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56-739: Margaret T. Hance Park is a public park above the Deck Park Tunnel in Phoenix, Arizona , United States. It is named after Margaret Hance , who was the first female mayor of the city and advocate for the park. The park is located next to the Burton Barr Library , Phoenix Center For The Arts, Japanese Friendship Garden (or Rohō-en), Irish Cultural Center and McClellan Library , Cutler Plotkin Jewish Heritage Center , and Kenilworth Elementary School. In 2014,

112-409: A 60 W incandescent light bulb produces about the same amount of light as a 13 W compact fluorescent lamp . Each of these technologies has a different efficacy in converting electrical energy to visible light . Visible light output is typically measured in lumens . This unit only quantifies the visible radiation, and excludes invisible infrared and ultraviolet light. A wax candle produces on

168-494: A Dosimeter. Dosimeters measure an individual's or an object's exposure to something in the environment, such as light dosimeters and ultraviolet dosimeters. In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering

224-420: A building: Specification of illumination requirements is the basic concept of deciding how much illumination is required for a given task. Clearly, much less light is required to illuminate a hallway compared to that needed for a word processing work station. Generally speaking, the energy expended is proportional to the design illumination level. For example, a lighting level of 400 lux might be chosen for

280-596: A clear view of the area being scanned. Ultrasonic sensors transmit sound above the range of human hearing and monitor the time it takes for the sound waves to return. A break in the pattern caused by any motion in the area triggers the control. Ultrasonic sensors can see around obstructions and are best for areas with cabinets and shelving, restrooms, and open areas requiring 360-degree coverage. Some occupancy sensors utilize both passive infrared and ultrasonic technology, but are usually more expensive. They can be used to control one lamp, one fixture or many fixtures. Daylighting

336-830: A dark nightclub it could be considered general lighting. In a movie theater , steps in the aisles are usually marked with a row of small lights for convenience and safety, when the film has started and the other lights are off. Traditionally made up of small low wattage, low-voltage lamps in a track or translucent tube, these are rapidly being replaced with LED based versions. Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures. Floodlights can be used to illuminate work zones or outdoor playing fields during nighttime hours. The most common type of floodlights are metal halide and high pressure sodium lights. Beacon lights are positioned at

392-442: A live theatre, dance, or musical performance, and is selected and arranged to create dramatic effects. Stage lighting uses general illumination technology in devices configured for easy adjustment of their output characteristics. The setup of stage lighting is tailored for each scene of each production. Dimmers, colored filters, reflectors, lenses, motorized or manually aimed lamps, and different kinds of flood and spot lights are among

448-529: A major component of energy consumption in buildings. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the appearance of an area, or have positive psychological effects on occupants. Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures , and is a key part of interior design . Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects . With the discovery of fire , the earliest form of artificial lighting used to illuminate an area were campfires or torches . As early as 400,000 years ago, fire

504-494: A surface. It is analogous to the radiometric unit watts per square metre, but with the power at each wavelength weighted according to the luminosity function , a standardized model of human visual brightness perception. In English, "lux" is used in both singular and plural. Visual comfort often entails the measurement of subjective evaluations. Several measurement methods have been developed to control glare resulting from indoor lighting design. The Unified Glare Rating (UGR),

560-532: A table is general lighting, while the desk lamp is considered task lighting. Magnifier lamps are also task lighting. The illuminated ceiling was once popular in the 1960s and 1970s but fell out of favor after the 1980s. This uses diffuser panels hung like a suspended ceiling below fluorescent lights, and is considered general lighting. Other forms include neon, which is not usually intended to illuminate anything else, but to actually be an artwork in itself. This would probably fall under accent lighting, though in

616-446: A wick. Fireflies have been used as lighting sources. Candles and glass and pottery lamps were also invented. Chandeliers were an early form of " light fixture ". A major reduction in the cost of lighting occurred with the discovery of whale oil . The use of whale oil declined after Abraham Gesner , a Canadian geologist, first refined kerosene in the 1840s, allowing brighter light to be produced at substantially lower cost. In

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672-405: A wide variety of styles for various functions. The most important functions are as a holder for the light source, to provide directed light and to avoid visual glare . Some are very plain and functional, while some are pieces of art in themselves. Nearly any material can be used, so long as it can tolerate the excess heat and is in keeping with safety codes. An important property of light fixtures

728-419: A work environment involving meeting rooms and conferences, whereas a level of 80 lux could be selected for building hallways. If the hallway standard simply emulates the conference room needs, then much more energy will be consumed than is needed. Lighting control systems reduce energy usage and cost by helping to provide light only when and where it is needed. Lighting control systems typically incorporate

784-411: Is an uplight intended for ambient lighting. It is typically a floor lamp but may be wall-mounted like a sconce. Further interior light fixtures include chandeliers, pendant lights, ceiling fans with lights, close-to-ceiling or flush lights, and various types of lamps The portable or table lamp is probably the most common fixture, found in many homes and offices . The standard lamp and shade that sits on

840-447: Is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement

896-443: Is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle . The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m ). The CGS unit of luminance

952-401: Is the luminous efficacy or wall-plug efficiency , meaning the amount of usable light emanating from the fixture per used energy, usually measured in lumen per watt . A fixture using replaceable light sources can also have its efficiency quoted as the percentage of light passed from the "bulb" to the surroundings. The more transparent the lighting fixtures are, the higher efficacy. Shading

1008-479: Is the stilb , which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m . The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm). The SI unit of illuminance and luminous emittance , being the luminous power per area, is measured in Lux . It is used in photometry as a measure of the intensity, as perceived by the human eye, of light that hits or passes through

1064-510: Is the oldest method of interior lighting. Daylighting is simply designing a space to use as much natural light as possible. This decreases energy consumption and costs, and requires less heating and cooling from the building. Daylighting has also been proven to have positive effects on patients in hospitals as well as work and school performance. Due to a lack of information that indicate the likely energy savings, daylighting schemes are not yet popular among most buildings. Unlike electric lighting,

1120-468: Is within the area being scanned can control lighting. When motion can no longer be detected, the lights shut off. Passive infrared sensors react to changes in heat, such as the pattern created by a moving person. The control must have an unobstructed view of the building area being scanned. Doors, partitions, stairways, etc. will block motion detection and reduce its effectiveness. The best applications for passive infrared occupancy sensors are open spaces with

1176-565: The 1939 World's Fair ) or rope light , occasionally with neon lighting , and recently with LED strip lighting . It is a form of backlighting. Soffit or close to wall lighting can be general or a decorative wall-wash, sometimes used to bring out texture (like stucco or plaster ) on a wall, though this may also show its defects as well. The effect depends heavily on the exact type of lighting source used. Recessed lighting (often called "pot lights" in Canada , "can lights" or 'high hats" in

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1232-574: The US ) is popular, with fixtures mounted into the ceiling structure so as to appear flush with it. These downlights can use narrow beam spotlights, or wider- angle floodlights , both of which are bulbs having their own reflectors . There are also downlights with internal reflectors designed to accept common 'A' lamps (light bulbs) which are generally less costly than reflector lamps. Downlights can be incandescent, fluorescent, HID (high intensity discharge) or LED . Track lighting , invented by Lightolier ,

1288-488: The 1850s, the price of whale oil dramatically increased (more than doubling from 1848 to 1856) due to shortages of available whales, hastening whale oil's decline. By 1860, there were 33 kerosene plants in the United States, and Americans spent more on gas and kerosene than on whale oil. The final death knell for whale oil was in 1859, when crude oil was discovered and the petroleum industry arose. Gas lighting

1344-540: The 42nd longest vehicular tunnel in the United States. The underpass was the last section of Interstate 10 to be completed nationwide. There is a plaque dedicated to the commemoration of the tunnel in Margaret T. Hance Park , which sits above the structure. Voters in Arizona voted down a similar plan to build the tunnel in 1975, after voting down a proposal for a raised highway through Downtown Phoenix in 1973. Plans for

1400-545: The City of Phoenix first announced its plans to 'revitalize' Hance Park. The goal was to transform Hance Park into a landmark park in Phoenix's Downtown core, similar to urban parks in other cities such as New York's Central Park or Chicago's Millennium Park . Proposed changes included the addition of a skate park, amphitheatre, restaurant, zip-line, splash pad, coffee bar, beer garden, dog park and more. Although completed before

1456-651: The Deck Park Tunnel were finally approved by voters in 1979, and construction began in 1983. The tunnel was opened to traffic on August 10, 1990, following a three-day open house that attracted 100,000 people. The tunnel was originally named the Papago Freeway Tunnel, but was renamed the Dean Lindsey Memorial Tunnel on May 7, 2024 in honor of the late civil engineer who oversaw the project. ADOT officials concede

1512-595: The Visual Comfort Probability, and the Daylight Glare Index are some of the most well-known methods of measurement. In addition to these new methods, four main factors influence the degree of discomfort glare; the luminance of the glare source, the solid angle of the glare source, the background luminance, and the position of the glare source in the field of view must all be taken into account. To define light source color properties,

1568-598: The announcement of the Hance Park Revitalization project, the Hance Dog Park, which opened in October 2013, could be considered the first of these planned improvements. In 2016, the City of Phoenix revealed their first Hance Park Master plan. It was announced that the park would undergo a ten-year $ 118 million face lift, which would add an Amphitheatre and skate park , amongst other things. It

1624-400: The benefit of a proposed design. In some instances, the materials used on walls and furniture play a key role in the lighting effect. For example, dark paint tends to absorb light, making the room appear smaller and more dim than it is, whereas light paint does the opposite. Other reflective surfaces also have an effect on lighting design. Lighting illuminates the performers and artists in

1680-662: The built environment is known as 'architectural lighting design'. Lighting of structures considers aesthetic elements as well as practical considerations of quantity of light required, occupants of the structure, energy efficiency, and cost. Artificial lighting takes into account the amount of daylight received in a space by using daylight factor calculations. For simple installations, hand calculations based on tabular data are used to provide an acceptable lighting design. More critical or complex designs now routinely use computer software such as Radiance for mathematical modeling, which can allow an architect to quickly and accurately evaluate

1736-419: The close order of 13 lumens, a 60 watt incandescent lamp makes around 700 lumens, and a 15-watt compact fluorescent lamp produces about 800 lumens, but actual output varies by specific design. Rating and marketing emphasis is shifting away from wattage and towards lumen output, to give the purchaser a directly applicable basis upon which to select a lamp. Lamp types include: Lighting design as it applies to

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1792-405: The color temperature of the lamps will be selected for the best overall lighting effect. Lighting is classified by intended use as general, accent, or task lighting, depending largely on the distribution of the light produced by the fixture. Forms of lighting include alcove lighting, which like most other uplighting is indirect. This is often done with fluorescent lighting (first available at

1848-420: The distribution of daylight varies considerably throughout the entire year inside a building. In recent years light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are becoming increasingly efficient leading to an extraordinary increase in the use of solid state lighting . In many situations, controlling the light emission of LEDs may be done most effectively by using the principles of nonimaging optics . It is valuable to provide

1904-399: The entrance to a property. These lights are installed for safety, security, and for decoration. Underwater accent lighting is also used for koi ponds, fountains, swimming pools and the like. Neon signs are most often used to attract attention rather than to illuminate. Vehicles typically include headlamps and tail lights. Headlamps are white or selective yellow lights placed in

1960-502: The eye that affects the human body's clock. The small, head-mounted device measures an individual's daily rest and activity patterns, as well as exposure to short-wavelength light that stimulates the circadian system. The device measures activity and light together at regular time intervals and electronically stores and logs its operating temperature . The Daysimeter can gather data for up to 30 days for analysis. Several strategies are available to minimize energy requirements for lighting

2016-452: The fixtures on the track or rod with 12 or 24 volts, instead of each light fixture having its own line-to-low voltage transformer. There are traditional spots and floods, as well as other small hanging fixtures. A modified version of this is cable lighting , where lights are hung from or clipped to bare metal cables under tension . A sconce is a wall-mounted fixture, particularly one that shines up and sometimes down as well. A torchère

2072-439: The front of the vehicle, designed to illuminate the upcoming road and to make the vehicle more visible. Many manufactures are turning to LED headlights as an energy-efficient alternative to traditional headlamps. Tail and brake lights are red and emit light to the rear so as to reveal the vehicle's direction of travel to following drivers. White rear-facing reversing lamps indicate that the vehicle's transmission has been placed in

2128-405: The intersection of two roads to aid in navigation. Sometimes security lighting can be used along roadways in urban areas, or behind homes or commercial facilities. These are extremely bright lights used to deter crime. Security lights may include floodlights and be activated with PIR switches that detect moving heat sources in darkness. Entry lights can be used outside to illuminate and signal

2184-409: The lamp. An incandescent bulb has a color temperature around 2800 to 3000 kelvins; daylight is around 6400 kelvins. Lower color temperature lamps have relatively more energy in the yellow and red part of the visible spectrum, while high color temperatures correspond to lamps with more of a blue-white appearance. For critical inspection or color matching tasks, or for retail displays of food and clothing,

2240-412: The light will normally decrease efficacy but increase the directionality and the visual comfort probability . Color temperature for white light sources also affects their use for certain applications. The color temperature of a white light source is the temperature in kelvins of a theoretical black body emitter that most closely matches the spectral characteristics ( spectral power distribution ) of

2296-519: The lighting industry predominantly relies on two metrics, correlated color temperature (CCT), commonly used as an indication of the apparent "warmth" or "coolness" of the light emitted by a source, and color rendering index (CRI), an indication of the light source's ability to make objects appear natural. However, these two metrics, developed in the last century, are facing increased challenges and criticisms as new types of light sources, particularly light-emitting diodes (LEDs), become more prevalent in

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2352-469: The lights on and off can occur, particularly during unstable weather conditions or when daylight levels are changing around the switching illuminance. Not only does this disturb occupants, it can also reduce lamp life. A variation of this technology is the 'differential switching or dead-band' photoelectric control which has multiple illuminances it switches from so as not to disturb occupants as much. Occupancy sensors to allow operation for whenever someone

2408-621: The market. For example, in order to meet the expectations for good color rendering in retail applications, research suggests using the well-established CRI along with another metric called gamut area index (GAI). GAI represents the relative separation of object colors illuminated by a light source; the greater the GAI, the greater the apparent saturation or vividness of the object colors. As a result, light sources which balance both CRI and GAI are generally preferred over ones that have only high CRI or only high GAI. Typical measurements of light have used

2464-410: The removable and replaceable part of a light fixture, which converts electrical energy into electromagnetic radiation . While lamps have traditionally been rated and marketed primarily in terms of their power consumption, expressed in watts , proliferation of lighting technology beyond the incandescent light bulb has eliminated the correspondence of wattage to the amount of light produced. For example,

2520-465: The reverse gear, warning anyone behind the vehicle that it is moving backwards, or about to do so. Flashing turn signals on the front, side, and rear of the vehicle indicate an intended change of position or direction. In the late 1950s, some automakers began to use electroluminescent technology to backlight their cars' speedometers and other gauges or to draw attention to logos or other decorative elements. Commonly called 'light bulbs', lamps are

2576-463: The term "tunnel", in this case, is a misnomer, because it is actually a series of 19 side-by-side bridge overpasses. The term, however, is now deeply rooted in local vocabulary. The bridges over the tunnel are about 150 feet (46 m) to 250 feet (76 m) long. The tunnel is divided into two tubes, each carrying five lanes of one-way traffic flanked by two emergency lanes. Each of the two tubes can carry up to 16,000 vehicles per hour. Between

2632-651: The tools used by a stage lighting designer to produce the desired effects. A set of lighting cues are prepared so that the lighting operator can control the lights in step with the performance; complex theatre lighting systems use computer control of lighting instruments. Motion picture and television production use many of the same tools and methods of stage lighting. Especially in the early days of these industries, very high light levels were required and heat produced by lighting equipment presented substantial challenges. Modern cameras require less light, and modern light sources emit less heat. Measurement of light or photometry

2688-432: The tunnel are triggered, and can replace the tunnel's air in less than five minutes. The underpass has a large diesel generator approximately 160 feet (50 m) east of the westbound entrance to the tunnel, ensuring that the lighting , video surveillance , and intercoms have continuous power even during an outage. For the safety of motorists, emergency telephone cabinets are located every 150 feet (46 m) within

2744-501: The tunnel. Lighting Lighting or illumination is the deliberate use of light to achieve practical or aesthetic effects. Lighting includes the use of both artificial light sources like lamps and light fixtures, as well as natural illumination by capturing daylight . Daylighting (using windows, skylights, or light shelves ) is sometimes used as the main source of light during daytime in buildings. This can save energy in place of using artificial lighting, which represents

2800-463: The two tubes exists a tube containing two lanes, designed as an express transit terminal for city buses. The terminal was originally planned to be built next to the Central Avenue bridge over Margaret T. Hance Park . Passengers disembarking at the terminal will take an escalator or an elevator to the surface, and continue their journey. While the bus lanes were built, the City of Phoenix

2856-834: The use of time schedules, occupancy control, and photocell control (i.e. daylight harvesting ). Some systems also support demand response and will automatically dim or turn off lights to take advantage of utility incentives. Lighting control systems are sometimes incorporated into larger building automation systems . Many newer control systems are using wireless mesh open standards (such as Zigbee ), which provides benefits including easier installation (no need to run control wires) and interoperability with other standards-based building control systems (e.g. security). In response to daylighting technology, daylight harvesting systems have been developed to further reduce energy consumption. These technologies are helpful, but they do have their downfalls. Many times, rapid and frequent switching of

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2912-476: Was also determined that two historic trolleys would be moved from their current spot at the Phoenix Trolley Museum to an unknown location. 33°27′42″N 112°04′33″W  /  33.4616°N 112.0758°W  / 33.4616; -112.0758 Deck Park Tunnel The underpass extends from approximately North 3rd Avenue to North 3rd Street. At 2,887 feet (880 m), it ranks as

2968-773: Was economical enough to power street lights in major cities starting in the early 1800s, and was also used in some commercial buildings and in the homes of wealthy people. The gas mantle boosted the luminosity of utility lighting and of kerosene lanterns. The next major drop in price came about in the 1880s with the introduction of electric lighting in the form of arc lights for large space and street lighting , followed by incandescent light bulb -based utilities for indoor and outdoor lighting. Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime. Lighting fixtures come in

3024-601: Was kindled in the caves of Peking Man . Prehistoric people used primitive oil lamps to illuminate surroundings. These lamps were made from naturally occurring materials such as rocks, shells, horns and stones, were filled with grease , and had a fiber wick . Lamps typically used animal or vegetable fats as fuel. Hundreds of these lamps (hollow worked stones) have been found in the Lascaux caves in modern-day France , dating to about 15,000 years ago. Oily animals (birds and fish) were also used as lamps after being threaded with

3080-459: Was popular at one period of time because it was much easier to install than recessed lighting, and individual fixtures are decorative and can be easily aimed at a wall . It has regained some popularity recently in low-voltage tracks, which often look nothing like their predecessors because they do not have the safety issues that line-voltage systems have, and are therefore less bulky and more ornamental in themselves. A master transformer feeds all of

3136-605: Was unable to secure the over $ 20 million needed in Federal Government funds to complete the project. The tube is currently unused, and the approaches on both sides of the tunnel are gated off. In times of heavy traffic or in the event of a fire in the tube, fans can be started up to provide ventilation, in order to prevent the dangerous buildup of carbon monoxide . There are eight fans and four fan rooms, and each fan can run anywhere from 250 to 700 horsepower. The fans are automatically turned on when air sensors in

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