divided

180-587: A mix of subsidized housing and free title stands. The residual overflow to the south stretches towards the Apies River. Such an increase in housing developments indicate the larger population growth in the region particularly the urban settlement areas. There is generally a connection between transport infrastructure and urban patterns of settlement. Owing to the N1 highway, the Old Warmbaths Road and

240-653: A railway line (only transports cargo and not people), the Hammanskraal region is functionally connected to the Gauteng City Region . Majaneng in Hammanskraal is a rural village with a chief as its political head. It is also the site of schools such as Hans Kekana Secondary School, Tipfuxeni Secondary school, Sikhululekile Secondary school, Hammanskraal high school,Boitshepo Secondary School,Ratshepo Secondary School,Makgetse Secondary School,Kgetse Ya Tsie Secondary School, Mphe Batho Primary School, Thabo Ya Batho Middle and Kgapamadi High School and many more. Maubane

300-506: A topic of conversation since there are people who believe the two do not fall under Hammanskraal while others believe strongly that they do. Mathibestad is under the governance of Bahwaduba, under Kgosi Mathibe. Makapanstad on the other hand is under the governance of Bakgatla, under Kgosi Makapan. It has been said that the chiefdom or Makapanstad is slowly transitioning into letting the larger government take over since Kgosi Boisi Makapan's death. One of his eldest sons Nchaupe had taken over for

360-528: A while until unclear political grievances arose against him and his adviser. Batswana The Tswana ( Tswana : Batswana , singular Motswana ) are a Bantu ethnic group native to Southern Africa . Ethnic Tswana made up approximately 85% of the population of Botswana in 2011. Batswana are the native people of south and eastern Botswana and the Gauteng , North West , Northern Cape , Free State , and other provinces of South Africa , where

420-400: A whistle used mostly during celebrations, which comes in a variety of forms). Botswana cultural musical instruments are not confined only to the strings or drums. the hands are used as musical instruments too, by either clapping them together or against phathisi (goat skin turned inside out wrapped around the calf area; it is only used by men) to create music and rhythm. For the last few decades,

480-581: Is a Motswana and the plural is Batswana. The three main branches of the Tswana tribe formed during the 17th century. Three brothers, Kwena , Ngwaketse and Ngwato , broke away from their father, Chief Malope, to establish their own tribes in Molepolole , Kanye and Serowe , probably in response to drought and expanding populations in search of pasture and arable land. The principal Tswana tribes are the: The largest number of ethnic Tswana people

540-575: Is a large cluster of rural communities to the Northern part of the Region such as Mathibestad , Makapanstad and Danhouse . Hammanskraal is increasingly urbanizing creating a need for facilitating urban infrastructure such as housing, functional utilities and increased health infrastructure. There is a residual overflow of housing developments on the Southern Part of the Region. This area has

600-432: Is a pounded or shredded meat and often served with Bogobe (Porridge). Madila is a sour cultured milk prepared from cow and goat milk over a period of time until fully matured for consumption. Traditionally madila were prepared using Lekuka a leather sack or bag used in processing and storing madila. Madila is also traditionally used as relish, eaten with pap. It can also be used in popular Tswana breakfast meal, motogo, to give

660-706: Is a spatial area covering 7 villages in the Moretele Municipal area under the Chieftainship of Kgosi Phopholo Maubane , Site of schools such as Alfred Maubane Highschool , Mmatlhame Primary , Mmamarumo Primary , Bafedile Secondary school . The area also hosted a police training college which contributed to a large growth of black policemen in Apartheid South Africa during the late 1980s. Other areas of Hammanskraal governed by chiefs are Mathibestad and Makapanstad. The two are often

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720-644: Is located in modern-day South Africa. They are one of the largest ethnic groups in the country, and the Tswana language is one of eleven official languages in South Africa . There were over 4 million Tswana speakers in the country in 2012, with North West Province having a majority of 2,200,000 Tswana speakers. From 1948 to 1994, South African Tswana people were defined by the Apartheid regime to be citizens of Bophuthatswana , one of ten bantustans set up for

780-456: Is mostly vocal and performed, sometimes without drums depending on the occasion; it also makes heavy use of string instruments. Tswana folk music has instruments such as Setinkane (a Botswana version of miniature piano), Segankure/Segaba (a Botswana version of the Chinese instrument Erhu), Moropa (Meropa -plural) (a Botswana version of the many varieties of drums), and phala (a Botswana version of

840-455: Is said to represent a woman; it brings forth light but not as scorching as the Sun (Letsatsi) and its light is associated with happiness. Venus is called Mphatlalatsana (the brilliant and blinding one) by Batswana & Kopadilalelo (seeker of evening meals). Raditladi Basin , a large peak ring impact crater on Mercury with a diameter of 263 km is named after Leetile Disang Raditladi ,

900-541: Is the only geographic area in South Africa that straddles four provinces. The boundaries are outlined in order to give definition to the spatial composition of the region. The western boundary of the region is along the Stink Water River, which separates Hammanskraal from Soshanguve . The northern boundary straddles Pienaarsrivier and Rust De Winter towards Limpopo Province, and the eastern boundary

960-476: Is towards the Madala Game Reserve on the border between Gauteng and Mpumalanga Provinces. Hammanskraal is surrounded by an enormous agricultural environment. Agriculture is the primary economic activity for the region. The area has a large concentration of grain and wheat farms. Livestock and poultry farming is also very prevalent. Natural conservation is also a notable spatial component on

1020-509: Is water supply. The Apies River cuts straight through the area after collecting water in the Pretoria area. Due to poor maintenance and water purification practices, the supply of water to the region is sub-standard. Those who can afford make use of underground water sources however, the input costs of this practice are quite high and as a result, access to quality water in the region causes an environmental and health concern. The remainder of

1080-483: The 1970s and the construction of the Carousel Casino in 1992. This and other investments in infrastructure, schools and utilities saw the generally underserved and overlooked region obtain some much needed economic injection in the 1980s and early 1990s. Post the 1994 South African election, the region of Hammanskraal has seen a significant decline in service delivery, infrastructure and social development with

1140-598: The Batawana and Wayeyi were able to employ additional tricks to lure the invaders towards their ultimate doom. At one point, a calf and its mother were tied to separate trees to make Lotshe's men think that they were finally catching up to their main prize, the elusive Batawana cattle. As they pressed forward, the AmaNdebele were further unnerved by additional hit-and-run attacks and sniping by small bands of Batawana marksmen. Certainly, they could not have been comfortable in

1200-558: The Batswana nation. According to oral narration, the Amandebele A Lebello settled the area around Hammanskaal close to Ramotse in the 1800s. The Amandebele originated in the eastern part of the country and now form an integral part of the region's community. The Great Trek that took place in the first half of the 19th century saw the inward movement of Dutch settlers from the cape into the interior of South Africa. The Dutch settled

1260-488: The Batswana. Most likely in exchange for ivory, gold, and rhinoceros horn. The first written records relating to modern-day Botswana appeared in 1824. What these records show is that the Bangwaketse had become the predominant power in the region. Under the rule of Makaba II, the Bangwaketse kept vast herds of cattle in well-protected desert areas and used their military prowess to raid their neighbors. Other chiefdoms in

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1320-555: The British South Africa Company's Police, with an undetermined number of possible colonial volunteers and an additional 700 Tswana (Bechuana) allies who marched on Bulawayo from the south commandeered by Khama III , the most influential of the Batswana chiefs, and a staunch ally of the British. The Salisbury and Fort Victoria columns marched into Bulawayo on 4 November 1893. The Imperial column from Bechuanaland

1380-652: The North West, Free State, Northern Cape, and Gauteng provinces. The republic of Botswana (formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland) is named for the Tswana people. The country's eight major tribes speak Tswana , which is also called Setswana. All have a traditional Paramount Chief, styled Kgosikgolo , who is entitled to a seat in the Ntlo ya Dikgosi (an advisory body to the country's Parliament ). The Tswana dynasties are all related. A person who lives in Botswana

1440-438: The Soshanguve residents according to their tribe when they were resettled from Mamelodi and Atteridgeville in 1974. The people of Soshanguve speak Pretoria Sotho called Se Pitori and listen to local music genres called Barcadi & Amapiano . Soshanguve is home to Tshwane University of Technology 's Soshanguve North & South Campuses & Tshwane north college (TNC) which draw their students from every corner of

1500-416: The amaNdebele to where the main body of defenders were already well entrenched. As they approached the swamp area south of Khutiyabasadi, Lotshe struggled to reunite his men, perhaps sensing that they were approaching a showdown. But, instead, Moremi's Batawana, now joined by Qhunkunyane's Wayeyi, drew the amaNdebele still deeper into the swamps. In this area of poor visibility, due to the thick, tall reeds,

1560-674: The ancestors of the Tswana-speaking people who came to control the region (from the Vaal River to Botswana) has yet to be dated precisely. Although CE 600 seems to be a consensus estimate, This massive cattle-raising complex prospered until 1300 CE or so. All these various peoples were connected to trade routes that ran via the Limpopo River to the Indian Ocean, and trade goods from Asia, such as beads, made their way to

1620-539: The area a special character. Hammanskraal is a multifaceted, transitional environment moving from a traditionally rural and agriculturally intensive environment to a local hub for industry, transport and commercial activity. At a residential settlement scale, there is a fair mix between rural and urban settlement patterns with a concentration of the urban environment around the Temba , Kanana , Lephengville , Ramotse , Mashemong , Sekampaneng and Suurman areas while there

1680-454: The area to the north of what is today known as Pretoria in 1855 . As time went by, the Dutch settlers forcefully occupied land, dispossessing the indigenous tribes in the process. The discovery of gold about 60 kilometers to the south of Hammanskraal lead to a boom of economic activity in the region and the agricultural sector flourished. Owing to the booming agricultural industry, a farmer by

1740-620: The area, by this time, had capitals of 10,000 or so and were fairly prosperous. One of these famous capitals was Kaditshwene which was the cultural capital of the Bahurutshe people, one of the principal Tswana tribes, and a center of manufacturing and trading. it had been founded in the late 1400s on the site of iron and copper ore deposits. The remains of another major Tswana settlement, Kweneng' Ruins , are found in Suikerbosrand Nature Reserve in South Africa. It

1800-422: The battle were also killed while being mercilessly pursued by the Batawana cavalry. Moremi was clearly determined to send a strong message to Lobengula that his regiments were no match. Still others died of exhaustion and hunger while trying to make their way home across the dry plains south of Chobe; the somewhat more hospitable route through Gammangwato having been blocked by Khama. While the battle at Khutiyabasadi

1860-737: The borders of Botswana in the Transvaal. In 1852, a coalition of Tswana chiefdoms led by Sechele I resisted Afrikaner incursions, which culminated in the pivotal showdown of the Battle of Dimawe fought with artillery and long range rifles as well as musket fire. Although it was the Boer Commando led by the Boer Commandant-General Pieter Scholtz and Paul Kruger , as officers leading the Boer advance, who started

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1920-400: The bridge over what he presumably thought was no more than a small stream. As planned, the bridge collapsed when full of AmaNdebele, who were thus unexpectedly thrown into a deep water channel. Few, if any, would have known how to swim. Additional waves of AmaNdebele found themselves pinned down by their charging compatriots along the river bank, which was too deep for them to easily ford. With

1980-451: The cavalry began to harass the much larger enemy force with lethal hit-and-run volleys. Meanwhile, another group of traditionally armed subjects of the Kgosi also made their presence known. At this point, the AmaNdebele commander, Lotshe, took the bait, dividing his army into two groups. One party pursued Moremi's small force, while the other fruitlessly tried to catch up to what they believed

2040-599: The developmental trajectory of the area and resulted in the continued decentralized settlement model that persists today. It is worth noting that the Bophuthatswana Government did make a contribution to the development of the area albeit it under an unpopular political context. The Bophuthatswana government is credited with driving economic development by the constructing of the Babelegi Industrial Development Zone in

2100-510: The enemy thus in disarray, the signal was given for the main body of defenders to emerge from their tunnels and trenches. A barrage of bullets cut through Lotshe's lines from three sides, quickly turning the battle into a one-sided massacre. It is said that after the main firing had ceased, the Wayeyi used their mekoro to further attack the survivors trapped in the river, hitting them on the head with their oars. In this way, many more were drowned. By

2160-480: The exception of the private sector investments leading to the building of shopping malls and private schools. The Catholic church established St. Paul Minor Seminary and St. Peter Major Seminary, both in Hammanskraal. St Peters was established to train native African priests. It beceme a venue for anti-apartheid activity. Unsuccessful attempts in the 1970s to amalgamate with the predominately white St. John Vianney Seminary, due to opposition from St. Peters. Due to unrest

2220-502: The guitar has been celebrated as a versatile music instrument for Tswana music as it offers a variety in string which the Segaba instrument does not have. Other notable modern Tswana music is Tswana Rap known as Motswako . Batswana are noted for their skill at crafting baskets from Mokola Palm and local dyes. The baskets are generally woven into three types: large, lidded baskets used for storage, large, open baskets for carrying objects on

2280-542: The head or for winnowing threshed grain, and smaller plates for winnowing pounded grain. Potters made clay pots for storing water, traditional beer and also for cooking and hardly for commercial use. Craft makers made wooden crafts and they made traditional cooking utensils such as leso and lehetlho, traditional wooden chairs and drums among others. Astronomy is an age old tradition in Africa. As with all other cultures, various ethnic groups developed their own interpretations of

2340-473: The landscape of the Hammanskraal region. The Dinokeng Game Reserve to the east of the region is a large and well maintained natural asset. This game reserve also contributes to the growth of the tourism sector in the area. Other game reserves include the Madala Reserve to the far east of the region and many smaller private natural resorts and recreation sites. A key environmental issue in Hammanskraal

2400-768: The lucrative ivory trade, and then used the proceeds to import horses and guns, which in turn enabled them to establish control over what is now Botswana. This process was largely complete by 1880, and thus the Bushmen, the Bakalanga, the Bakgalagadi, the Batswapong and other current minorities were subjugated by the Batswana. Following the Great Trek , Afrikaners from the Cape Colony established themselves on

2460-461: The majority of Batswana are located. The Batswana are a Bantu-speaking mega-ethnicity of many kingdoms, who are native to Southern Africa (Parts of modern day Namibia, Botswana and South Africa) alongside the Khwe speaking kingdoms of the same region. The Toutswe were in the eastern region of what is now Botswana, relying on Tswana cattle breeds held in kraals as their source of wealth. The arrival of

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2520-505: The name Hamman had a large agricultural venture where he owned a famous cattle barn. This barn was referred to in Afrikaans as Hammanskraal, named after the famous farmer. The 1913 Natives Land Act and the implementation of the Apartheid laws by the 1940s saw a larger program of forced removals around the Pretoria, Witwatersrand and Vaal regions. These forced removals coupled with an increase of industrial activity saw an increase in

2580-479: The offensive, it was they who ended up on the retreat, followed by Batswana's retaliatory attacks into the then Transvaal 's Marique district, in which Boer settlements, villages, and farms were scorched. After about eight years of intermittent tensions and hostilities, they eventually came to a peace agreement in Potchefstroom in 1860. From that point on, the modern-day border between South Africa and Botswana

2640-466: The population of the Hammanskraal region. With the increase in population numbers there was very little planning for the region. This ended up being a region of underserved residential neighborhoods serving as a dormitory town to surrounding industrial complexes with little development of infrastructure and industry within the region itself. In 1972, the Bophuthatswana self-governing state

2700-457: The purpose of defending the policy of denying black Africans citizenship in South Africa. Bogobe is a staple food made from sorghum meal which is often eaten alongside meat or vegetables. The most popular sorghum porridge is Ting. Bogobe jwa Logala/Sengana is a traditional Setswana dish prepared from sorghum porridge mixed/cooked with milk. Seswaa is Botswana's national dish and is often served at weddings, funerals, and other celebrations. Seswaa

2760-476: The seminary closed, reopening in 1981 with a multi-racial student base. The region of Hammanskraal is located on the far northern boundary of Gauteng Province and is strategically located at a trade way hub linking the North West Province , Limpopo, Mpumalanga, and Gauteng Province. This makes Hammanskraal a trans-provincial region that functionally connected and spreads along four provinces. It

2820-566: The soft porridge that sour and milky taste. Batswana wear a cotton fabric known in Setswana as Leteisi and Sotho as Shweshwe . This fabric is often used for wedding celebrations and other traditional celebrations. In Setswana tradition mothers wear mogagolwane, a checkered small blanket during traditional baby-showers, and married women during traditional weddings are identified by it, as well as during various initiation ceremonies. Even during funerals Batswana women don mogagolwane. Tswana music

2880-446: The solar system. Using their natural instrument the eye, Batswana have observed, commented on and named celestial objects of interest to them. There are more telling and specific names that relate to unique stellar patterns and their seasonal appearance e.g. Selemela, Naka, Thutlwa, and Dikolojwane. According to Tswana culture, the stars of Orion's sword were "dintsa le Dikolobe", three dogs chasing three pigs of Orion's belt. The Milky Way

2940-407: The spatial composition of the region consists of a combination of rural and urban residential settlements in a decentralized model and, an industrial development zone at Babelegi which is now partially functional and a cluster of retail offerings. Based on a geographic study, the area is studied to draw conclusions on the: 1) Human behavioural 2) Environmental 3) Economic features That give

3000-424: The spot by the appearance of Batawana cavalry, who crossed the channel to the island in their sight. In addition, cattle were placed on a small islet adjacent to Kuthiyabasadi, while a group of soldiers now made themselves visible by standing up on the wooden platform. Also at the location was a papyrus bridge that had been purposely weakened at crucial spots. Surveying the scene, Lotshe ordered his men to charge across

3060-500: The time the fighting was over, the blood was reported to have turned the water along the course of the river black. While the total number of casualties at Khutiyabasadi cannot be precisely known, observers in Bulawayo at the time confirmed that over 2,500 men had left on Lotshe's expedition and less than 500 had returned. While the bulk of the amaNdebele losses are believed to have occurred in and around Khutiyabasadi itself, survivors of

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3120-494: The unfamiliar Okavango environment. It was at Kuthiyabasadi that the defenders' trap was finally sprung. At the time, the place was an island dominated by high reeds and surrounded to the west by deep water. In the reeds, three well armed Batawana regiments, joined by local Wayeyi, waited patiently. There they had built a small wooden platform, upon which several men could be seen from across the channel, as well as tunnels and entrenchments for concealment. The AmaNdebele were drawn to

3180-499: Was a great victory for the Batawana and a defeat for the AmaNdebele, for the Wayeyi of the region, the outcome is said to have been a mixed blessing. While they had shared in the victory over the hated Amandebele, one of its consequences was a tightening of Batawana authority in the area over them as Moremi settled for a period at nearby Nokaneng. The First Matabele War was fought between 1893 and 1894 in modern-day Zimbabwe. The British South Africa Company had no more than 750 troops in

3240-485: Was agreed upon, and the Afrikaners and Batswana traded and worked together peacefully. The Batawana's fight against the invading Ndebele of 1884 when the AmaNdebele arrived at Toteng, they found the village abandoned. But, as they settled down to enjoy their bloodless conquest, about seventy mounted Batawana under Kgosi Moremi's personal command appeared, all armed with breech-loading rifles. In classic commando style,

3300-527: Was declared a self-governing state. On 6 December 1977 this 'homeland' was granted independence by the South African government. Bophuthatswana's capital city was Mmabatho and 99% of its population was Tswana speaking. In March 1994, Bophuthatswana was placed under the control of two administrators, Tjaart van der Walt and Job Mokgoro. The small, widespread pieces of land were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994. Bophuthatswana now forms part of

3360-475: Was established, which had a profound impact on the developmental trajectory of the region. By 1977, Bophuthatswana had become an independent "republic" in terms of the then government of South Africa's separate development policy. As a result, a large artificial barrier was drawn and effectively splitting the Hammanskraal Region into two different countries. This once again had a profound impact in

3420-617: Was nowhere to be seen. They had set march on 18 October heading north for Bulawayo and had a minor skirmish with the Matabele near Mphoengs on 2 November. They finally reached Bulawayo on 15 November, a delay which probably saved the Chartered Company's then newly occupied territory being annexed to the imperial Bechuanaland Protectorate . The Bophuthatswana Territorial Authority was created in 1961, and in June 1972 Bophuthatswana

3480-463: Was occupied from the 15th to the 19th century AD and was the largest of several sizeable settlements inhabited by Tswana speakers before European arrival. Several circular stone-walled family compounds are spread out over an area of 10km long and 2km wide. During the 1840s and 1850s, trade with Cape Colony-based merchants opened up and enabled the Batswana chiefdoms to rebuild. The Bakwena, Bangwaketse, Bangwato, and Batawana cooperated to control

3540-407: Was the main body of Batawana. As the invaders generally lacked guns, as well as horses, Moremi continued to harass his pursuers, inflicting significant casualties while remaining unscathed. The primary mission of Moremi's men was not, however, to inflict losses on the enemy so much as to ensnare them in a well designed trap. His force thus gradually retreated northward towards Khutiyabasadi, drawing

3600-418: Was viewed by the Tswana as Molalatladi, the place where lightning rests. It was further believed that this place of rest also kept the sky from collapsing and showed the movement of time. Some even claimed that it turned the sun to the east, in a way to explaining the rising of the sun. It was also believed that it was a supernatural footpath across the sky along which ancestors' spirits walked. The moon (Ngwedi)

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