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37-507: [REDACTED] Look up hanji in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hanji may refer to: Korean paper (한지; hanji ) Hanji (film) , a 2011 South Korean drama film Hàn-jī (漢字): writing system of Hokkien language See also [ edit ] 漢字 (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

74-514: A UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. The UNESCO committee noted that the buildings housing the Tripiṭaka Koreana are unique because no other historical structure was specifically dedicated to the preservation of artifacts and the techniques used were particularly ingenious. The temple also holds several official treasures including a realistic wooden carving of a monk and interesting Buddhist paintings, stone pagodas , and lanterns. During

111-461: A lifelong practice to create perfect hanji , and this is the reason why it holds a great cultural value in Korea. These days, people use various technology to improve the process. For example, the hanji makers use a heated stainless steel drum, brushing every part of the paper. This is the method that they take to dry the papers evenly, which is adapted from how traditional hanji makers dried them on

148-511: A low pH level (more acidic), it is completely decomposed in 100 years. Hanji , however, uses Hibiscus Manihot, which has a pH level of 7 and does not get dismantled easily. Ever since paper was first introduced to commoners in ancient Korea, its uses have been adapted in various ways. Hanji was used to help people in their daily lives. They covered their door frames with hanji to help control room temperature. Those of high social status, called Yangbans, recorded various documents on hanji . This

185-450: A need to find new materials beyond dak due to the huge demand for books. The government created an administrative agency devoted to paper production, and also supplied troops with paper armor, which was waterproof, a good insulator, and provided protection against arrows and swords. Oiled hanji was used to make greenhouses c. 1450 because the paper, made of natural materials, could control temperature, humidity, and light effectively. However,

222-564: A royal robe of Gwanghaegun of Joseon , who was responsible for the 1622 renovation, and an inscription on a ridge beam. The main hall, Daejeokkwangjeon (대적광전, 大寂光殿: Hall of Great Silence and Light), is unusual because it is dedicated to Vairocana , whereas most other Korean temples house images of Gautama Buddha in their main halls. The Temple of Haeinsa and the Depositories for the Tripiṭaka Koreana Woodblocks were made

259-411: A similar format as a painting. However, the paper itself is folded and crumpled to make the image stick up from the paper it is adhered to. People make various shapes with Hanji and frame it to exhibit on their wall. Three-dimensional hanji art is similar to paper mache, in that it can make sculptural objects that may stand unsupported. Traditional hanji craft forms include jiho, jido, and jiseung. Jiho

296-537: A wide array of household goods, including trays, baskets, mats, quivers, shoes, washbasins, and chamberpots. Other than these, Hanji was made into various flowers to decorate Buddhist temples ("Hanji Crafting"). Haeinsa 35°48′N 128°6′E  /  35.800°N 128.100°E  / 35.800; 128.100 Haeinsa ( Korean :  해인사 ) is a Buddhist temple in Gayasan National Park , South Gyeongsang Province , South Korea . It

333-531: Is a good ventilator, but it also acts as an insulator. Traditional Koreans covered their wooden doors with hanji because it would cool down in the summer and make them warm during winter. In March 2006, there was a lamp festival in Paris, France. Many sizes and colors of lamps were lighted in the Boulogne park. Soon after the festival started, there was a sudden rain, and people panicked. They were worried that all

370-450: Is a method that uses hanji scraps soaked in water and then added to glue, making a clay-like paste that can be molded into lidded bowls. Jido is the craft of pasting many layers of hanji onto a pre-made frame, which can be made into sewing baskets and trunks. Ancient Koreans commonly put their sewing materials in small boxes decorated with colorful Hanji ("Hanji Crafting"). Jiseung is a method of cording and weaving strips of hanji to make

407-434: Is blocked from the cold north wind by mountain peaks. Different sized windows on the north and south sides of both main halls are used for ventilation, utilizing principles of hydrodynamics. The windows were installed in every hall to maximize ventilation and regulate temperature. The clay floors were filled with charcoal, calcium oxide, salt, lime, and sand, which reduce humidity when it rains by absorbing excess moisture which

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444-469: Is made in laminated sheets using the we bal method (a sheet formation technique), which allows for multi-directional grain. The process of creating hanji also employs dochim , a method of pounding finished sheets to compact fibers and lessen ink bleed. Papermaking arrived in Korea not long after its beginnings in China. Its origins in Korea are believed to fall somewhere between the 3rd century and

481-501: Is one of the main reasons why Korea's ancient records are so well preserved. It was one of the main export products that Korean dynasties used in trading (Seo). Another unique usage of hanji is in armor, which was called jigap . Even though hanji is just paper, it was very durable and tough. It was waterproof, and did not rip easily. There are two divisions of hanji art: two-dimensional and three-dimensional. Two-dimensional hanji art uses paper of various colors to create an image in

518-735: Is the head temple of the Jogye Order of Korean Seon Buddhism . Haeinsa is most notable for being the home of the Tripitaka Koreana , the whole of the Buddhist Scriptures carved onto 81,350 wooden printing blocks, which it has housed since 1398. Haeinsa is one of the Three Jewels Temples , and represents Dharma or the Buddha’s teachings. It is still an active Seon practice center in modern times, and

555-461: Is then retained during the dry winter months. The roof is also made with clay and the bracketing and wood rafters prevent sudden changes in temperature. Additionally, no part of the complex is exposed to sun. Apparently, animals, insects, and birds avoid the complex but the reason for this is unknown. These sophisticated preservation measures are widely credited as the reason the woodblocks have survived in such fantastic condition to this day. In 1970,

592-730: The Joseon period (1392–1910) saw continued flourishing of the hanji industry as paper permeated daily lives of Koreans through books, household items, and popular items such as fans and tobacco pouches. From the start of the Joseon period in an effort to promote austerity, artificial flowers that had been made from wax and silk were replaced by paper versions. Later, paper flowers were also used to replace other versions for Buddhist rites and festivals. Variations of hanji became common, such as colored paper, and paper made from mixed fibers including pine bark, rice straw, and bamboo. This came partly from

629-574: The Korean War , the area surrounding Haeinsa Temple was a site of conflict between North Korean guerillas and the allied forces of South Korea and the United Nations Command . In September of 1951, during an anti-guerilla bombing campaign, Air Force Colonel Kim Young-hwan was ordered to destroy the temple. He refused, instead leading his squad of fighter jets over the temple without dropping a single bomb. The storage halls known as

666-699: The 12th century. Often called Goryeoji, hanji became famous in Asia for its strength and luster, and became a heavy trade item to China. The Goryeo period is famous for two major landmarks in Korean printmaking and paper history. One was the carving of the Tripitaka Koreana onto over 80,000 wooden blocks, which contain no errors and are still extant in their original home at Haeinsa , a Buddhist temple in South Gyeongsang Province . It

703-592: The Janggyeong Panjeon complex are the depository for the Tripiṭaka Koreana woodblocks at Haeinsa and were also designated by the Korean government as a National Treasure on December 20, 1962. They are some of the largest wooden storage facilities in the world. Remarkably, the halls were untouched during the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–98) and were spared from the 1818 fire that burned most of

740-618: The Joseon government pressured Buddhist monks to increase their production of hanji that they were already making for Buddhist scriptures since the 15th century. As the final blow to hanji , western methods of paper mass production were introduced in 1884. In the 1970s, the New Village Movement that aimed to modernize Korea rapidly also led to further decimation of the hanji industry, as it eradicated traditional straw-thatched homes that used hanji to cover floors, walls, ceilings, windows, and doors. The most recent threat to

777-484: The Korean paper industry is the rise of inexpensive paper made in China, where labor costs and overhead are significantly lower than in Korea. As of 2009, twenty-six hanji mills remain operational in South Korea. They make hanji for artists, calligraphers, conservators, temples, and laypeople. An example of modern Hanji Paper art, a unique alchemy of ancient Asian techniques and modern Western imagery by

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814-541: The Three Kingdoms, settled the paper industry deeply into Korean culture, and called it gyerimji . Hanji' s golden age peaked in the Goryeo period (918–1392), which saw the rise in quality and use of hanji in conjunction with printmaking. Paper was used to make money, Buddhist texts, and medical and history books. The government encouraged dak cultivation and paper production, and dak was planted countrywide in

851-547: The YUNS can be seen here . The two materials mainly used when making hanji is the paper mulberry (called the Dak tree) and the aibika . More than 6 steps of the manufacturing process deal with mending and preparing these two materials (Seo). The paper mulberry is a commonly grown plant in Asia, growing in the feet of mountains that gets a lot of sunlight, reaching a growth height of usually 3 meters. In Korean history, people used

888-468: The east and west which house two small libraries. Several ingenious preservation techniques are utilized to preserve the wooden printing blocks. The architects also utilized nature to help preserve the Tripitaka. The storage complex was built at the highest point of the temple and is 655 meters above sea level. Janggyeong Panjeon faces southwest to avoid damp southeasterly winds from the valley below and

925-534: The end of the 6th century. At first, paper was made crudely out of hemp and ramie scraps ( 마지 ; maji ). In 1931, a piece of hanji was found at an archeological dig at a tomb site from the Lelang period (108 BCE–313 CE). During the Three Kingdoms period (57 BCE–668 CE), each kingdom used paper to record their official histories. In 610, The Buddhist monk Damjing whom Goguryeo presented to Japan

962-557: The fibers from these trees to make clothes, and they began to use it as the source for paper during the Goryeo dynasty. The Joseon dynasty, which came after Goryeo, recommended people to grow more of these mulberry trees. The aibika usually finishes growing in October. Their roots contain a slimy mucus (called Dak Pul) which helps hold the paper together and give viscosity to the bark. Ancient Koreans usually started making hanji during

999-399: The final product. However, the most traditional and basic process follows eight steps: The overall process of making hanji was very strenuous. One had to dedicate all of his or her life to making hanji , and traditional hanji makers would say “I will not let my son be a container man (the person who strains the fiber through a bamboo screen) even if I am driven to the worst”. It requires

1036-404: The floor of a warm room. Hanji is a very reputable paper among Asians, and it is famous for its durability. The fact that other historical print papers have to be preserved in special containers when hanji papers can still be displayed in museums proves this fact. The oldest text made of hanji currently existing in Korea, Muggujungwang, is still well preserved after about 800 years. Hanji

1073-697: The hall that houses the Tripiṭaka Koreana is uncertain, it is believed that Sejo of Joseon expanded and renovated it in 1457. The complex is made up of four halls arranged in a rectangle and the style is very plain because of its use as a storage facility. The northern hall is called Beopbojeon (Hall of Dharma) and the southern hall is called the Sudara-jang ("Hall of Sutras"). These two main halls are 60.44 meters in length, 8.73 meters in width, and 7.8 meters in height. Both have fifteen rooms with two adjoining rooms. Additionally, there are two small halls on

1110-404: The lamps would turn off. However, lamps made out of traditional hanji did not turn off. It did not let the rain through, protecting candle lights within, and it portrayed one of the many advantages of hanji . The bark from mulberry trees contain lignin and holocellulose, which contribute to the durability of hanji . Ordinary paper has a pH level of 4–5.5, meaning that it is acidic. If paper has

1147-410: The support of a queen dowager who converted to Buddhism and then helped to finance the construction of the temple. The temple complex was renovated in the 10th century, 1488, 1622, and 1644, respectively. Huirang, the temple abbot enjoyed the patronage of Taejo of Goryeo during that king’s reign. Haeinsa was burned down in a fire in 1817 and was rebuilt in 1818. Another renovation in 1964 uncovered

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1184-403: The temple complex down. All told, the storage halls have survived seven serious fires and one near-bombing during the Korean War when a pilot disobeyed orders because he remembered that the temple held priceless treasures. Janggyeong Panjeon complex is the oldest part of the temple and houses the 81,258 wooden printing blocks from the Tripiṭaka Koreana . Although the exact construction date of

1221-460: The title Hanji . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hanji&oldid=1214212240 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Korean paper Traditional hanji

1258-461: The winter, because the mucus from Abelmoschus manihot became easily fermented due to the summer heat. Ancient Koreans believed that it was important to choose a good day with a nice sky to start making hanji , and often gave religious rituals to the spirits in order to wish for a favorable condition and a smooth process. The process of making hanji differs by what ingredients the makers choose, and what methods of sheet formation they take to make

1295-654: Was able to make the production method of paper and ink. The world's oldest surviving wood block print is the Buddhist Dharani Sutra called the Pure Light Dharani Sutra . Listed as Korea's National Treasure No. 126, it was printed onto hanji c. 704 and is still in good condition, bearing the papermaker's name. Paper crafts were also developed in the Three Kingdoms period, such as kites and other household items, and continued to flourish as hanji production increased. Silla Kingdom, one of

1332-509: Was carved twice, due to its destruction by Mongol invasions in 1232; the final version was completed in 1251. The second accomplishment was the printing in 1377 of Jikji , a guide for students of Buddhism, and the world's oldest extant book printed using metal movable type. Printed onto hanji , it is housed today in the National Library of France, and displays proof of movable metal type well before Gutenberg's time. The beginning of

1369-461: Was the home temple of the influential Seon master Seongcheol , who died in 1993. The temple was first built in 802. Legend says that two monks of royal Daegaya descent, Suneung and Ijeong, returned from Tang China and healed Aejang of Silla 's wife of her illness. In gratitude for Gautama Buddha 's mercy, the king ordered the construction of the temple. Another account, by Choe Chi-Won in 900 states that Suneung and his disciple Ijeong, gained

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