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68-478: The French name originally given to the bay was Baie des Verges (Bay of Penes), because of the phallus -shaped basalt spires that rise on either side of its entrance. Hana Vave is also the name of a small village located at the head of the bay, which in 2020 had an estimated population of 346. 10°27′47″S 138°39′47″W  /  10.46306°S 138.66306°W  / -10.46306; -138.66306 This French Polynesia -related geography article

136-488: A Greek god of fertility whose symbol was an exaggerated phallus. The son of Aphrodite and Dionysus , according to Homer and most accounts, he is the protector of livestock, fruit plants, gardens, and male genitalia. His name is the origin of the medical term priapism . The city of Tyrnavos in Greece holds an annual Phallus festival , a traditional event celebrating the phallus on the first days of Lent . The phallus

204-502: A class, they are called " apotropaic " (Greek for "prophylactic", "apotraiptic" / προφυλακτικός, αποτρεπτικός or "protective" or "determent", literally: "turns away") talismans, meaning that they turn away or turn back harm. Disks or balls, consisting of concentric blue and white circles (usually, from inside to outside, dark blue, light blue, white, and dark blue) representing an evil eye are common apotropaic talismans in West Asia and

272-409: A compliment is to be made. Although Śrauta traditions do not have a concept of evil, it has been incorporated as a mainstream practice within modern Hinduism . For example, when a mother observes that her child is being excessively complimented, it is common for the mother to attempt to neutralize the effects of the evil eye ( nazar utarna , drshti teeta or drushti tegeyodu ). A common example of

340-532: A derivation from the Proto-Indo-European root * bʰel - "to inflate, swell". Compare with Old Norse (and modern Icelandic ) boli , " bull ", Old English bulluc , " bullock ", Greek φαλλή , " whale ". The Hohle phallus, a 28,000-year-old siltstone phallus discovered in the Hohle Fels cave and reassembled in 2005, is among the oldest phallic representations known. The phallus played

408-496: A disembodied phallus attacking an evil eye by ejaculating towards it. In describing their ability to deflect the evil eye, Ralph Merrifield described the Roman phallic charm as a "kind of lightning conductor for good luck". Another way for protection from fascination used by the ancient Greeks and Romans was by spitting into the folds of the clothes. Ancient Greeks also had an old custom of dressing boys as girls in order to avert

476-523: A following mainly among homosexual men in Canada and the United States. Semen is also treated with reverence, and its consumption is an act of worship. Semen is esteemed as sacred because of its divine life-giving power. The symbolic version of the phallus, a phallic symbol, is meant to represent male generative powers. According to Sigmund Freud 's theory of psychoanalysis , while males possess

544-750: A neutralizing ritual involves holding red chilies in one hand and circling the child's head a few times, then burning the chilies. The evil eye ( Albanian : syri i keq ) is a folk belief widespread among all Albanians . Objects that are traditionally used by Albanians for prevention, protection, and healing from the evil eye are: fire ( zjarri ), smoke, ashes and embers, and fire related metallic objects; serpent/snake ( symbolism , as well as amulets with snakeskin and snake head); garlic ; house carvings and house dolls ( dordolec in human shape or kukull in animal shape); amulets or pendants made with thunderstones ( kokrra e rrufesë or guri i rejës ), wolf teeth, seashells; etc. In order to contrast or avert

612-448: A noun (to have/get maljo) referring to persons who have been afflicted. Maljo may be passed on inadvertently, but is believed to be more severe when coming from an envious person or one with bad intentions. It is thought to happen more readily when a person is stared at–especially while eating food. A person who has been taken by the ‘bad eye’ may experience unexplained illness or misfortune. In traditional rural legends, "[t]he general belief

680-405: A penis may also be referred to as a phallus; however, such objects are more often referred to as being phallic (as in " phallic symbol "). Such symbols often represent fertility and cultural implications that are associated with the male sexual organ, as well as the male orgasm . The term is a loanword from Latin phallus , itself borrowed from Greek φαλλός ( phallos ), which is ultimately

748-459: A penis, no one can possess the symbolic phallus. Jacques Lacan 's Ecrits: A Selection includes an essay titled The Signification of the Phallus in which sexual differentiation is represented in terms of the difference between "being" and "having" the phallus, which for Lacan is the transcendent signifier of desire. Men are positioned as men insofar as they wish to have the phallus. Women, on

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816-581: A port city in what is now Syria , attests to the concept of 'evil eye' – the city existed until about 1180 BC, during the late Bronze Age collapse . In Greek Classical antiquity , the 'evil eye' ("mati") is referenced by Hesiod , Callimachus , Plato , Diodorus Siculus , Theocritus , Plutarch , Heliodorus , Pliny the Elder , and Aulus Gellius . Peter Walcot's Envy and the Greeks (1978) listed more than one hundred works by these and other authors mentioning

884-434: A role in the cult of Osiris in ancient Egyptian religion . When Osiris' body was cut in 14 pieces, Set scattered them all over Egypt, and his wife Isis retrieved all of them except one, his penis, which a fish swallowed; Isis made him a wooden replacement. The phallus was a symbol of fertility, and the god Min was often depicted as ithyphallic, that is, with an erect penis. In traditional Greek mythology , Hermes ,

952-403: A scenario of folk theatre, in which Kuker's role is interpreted by a man attired in a sheep or goat-pelt, wearing a horned mask and girded with a large wooden phallus. During the ritual, various physiological acts are interpreted, including the sexual act, as a symbol of the god's sacred marriage, while the symbolical wife, appearing pregnant, mimes the pains of giving birth. This ritual inaugurates

1020-513: A separate gate, so that they would not be gazed upon by the local Egyptians and, thereby, trigger a malevolent response (the Evil eye) by their onlookers, seeing that they were all handsome and of brave and manly dispositions. Some Jews believe that a "good eye" designates an attitude of goodwill and kindness towards others. Someone who has this attitude in life will rejoice when his fellow man prospers; he will wish everyone well. An "evil eye" denotes

1088-569: A victim of the evil eye by virtue of an "unfavorable celestial configuration" at the time of victim's birth, "according to some scholars". The evil eye causes its victim to become unwell the next day, unless a protective phrase such as "with the will of God" ( mashallah in Arabic) or “May Allah Bless You” (Alhumma Barik) is recited. Among the rituals to ward off the evil eye are to say " TabarakAllah " ( تبارك الله ) ("Blessings of God") or " Masha'Allah " ( ما شاء الله ) ("God has willed it") if

1156-432: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Phallus This is an accepted version of this page A phallus ( pl. : phalli or phalluses ) is a penis (especially when erect ), an object that resembles a penis, or a mimetic image of an erect penis. In art history, a figure with an erect penis is described as ithyphallic . Any object that symbolically—or, more precisely, iconically—resembles

1224-716: Is a supernatural belief in a curse brought about by a malevolent glare, usually inspired by envy . Amulets to protect against it have been found dating to around 5,000 years ago. It is found in many cultures in the Mediterranean region , the Balkans , Eastern Europe , the Middle East , Central Asia , South Asia , Africa , the Caribbean , and Latin America , with such cultures often believing that receiving

1292-399: Is a common belief that individuals have the power to cause harm to people, animals or objects, by looking at them in a way that indicates jealousy. Although envy activates the evil eye, this happens (or usually happens) unconsciously, and the person who casts it is not responsible (or usually not responsible) for it. In addition to being looked at, astrology may play a part. Someone may become

1360-678: Is a similar symbol of protection and good health and luck, the Greek evil eye talisman specifically protects against malevolent gazes. Similarly, the Eye-Idols ( c.  8700–3500 BC ) excavated at the Tell Brak Eye Temple are believed to have been figurines offered to the gods, and according to the Metropolitan Museum of Art , are unrelated to a belief in the evil eye. The evil eye is mentioned several times in

1428-505: Is about 1.5 metres (5 ft) in height, carved in polished black granite, and clearly represents an erect phallus, with a figure of the deity in relief superimposed down the shaft. Many of the earliest depictions of Shiva as a figure in human form are ithyphallic, for example, in coins of the Kushan Empire . Some figures up to about the 11th century AD have erect phalluses, although they have become increasingly rare. According to

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1496-464: The Balkans , found on the prows of boats and elsewhere; in some forms of the folklore, the staring eyes are supposed to bend the malicious gaze back to the sorcerer . Known as nazar ( Turkish : nazar boncuğu or nazarlık ), this talisman is most frequently seen in Turkey , found in or on houses and vehicles or worn as beads. The word hamsa, also spelled khamsa, means "five" referring to

1564-663: The Bible . In Luke 11:34 Jesus referenced to the eye as the lamp of the body. If a person's eye is generous, then their whole body will be full of light. If their eye is evil, then their whole body will be full of darkness. In the Gospel of Mark at Mark 7 :22 it mentions the ὀφθαλμὸς , which is translated as "an evil eye" in the King James Version and other translations of the Bible. The Greek word ophthalmos simply means

1632-868: The Danjiri Matsuri ( だんじり祭 ) in Kishiwada , Osaka prefecture , the Kanamara Matsuri in Kawasaki , and the Hōnen Matsuri ( 豊年祭 , Harvest Festival) in Komaki , Aichi Prefecture , though historically phallus adoration was more widespread. Kuker is a divinity personifying fecundity, sometimes in Bulgaria and Serbia it is a plural divinity. In Bulgaria, a ritual spectacle of spring (a sort of carnival performed by Kukeri ) takes place after

1700-434: The phallōs was a symbol of the real penis in its erect imaginary form. Norbert Wiley states that Lacan's phallus is akin to Durkheim's mana . In Gender Trouble , Judith Butler explores Freud's and Lacan's discussions of the symbolic phallus by pointing out the connection between the phallus and the penis. They write, "The law requires conformity to its own notion of 'nature'. It gains its legitimacy through

1768-620: The "eye", but can be used figuratively to mean Envy , as seen in the Weymouth New Testament translation and others. A simple and instant way of protection in European Christian countries is to make the sign of the cross with your hand and point two fingers, the index finger and the middle finger , towards the supposed source of influence or supposed victim as described in the first chapter of Bram Stoker 's novel Dracula published in 1897: When we started,

1836-648: The 20th century with the rise of Sigmund Freud , the founder of modern psychoanalysis of psychology . One example is " Princess X " by the Romanian modernist sculptor Constantin Brâncuși . He created a scandal in the Salon in 1919 when he represented or caricatured Princess Marie Bonaparte as a large gleaming bronze phallus. This phallus likely symbolizes Bonaparte's obsession with the penis and her lifelong quest to achieve vaginal orgasm. Evil eye The evil eye

1904-568: The Indonesian chronicles of the Babad Tanah Jawi , Prince Puger gained the kingly power from God by ingesting semen from the phallus of the already-dead Sultan Amangkurat II of Mataram . The phallus is commonly depicted in its paintings . Wooden phalluses, with white ribbons hanging from the tip, are often hung above the doorways of houses to deter evil spirits. Khalid Nabi Cemetery ( Persian : گورستان خالد نبی, "Cemetery of

1972-734: The Latin verb fascinare "to cast a spell" (the origin of the English word " fascinate "), is one example of an apotropaic object used against the evil eye. They have been found throughout Europe and into the Middle East from contexts dating from the first century BC to the fourth century AD . The phallic charms were often objects of personal adornment (such as pendants and finger rings), but also appeared as stone carvings on buildings, mosaics, and wind-chimes ( tintinnabula ). Examples of stone phallic carvings, such as from Leptis Magna , depict

2040-607: The Prophet Khaled") is a cemetery in northeastern Iran 's Golestan province . Touristic visitors often have perceived the cylindrical shafts with the thicker top as depictions of male phalli. This gave rise to popular hypotheses about pre-Islamic fertility cults . The Mara Kannon Shrine ( 麻羅観音 ) in Nagato , Yamaguchi prefecture is one of many fertility shrines in Japan that still exist today. Also present in festivals such as

2108-399: The binary and asymmetrical naturalization of bodies in which the phallus, though clearly not identical to the penis, deploys the penis as its naturalized instrument and sign". In Bodies that Matter , they further explore the possibilities for the phallus in their discussion of The Lesbian Phallus . If, as they note, Freud enumerates a set of analogies and substitutions that rhetorically affirm

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2176-489: The classic Pirkei Avot (Ethics of Our Fathers) . In Chapter II, five disciples of Rabbi Yochanan ben Zakai give advice on how to follow the good path in life and avoid the bad. Rabbi Eliezer says an evil eye is worse than a bad friend, a bad neighbor, or an evil heart. Talmudic exegete, Rashi , says in the wake of the words of Israel's Sages that when the ten sons of Jacob went down into Egypt to buy provisions, they made themselves inconspicuous by each entering into

2244-471: The cloth. Ashes and embers are believed to have protective and healing properties, especially for children. In order to get protection against the evil eye, the face of a child is covered with ashes. When children have been taken by the evil eye, they are washed on the ashes. Other Albanian rituals to avert evil, illness and harm in general are performed with fire ( zjarri ), seeking assistance from its supernatural power. Albanians traditionally believed in

2312-468: The concept of the evil eye belief emerged from ancient Mesopotamia and spread to surrounding areas. Written documents and archaeological data reveal that the people of Sumer, who are believed to be the first inhabitants of the region, initiated, continued, and extended this belief. The evil eye belief spread from Mesopotamia to other regions, including: Assyrians and Phoenicians, Celts, Hellenistic Era, Romans, Jews, and Europe Texts from ancient Ugarit ,

2380-450: The crowd round the inn door, which had by this time swelled to a considerable size, all made the sign of the cross and pointed two fingers towards me. With some difficulty, I got a fellow passenger to tell me what they meant. He would not answer at first, but on learning that I was English, he explained that it was a charm or guard against the evil eye. In Islam , the evil eye, or al-ʽayn ( Arabic : العين , also عين الحسودة ),

2448-485: The cult of Father Liber , who presided over the citizen's entry into political and sexual manhood, involved a phallus. The phallic deity Mutunus Tutunus promoted marital sex. A sacred phallus was among the objects considered vital to the security of the Roman state, which was in the keeping of the Vestal Virgins . Sexuality in ancient Rome has sometimes been characterized as " phallocentric ". Shiva , one of

2516-485: The evil eye are commonly woven into tribal kilim rugs. Such motifs include a cross (Turkish: Haç) to divide the evil eye into four, a hook (Turkish: Çengel) to destroy the evil eye, or a human eye (Turkish: Göz) to avert the evil gaze. The shape of a lucky amulet (Turkish: Muska; often, a triangular package containing a sacred verse) is often woven into kilims for the same reason. While the Egyptian Eye of Horus

2584-494: The evil eye during antiquity varied across different regions and periods. The evil eye was not feared with equal intensity in every corner of the Roman Empire. There were places in which people felt more conscious of the danger of the evil eye. In Roman times, not only were individuals considered to possess the power of the evil eye but whole tribes, especially those of Pontus and Scythia , were believed to be transmitters of

2652-558: The evil eye include the nazar amulet , itself a representation of an eye, and the hamsa , a hand-shaped amulet. Older iterations of the symbol were often made of ceramic or clay; however, following the production of glass beads in the Mediterranean region in approximately 1500 BC, evil eye beads were popularised with the Indians , Phoenicians , Persians , Arabs , Greeks , Romans and Ottomans . Illyrians used objects with

2720-419: The evil eye is "an example of how one soul may affect another through unseen connections between them. We are all influenced by our environment [...] The evil eye is the venomous impact from malignant feelings of jealousy and envy of those around us." Many observant Jews avoid talking about valuable items they own, good luck that has come to them and, in particular, their children. If any of these are mentioned,

2788-571: The evil eye is found in the Islamic doctrine, based upon the statement of the Islamic prophet Muhammad , "The influence of an evil eye is a fact..." [Sahih Muslim, Book 26, Number 5427]. Authentic practices of warding off the evil eye are also commonly practiced by Muslims: rather than directly expressing appreciation of, for example, a child's beauty, it is customary to say Masha'Allah , that is, "God has willed it", or invoking God's blessings upon

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2856-469: The evil eye take the form of eyes looking back at someone. These amulets are known as Greek eyes or Turkish eyes, depending on the region. In the painting by John Phillip, we witness the culture-clash experienced by a woman who suspects that the artist's gaze implies that he is looking at her with the evil eye. Among those who do not take the evil eye literally, either by reason of the culture in which they were raised or because they simply do not believe it,

2924-460: The evil eye will cause misfortune or injury, while others believe it to be a kind of supernatural force that casts or reflects a malevolent gaze back upon those who wish harm upon others (especially innocents). The idea also appears multiple times in Jewish rabbinic literature . Different cultures have pursued measures to protect against the evil eye. Some of the most famous talismans against

2992-412: The evil eye, several rituals with fire , smoke, ashes and embers are practiced. A typical ritual performed by the oldest woman of the family consists in taking a bunch of dry grass and burning it somewhere near the cloth that is being woven, so that the smoke goes towards it. If the grass crackled during the burning, even the evil eye would explode and not be able to do any harm, granting the good luck of

3060-591: The evil eye. Belief in the evil eye is strongest in West Asia , Latin America , East and West Africa , Central America , South Asia , Central Asia , the Caribbean , and Europe , especially the Mediterranean region ; it has also spread to areas, including northern Europe, particularly in the Celtic regions, and the Americas , where it was brought by European colonists and West Asian immigrants. Belief in

3128-531: The evil eye. Many different objects and charms were used for protection from fascination. The protective items referred to by the Greeks with a variety of names such as apotropaia, probaskania, periammata, periapta and profylaktika. Greeks placed talismans in their houses and wore amulets to protect them from the evil eye. Peisistratus hung the figure of a kind of grasshopper before the Acropolis of Athens for protection. The fascinus or fascinum , from

3196-476: The evil eye. Ancient Greek authors frequently mentioned the ὀφθαλμὸς βάσκανος ( ophthalmòs báskanos ; evil eye). As widely documented in archaeologic findings and in ancient literature, the Illyrians believed in the force of spells and the evil eye, in the magic power of protective and beneficial amulets which could avert the evil eye or the bad intentions of enemies. Such amulets included objects with

3264-399: The evil eye. An example of this is the textile neckbands worn by boys for their brit milah , especially in the regions of Alsace , Southern Germany and Switzerland . The neckbands often had a central coin or colourful coral, designed to draw the evil eye away from the boy and thus protect him during circumcision. Christianity 's beliefs of the evil eye can be located in some passages of

3332-614: The fingers of the hand. In the Levantine Christian culture is called the Hand of Mary , in some Muslim and Balkan cultures, the Hand of Fatima . Though condemned as superstition by doctrinaire Muslims, the power of such talismans against the evil eye is almost exclusive to the Near East and Mediterranean regions. To many individuals, though, the hamsa or nazar are simply used as decoration. A variety of motifs to ward off

3400-416: The fundamental transferability of the phallus from the penis elsewhere, then any number of other things might come to stand in for the phallus. The phallus is often used for advertising pornography , as well as the sale of contraception . It has often been used in provocative practical jokes and has been the central focus of adult-audience performances. The phallus had a new set of art interpretations in

3468-401: The god of boundaries and exchange (popularly the messenger god), is considered to be a phallic deity by association with representations of him on herms (pillars) featuring a phallus. There is no scholarly consensus on this depiction, and it would be speculation to consider Hermes a fertility god. Pan , son of Hermes , was often depicted as having an exaggerated erect phallus. Priapus is

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3536-597: The heraldic bear of Appenzell , nearly leading to war between the two cantons. Figures of Kokopelli and Itzamna (as the Mayan tonsured maize god) in Pre-Columbian America often include phallic content. Additionally, over forty large monolithic sculptures ( Xkeptunich ) have been documented from Terminal Classic Maya sites, with most examples occurring in the Puuc region of Yucatán (Amrhein 2001). Uxmal has

3604-457: The inner recesses of a person possessing the evil eye. Plutarch treated the phenomenon of the evil eye as something seemingly inexplicable that is a source of wonder and cause of incredulity. Pliny the Elder described the ability of certain African enchanters to have the "power of fascination with the eyes and can even kill those on whom they fix their gaze". The idea of the evil eye appears in

3672-508: The labours of the fields ( ploughing , sowing ) and is carried out with the participation of numerous allegorical personages, among which are the Emperor and his entourage. In Switzerland , the heraldic bears in a coat of arms had to be painted with bright red penises , otherwise, they would have been mocked as being she-bears. In 1579, a calendar printed in St. Gallen omitted the genitals from

3740-483: The largest collection, with eleven sculptures now housed under a protective roof. The largest sculpture was recorded at Almuchil measuring more than 320 cm high with a diameter at the base of the shaft measuring 44 cm. St. Priapus Church (French: Église S. Priape ) is a North American new religion that centres on the worship of the phallus. Founded in the 1980s in Montreal, Quebec, by D. F. Cassidy, it has

3808-706: The most widely worshiped male deities in Hinduism pantheon, is worshiped much more commonly in the form of the lingam . Evidence of the lingam in India dates back to prehistoric times. Although Lingam is not a mere phallic iconography, nor do the textual sources signify it as so, stone Lingams with several varieties are found to this date in many of the old temples and in museums in India and abroad, which are often more clearly phallic than later stylized lingams. The famous "man-size" Gudimallam Lingam in Andhra Pradesh

3876-521: The object or person that is being admired. A number of beliefs about the evil eye are also found in folk religion , typically revolving around the use of amulets or talismans as a means of protection. In the Aegean Region and other areas where light-colored eyes are relatively rare, people with green eyes , and especially blue eyes, are thought to bestow the curse, intentionally or unintentionally. Thus, in Greece and Turkey amulets against

3944-468: The opposite attitude. A man with "an evil eye" will not only feel no joy but experience actual distress when others prosper and will rejoice when others suffer. A person of this character represents a great danger to moral purity, according to some Jews. In halachic literature there are a few customs that deal with situation's that can spike evil eye, such as one looking at his friends field when collecting his crops. Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook explained that

4012-471: The other hand, wish to be the phallus. This difference between having and being explains some tragicomic aspects of sexual life. Once a woman becomes, in the realm of the signifier, the phallus the man wants, he ceases to want it because one cannot desire what one has, and the man may be drawn to other women. Similarly, though, for the woman, the gift of the phallus deprives the man of what he has and thereby diminishes her desire. It should be remembered that

4080-480: The owners of the thunder-stones. A common practice was to hung a thunder-stone pendant on the body of the cattle or on the pregnant woman for good luck and to contrast the evil eye. In Trinidad and Tobago , the evil eye is called bad eye , maljo (from French Creole mal yeux , literally meaning 'bad eye') and najar by the Indo-Trinidadians . The term is used in the infinitive (to maljo) and as

4148-856: The phrase " Masha'Allah " ( ما شاء الله ) ("God has willed it") alongside a compliment prevents the compliment from attracting the evil eye, whereas in some countries, such as Iran , certain specific plants – such as rue – are considered prone to protecting against the evil eye. The evil eye originated in ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq). The earliest evidence excavated from various ancient cities include: Written documents: A Sumerian cuneiform mentions an "eye ad-gir" that afflicts people with evil Archaeological data: Alabaster idols with incised eyes were found in Tell Brak, one of Mesopotamia's oldest cities Amulets: Eye-shaped amulets were found in Mesopotamia Most experts believe that

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4216-493: The phrase, "to give someone the evil eye" usually means simply to glare at the person in anger or disgust. The term has entered into common usage within the English language . Within the broadcasting industry, it refers to when a presenter signals to the interviewee or co-presenter to stop talking due to a shortage of time. Attempts to ward off the curse of the evil eye have resulted in a number of talismans in many cultures. As

4284-445: The poetry of Virgil in a conversation between the shepherds Menalcas and Damoetas. In the passage, Menalcas is lamenting the poor health of his stock: "What eye is it that has fascinated my tender lambs?". The Christian Gospels record the fact that Jesus warned against the evil eye in a list of evils (Mark 7:22). Ancient Greeks and Romans believed that the evil eye could affect both humans and animals, for example cattle. Belief in

4352-522: The shape of phallus , hand , leg , and animal teeth against the evil eye. Ancient Romans used representations of phallus , such as the fascinus , to protect against the evil eye, while in modern-day Southern Italy a variety of amulets and gestures are used for protection, including the cornicello , the cimaruta , and the sign of the horns . In different cultures, the evil eye can be fought against with yet other methods – in Arab culture , saying

4420-412: The shape of phallus , hand , leg , and animal teeth . Classical authors attempted both to describe and to explain the function of the evil eye. Plutarch in his work entitled Symposium has a separate chapter describing such beliefs. In his scientific explanation, he stated that the eyes were the chief, if not sole, source of the deadly rays that were supposed to spring up like poisoned darts from

4488-454: The speaker and/or listener will say b'li ayin hara ( Hebrew : בלי עין הרע ), meaning "without an evil eye", or keyn eyn-hore ( Yiddish : קיין עין־הרע ; often shortened to kinehore , קינעהאָרע ), "no evil eye". Another way to ward off the evil eye is to spit three times (or pretend to). Romans call this custom "despuere malum," to spit at evil. Rituals surrounding birth and young children are often centred around protection from

4556-399: The supreme powers of thunder-stones, which were believed to be formed during lightning strikes and to be fallen from the sky ( qielli ). Thunder-stones were preserved in family life as important cult objects . It was believed that bringing them inside the house could bring good fortune , prosperity and progress in people, in livestock and in agriculture, or that rifle bullets would not hit

4624-470: Was ubiquitous in ancient Roman culture , particularly in the form of the fascinum , a phallic charm. The ruins of Pompeii produced bronze wind chimes ( tintinnabula ) that featured the phallus, often in multiples, to ward off the evil eye and other malevolent influences. Statues of Priapus similarly guarded gardens. Roman boys wore the bulla , an amulet that contained a phallic charm until they formally came of age. According to Augustine of Hippo ,

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