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66-450: On 6 October 2007, Mid Canterbury won the Shield from North Otago, who had held the shield since 2000, with a 25–22 victory. In a fiercely contested clash in front of a record crowd at Oamaru's Centennial Park, Mid Canterbury played themselves into a Shield winning position. Mid Canterbury made the decisive break thanks to two stunning solo tries to young winger Brenton Connell, then hung on in

132-405: A tackle is complex and so are the laws governing it. Rugby League and American Football overcome this by abolishing any contest — play stops after a successful tackle and there is no subsequent contest for possession until the next play. In rugby union the ongoing contest for the ball at the "breakdown" is one of the most important and integral aspects of the game, something that makes it unique in

198-543: A certain type of open rugby is under question, given that the Rugby World Cup 2007 broke all viewing figures for the sport. The semi-finals and final were the most watched rugby matches on record, indicating that many viewers are attracted to the nature and tension of the game as played under current laws. The dour games some saw could also be interpreted as a nail biting, passionate contest with both sides engaging in courageous, hard-hitting defence. The resistance to

264-450: A dour final match in which no tries were scored. Millar said that the game needed to be sped up a bit, to make it easier to play, easier to referee, easier to understand and to produce more options for the players. The amendments concentrate on rucks and mauls , but include other aspects which help keep the ball in play and reduce stoppages for infringements and penalties. The Experimental Law Variations (ELV's) were devised on behalf of

330-472: A fundamental claim of Rugby Union, that it is a game for "all shapes and all sizes". The law allowing collapsing of a maul has become a major worry at community level because of the dangers it may cause inexperienced players. Irish Coach Declan Kidney has observed that disallowing mauls at the breakdown means defences stay spread out, meaning less space for attackers, making it more difficult for an attacking side to advance, resulting in more kicking. In this case

396-485: A goal respectively, also calling wides and square-balls. An umpire can also advise the referee on off-the-ball incidents, but does not hold as much authority as a linesman. In recent times, technology called 'Hawk-eye' can be used if both the umpires and referee are unsure of whether a point has been scored or not, though this technology is not widely available. In 1892, the International Rugby Board

462-402: A head referee, who oversees the running of the entire game and has final say in any disputes, and who doubles as an inside pack referee, following alongside the main pack of skaters from inside the track and issuing and enforcing penalties for fouls or infringements of the rules; and two jammer referees who follow the two point-scoring players known as jammers. Additional referees fill the roles of

528-403: A lineout, pregripping and lifting allowed, mauls can be pulled down and players can enter with their head and shoulders lower than their hips, offside line is five metres away from the scrum for the backs and scrum half must be positioned close to the scrum, all offences apart from foul play and offsides are a free kick , and unplayable rucks and mauls are restarted with a free kick. In 2009

594-434: A linesman. At inter-county senior games and other important matches, an eighth official, the "Sideline Official", receive substitution notes and holds up the number of substituted players and the amount of additional time , similar to a soccer fourth official . In recent times, technology called Hawk-Eye can be used if both the umpires and referee are unsure of whether a point has been scored or not, although this technology

660-402: A quick throw, which saw the ball spread to the opposite sideline into the hands of Connell who crossed the line and scored. South Canterbury started the second half strong, and scored two tries in the first 10 minutes, to loose forward Eric Smith and Tafa got his second. Mid Canterbury were trailing 19–18 but were not about to give up. A try to second five-eighth Richard Fridd pulled them back into

726-455: A referee and an umpire. A commissaire is an official in competitive cycling. Aside the race control who are responsible for the start, running and timekeeping of the race, each section of the circuit is presided by a team of marshals led by an observer, who also report incidents and technical mishap of the race. In practical shooting competitions within the IPSC , Range Officers enforce

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792-438: A second inside pack ref and up to three outside pack refs, who perform similar duties to the inside pack refs, but from the outside of the track, and who rotate active duty in a relay-race style to avoid fatigue caused by the extra speed needed to keep pace with the pack from the outside. Non-skating officials complete the team by recording and communicating points and penalties and ensuring skaters serve their time accordingly. Only

858-406: A single referee in the center of the mat, or a head referee and an assistant. In professional wrestling , the referee's on-stage purpose is similar to that of referees in combat sports such as boxing or mixed martial arts. However, in reality referees are participants in executing a match in accordance with its pre-determined outcome as well as any other events that are scripted to take place during

924-442: A tapout and to pull fighters off an unconscious opponent. The referee is advised by a doctor and assistant referee who sit ringside. The primary concern and job of an MMA referee is the safety of the fighters. The game of roller derby is governed by a team of up to seven skating referees. (Only three are required due to the grass-roots nature of the sport, though the full seven are used whenever possible). The required referees are

990-499: A variety of other titles depending on the sport, including umpire , judge , arbiter (chess) , commissaire , or technical official (by the International Olympic Committee ). Referees may be assisted by umpires , linesmen, timekeepers , touch judges , or video assistant referees . Originally team captains would consult each other in order to resolve any dispute on the pitch. Eventually this role

1056-403: Is assisted by two linesmen, who make decisions on who gains possession when the ball goes out of the field of play, and can also advise the referee on off-the-ball events such as a fight or an illegal tackle. As well as the referee and two linesmen, there are two umpires at each end of the field of play who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point, or a green flag for

1122-473: Is not widely available. Ice hockey games are presided over by on-ice referees, who are generally assisted by on-ice linesmen. The combination of referees and linesmen varies from league to league. Some leagues use the title "assistant referee", giving those officials greater powers to call certain penalties. In addition, off-ice officials administer to specific functions such as goal judge, penalty timekeeper, game timekeeper, statistician, official scorer and, at

1188-435: Is oftentimes assisted by two assistant referees , and sometimes by a fourth official . An American football (or Canadian football ) referee is responsible for the general supervision of the game and has the final authority on all rulings. The referee is assisted by up to six other officials on the field. These officials are commonly referred to as "referees" but each has a title based on position and responsibilities during

1254-430: Is presided over by a crew of either two, three, or in some cases four on-field officials. In two-man crew, a Referee and an Umpire are utilized. In a three-man crew, a Referee, Umpire, and Field Judge are utilized. The Referee shall always have the final ruling on any and all matters. For games of significance a four-man crew can be used which includes a three-man crew plus a Chief Bench Official who has jurisdiction over

1320-403: Is presided over by a first referee, who observes action from a stand, providing a clear view of action above the net and looking down into the court. The second referee, is at floor level on the opposite side of the net—and in front of the scorers' table. They are often referred to informally as the "up referee" and "down referee," respectively. While the first referee watches over actions involving

1386-557: The International Sumo Federation , the roles of referee and judges remain the same as professional sumo, though the religious and traditional elements and tasks for referees have been removed. Referees in amateur sumo wear an all white uniform with black bowtie akin to the appearance of western boxing referees . An umpire is an official in several sports such as baseball and cricket . A few sports such as American and Canadian football (see above) have both

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1452-581: The Tri Nations in 2008 as well but Syd Millar has said the results in the Super 14, which is "near enough international level", need to be studied before use in matches between nations can be sanctioned. On 1 May 2008 the IRB announced that its Council had approved a global trial of Experimental Law Variations (ELVs) for a period of 12 months, starting on 1 August 2008. The trial, which applied at all levels of

1518-461: The officials or referees . In boxing a referee is the person who enforces the rules during the fight. He gives instructions to the fighters, starts and stops the count when a competitor is down, and makes the determination to stop a fight when a competitor cannot continue without endangering his health. In cue sports, such as billiards and snooker , matches are presided over by a referee. The referee will determine all matters of fact relating to

1584-418: The 23 variations trialled were played globally including; greater responsibility for assistant referees , corner posts no longer considered to touch in-goal, no gain in ground if the ball is moved into the 22-metre line by a player from the same team as the kicker , quick throw ins can travel backwards, no restrictions to players in the lineout, restrictions on where receivers and opposition hookers can stand in

1650-450: The ELVs, rather than encouraging attacking play have produced the opposite effect. The following ELVs were implemented into Law in 2009: Assistant referee A referee is an official , in a variety of sports and competition, responsible for enforcing the rules of the sport , including sportsmanship decisions such as ejection . The official tasked with this job may be known by

1716-487: The Game, involved 13 of the 23 ELVs that had been undergoing experimentation in approved tournaments around the world in the preceding two years. Most of the variations were the same as those trialled in the 2008 Super 14 and 2008 Tri Nations competitions. The significant differences were that the global trial did not include the experimental law which substitutes a free kick instead of a penalty for many offences, but did include

1782-586: The IRB Referee Manager Paddy O'Brien . . The Laws Project Group was dissolved in April 2009 after selected ELV's were incorporated into the Laws of Rugby. The proposed law amendments were: After the initial trials at Stellenbosch University, the laws were enacted in the following competitions; The South African, New Zealand and Australian rugby unions requested that the laws be introduced to

1848-565: The IRB approved ten of the laws, rejecting the laws relating to mauls, numbers in a lineout and the increase in sanctions punishable by free kicks. Before the law amendments the Laws of Rugby Union book from the International Rugby Board stretched to 190 pages, much of them covering the contest for possession and continuity of play, which are key features of the union code and are developed more extensively than in other forms of football. The contest for possession in or after

1914-488: The IRB by The Laws Project Group (LPG), which was set up by the IRB's Rugby Committee in 2006 and comprises: Chairman and IRB Council member Bill Nolan; IRB Development Manager Bruce Cook; former World Cup winning Wallaby coach Rod Macqueen ; former Springbok coach Ian McIntosh ; former Scottish coach Richie Dixon ; former French player, coach and former IRB Regional Development Manager Pierre Villepreux ; former All Black captain and Wellington coach Graham Mourie and

1980-532: The Judges as with ordinary competition and operates a touch screen computer, inputting deductions and marking the skaters. The other, known as the Assistant Referee ;— Ice, stands by the barrier where the teams enter the ice. The ARI monitors ice conditions, communicates with the event Referee and supervises teams. A professional sumo match is overseen by a referee ( 行司 , gyōji ) in

2046-660: The Range Master, the athlete may lodge a formal protest to the Arbitration Committee. However, some referee calls may not be challenged by the athlete, particularly those regarding safe firearms handling. A gamemaster acts as an organizer, officiant for regarding rules, arbitrator, and moderator for a multiplayer role-playing game . They are more common in co-operative games in which players work together than in competitive games in which players oppose each other. The Biblical Book of Judges revolves around

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2112-534: The Range Officer, and has primary authority over the particular course. The overall authority for all officials in the entire match is held by the Range Master (RM). If an athlete disagree with a call made by a Range Officer, he may consult the Chief Range Officer to challenge the call. If the call is still upheld, the matter may be brought to the Range Master. Finally, if the call is upheld by

2178-470: The Shield back from North Otago. A combined Mid Canterbury, North Otago and South Canterbury team has been selected to play touring international teams: Experimental law variations The experimental law variations (ELVs) were a proposed set of amendments to the laws of rugby union . They were proposed by the sport's governing body, the International Rugby Board (IRB), and trialled games at Stellenbosch University in 2006. In 2008 thirteen of

2244-570: The Shield for one challenge. Mid Canterbury claimed the Hanan Shield from North Otago with a 7–3 win on 8 September 2012. On 13 October 2012 South Canterbury claimed the shield by defeating Mid Canterbury 17–15 at Fraser Park in Timaru . South Canterbury outscored their opponents by three tries to two. South Canterbury retained the shield by defeating Mid Canterbury 48–20 in the 2012 Lochore Cup semi-final on 21 October. Mid Canterbury won

2310-528: The Shield with a win 34–27 against South Canterbury on 21 September 2013. Mid Canterbury defended the shield by defeating North Otago 26–20 in the 2013 Meads Cup final on 26 October. This was also Mid Canterbury's first time winning the Meads Cup . On 4 October 2014, Mid Canterbury defended the shield against North Otago in Ashburton. They won the match 28–7. On 11 October 2014, Mid Canterbury defended

2376-473: The Stellenbosch Laws will be to the detriment of the game. The reduction of breaks in the game, faster paced play and the tendency to mix backs and forwards requires the players to be fitter and more athletic. This may produce the desired effect for television viewers watching the elite players, but the requirements may make rugby virtually unplayable for participants at the amateur level, undermining

2442-416: The ball (and thus the attacking team), the second referee usually judges errors committed by the defending team, like touching the net. The first referee assumes a supervisory control over the match at all times while creating a cooperative environment with the second referee, line judges, and scorers. The second referee's duties are multi-faceted and include on-court responsibilities during play, working with

2508-472: The ball goes out of the field of play, and can also advise the referee on off-the-ball events such as a fight or an illegal tackle. As well as the referee and two linesmen, there are two umpires at each end of the field of play who stand on either side of the goal post and raise a white flag for a point, or a green flag for a goal respectively, also calling wides. Any umpire can also advise the referee on off-the-ball incidents, but does not hold as much authority as

2574-625: The bench area including the timekeeper. The professional outdoor league in the United States utilizes four on-field officials in order to be able to better keep up with the increased pace of play. Rules in mixed martial arts (MMA) bouts are enforced by a referee who can give warnings and disqualifications should the rules be broken. The referee is also in charge of stopping fights when a fighter "cannot intelligently defend himself" in order to prevent him from incurring further damage, as well as making sure that submissions are released following

2640-489: The changes would benefit teams with weaker scrums and ineffective set piece play, but this has been rebuffed somewhat with the application of the experimental laws by leagues in the Southern Hemisphere. It has been revealed that a strong scrum is still strong no matter whether it is set once or many times and can still be used as an attacking weapon. Bryan Habana was the first high-profile player to criticise

2706-429: The early pressure with prop Timaru Tafa crossing in the 6th minute. Mid Canterbury's 19-year-old wing Brenton Connell sliced through a midfield gap on his own 10-metre line, broke a tackle and sprinted away down the left-hand flank to score in the corner. In the 29th minute, loose forward Jon Dampney showed his strength in shrugging off a tackler to score in the corner. Connell made it two for the afternoon when Dampney took

Hanan Shield - Misplaced Pages Continue

2772-425: The experimental laws relating to numbers in the lineout and collapsing the maul. Use of the ELVs in the 2007 Australian Rugby Championship was deemed an overall success. The Australian Broadcasting Corporation which broadcasts most of the games said general reactions by coaches, players, and fans was overwhelmingly positive, with these specific details reported: The need for rule changes to satisfy those who prefer

2838-500: The final 20 minutes despite losing star midfielder Jack Umaga to a broken jaw. This ended North Otago's Hanan Shield reign of 14 defences over seven years. On 9 August 2008 Mid Canterbury made their first Hanan Shield defence when they ran onto the Ashburton Showgrounds to play South Canterbury in the first Hanan Shield match contested under the new experimental law variations (ELVs). It was South Canterbury who put on

2904-443: The game, while two more tries were scored by first five-eighth Dan Maw and Dampney who scored his second. Mid Canterbury retained the Hanan Shield until 2010. In the last Hanan Shield challenge in the 2010 Heartland Championship , South Canterbury took the Shield from Mid Canterbury. In the first Hanan Shield challenge of the 2011 Heartland Championship , North Otago uplifted the Shield from South Canterbury. North Otago retained

2970-588: The game: referee, head linesman ("down judge" in the NFL ), line judge, umpire, back judge, side judge, and field judge. In the modern XFL , an additional "ball judge", who wears a red hat, is on the field, but does not have the power to call penalties. There are usually 7 officials in Gaelic football . A main referee follows the play around the field and has the final authority on decisions such as fouls, throws and card-issuing, un-disputable by players. The main play referee

3036-416: The highest professional levels, instant replay official. In korfball , it is the referee's responsibility to control the game and its environment, to enforce the rules and to take action against misbehaviour. He is assisted by an assistant referee, who alerts the referee to out balls and fouls and may have other tasks determined by the referee, and where possible by a timekeeper and scorer. A lacrosse match

3102-682: The laws, stating that they were turning the game into rugby league by eliminating most of the breaks in play. There has also been criticism from many coaches, players and fans in the northern hemisphere. Sean Fitzpatrick , (former All Black hooker and most capped All Black of all time), Shaun Edwards (coach London Wasps/Wales), Warren Gatland (former All Black and coach Wales), Jason Leonard (most capped prop in history), Martin Johnson (2003 World Cup Winning captain and ex-England Coach), Brian Moore , Paul Ackford and Josh Kronfeld (All Black), amongst others have and continue to raise concerns that

3168-592: The match. They also function as a conduit for communication between the wrestlers and backstage officials during matches. The first regularized fencing competition was held at the inaugural Grand Military Tournament and Assault at Arms in 1880, held at the Royal Agricultural Hall , in Islington in June. The Tournament featured a series of competitions between army officers and soldiers. Each bout

3234-404: The mid 2000s, and came to wider prominence following the 2007 Rugby World Cup . Outgoing IRB president Syd Millar explained that in his opinion amendments were needed because delays in the release of the ball from the contest for possession were having adverse effects. In his view, the domination of defence over attack was slowing the continuity of play, exemplified by what some viewers considered

3300-505: The middle of the judges panel and manages and has full control over the entire event. The referee represents the International Skating Union at international events. Referees for international events are trained by the International Skating Union. There are two levels of referee, International Referee and ISU Referee, with ISU Referees ranking higher. In Synchronized Ice Skating, there are two Referees. One, sits with

3366-459: The neutral referee appointed by the governing football association if one or both assistant referees are not provided. In this case, the role of the linesmen is limited to indicating out of play and cannot decide off side. An association football (soccer) match is presided over by a referee, whom the Laws of the Game give "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5). The referee

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3432-494: The referee is the lead official in a game, and is assisted by either one or two umpires. In the National Basketball Association , the lead official is referred to by the term crew chief and the two other officials are the referee and umpire . All of the officials in a basketball game are generally accepted to have the same authority as the lead official and therefore they are collectively known as

3498-470: The referees by overseeing that rules are followed and the behaviour in the technical area. (Source: International Handball Association, Rules of the Game, 1 August 2005). There are usually 7 officials in hurling. A main referee follows the play around the field and has the final authority on decisions such as fouls, throws and card-issuing, un-disputable by players. The main play referee is assisted by two linesmen, who make decisions on who gains possession when

3564-422: The ring and five judges ( 勝負審判 , shōbu shimpan ) seated around the ring. All dress in traditional Japanese clothing, with higher-ranked referees wearing elaborate silk outfits inspired by clothes worn in ancient Japan and judges wearing traditional men's kimono . The referee oversees the pre-match rituals and the bout itself, including ruling on the winner of the bout and the winning technique used. If one of

3630-485: The rule changes are based on a desire to ensure the contest for the ball is not replaced by a purely attacking, scoring free-for-all where defence is hampered and scorelines multiply. Increased player numbers and increasing spectators in the Northern Hemisphere, along with a more flowing style of play adopted at club level, is held as evidence that the law changes are not required. There was a criticism that

3696-542: The rules, maintain fair playing conditions, call fouls, and take other action as required by these rules. A floorball game is controlled by two referees with equal power. According to the International Handball Association, team handball games are officiated by two referees with equal authority who are in charge of each match. They are assisted by a timekeeper and a scorekeeper. In professional competitions, one or more delegates assist

3762-456: The rules. The International Range Officers Association is the part of IPSC with the responsibility to train and certify range officials in order to ensure that matches are run safely, fair and according to the rules. The Range Officer (RO) is the lowest ranking referee, and the one issuing range commands and following the competitor during the Course of Fire. The Chief Range Officer (CRO) oversees

3828-415: The scorers, interacting with coaches and bench personnel, and in some collegiate volleyball competitions, handling challenge reviews. The international styles of amateur wrestling use a three-official system in which a referee conducts the action in the center of the mat while a judge and a mat chairman remain seated and evaluate the action from their stationary vantage points. Collegiate wrestling uses

3894-510: The shield against South Canterbury in Timaru, only one week after their match against North Otago. They won 24–7. In the last match of the regular season, Mid Canterbury successfully defended the Shield against North Otago in Oamaru. In the first match of the 2016 Heartland Championship season, Mid Canterbury defended the Shield for a sixth consecutive time. Mid Canterbury successfully defended

3960-431: The shield in a high-scoring affair. On 15 October 2016, South Canterbury, on their home ground, won the Shield from Mid Canterbury. South Canterbury defended the Shield on four occasions throughout 2017 and 2018. On 24 August 2019, in an away fixture, North Otago ended the Shield reign of South Canterbury. North Otago defended the Shield in one challenge, against Mid Canterbury. On 12 September 2020, South Canterbury won

4026-642: The team captains may engage in discussions with the referees by way of the head referee, over calls made. Referees are also responsible for ensuring the skaters are correctly wearing all regulation safety equipment. An Octopush or underwater hockey match is presided over by two or three water referees in the pool, a chief referee on deck, and at least one timekeeper and one scorekeeper. Additional timekeepers can be used to track penalty times in highly contested matches. A tournament referee will arbitrate for chief referees, whilst protests will be adjudicated by at least three independent referees. A volleyball match

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4092-687: The umpires disagrees, then all the judges confer to determine the winner of the bout. Tradition holds that if one of the two top ranked gyōji has his decision overturned, he is expected to tender his resignation, although the Chairman of the Japan Sumo Association usually rejects the resignation. Additionally, as professional sumo has several religious and traditional elements apart from the sport itself, gyōji have additional tasks in presiding over various ceremonies and functions. In an amateur sumo competition, such as those sanctioned by

4158-466: The world of football. The problems observed with the previous laws mostly revolve around one fact; that in practice the contest for the ball was often halted through law infringements. Different referees used different interpretations of the complex laws, and many games are decided by penalty goals awarded by referees for infringements that were not immediately obvious to observers or even the players. The Stellenbosch ELVs were based on proposals made in

4224-485: Was created as a result of a disputed try that the captains could not agree on whether it had been scored. The rugby laws were changed to require one referee and two touch judges at each game to make the arbitration easier and more consistent. A game of bandy is officiated by a referee, the authority and enforcer of the rules , whose decisions are final. The referee may be assisted by one or two assistant referees. In international basketball and in college basketball ,

4290-548: Was delegated to an umpire . Each team would bring their own partisan umpire allowing the team captains to concentrate on the game. Later, the referee, a third "neutral" official was added; this referee would be "referred to" if the umpires could not resolve a dispute. The referee did not take his place on the pitch until 1891, when the umpires became linesmen (now assistant referees ). Today, in many amateur football matches, each side will still supply their own partisan assistant referees (still commonly called club linesmen) to assist

4356-429: Was fought for five hits and the foils were pointed with black to aid the judges. A fencing match is presided over by a referee. The referee must award a point to the fencer with right of way during the final action in the event of a double touch in foil and saber. A typical bout has one head referee and a video referee and at the request of a fencer can also have two visual referees. A referee in figure skating sits in

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