Central Europe
55-664: Hans-Wedigo Robert Coppi (25 January 1916 – 22 December 1942) was a German resistance fighter against the Nazis. He was a member of a Berlin-based anti-fascist resistance group that was later called the Red Orchestra by the Gestapo . Coppi was born in Wedding , Berlin to a working-class family. His parents were Robert Coppi, a house painter who specialised in lacquer cutting and gilding and Frieda née Schön (1884-1961),
110-599: A blood murderer from Berchtesgaden."). Another Habsburg supporter was sentenced to death by a Nazi court in Vienna for donating 9 Reichsmarks to " Rote Hilfe ". The pro-Habsburg siblings Schönfeld were also sentenced to death for producing anti-Nazi leaflets. Ernst Karl Winter founded in 1939 in New York the "Austrian American Center", a non-partisan national committee with a Habsburg background. This organized regular demonstrations and marches and published weekly writings. In
165-695: A left-wing progressive "school-farm" on the island of Scharfenberg in Lake Tegel in Berlin. During 1931-32 Coppi became a member of the "Red Boy Scouts" (Roten Pfadfinder) and the Communist Youth Association of Germany (KJVD). In November 1932, Coppi was expelled from the Scharfenberg school after supporting students who had watched Georg Wilhelm Pabst 's banned Franco -German solidarity film Kameradschaft and subsequently
220-580: A mission to first contact Elisabeth and Kurt Schumacher and then support the group around Harro Schulze-Boysen. Schumacher introduced Hoessler to Schulze-Boysen who in turn introduced him to Coppi in an attempt to help Coppi establish radio communication. Even with Hoessler's help, who was a trained radio telegraphist, Coppi was never able to establish communication with Moscow. On 12 September 1942, Coppi and his pregnant wife were arrested, Coppi in Schrimm , now in central Poland , after reporting for duty in
275-703: A network of resistance activities in the factories and to build a resistance organisation. On 14 June 1941, Coppi married Hilde Coppi who at the time worked as a payroll accountant in the Reichsversicherungsanstalt [ de ] (Reich employee insurance corporation). In 1937, members of the Coppi's communist discussion group who were former students of the Scharfenberger school, were introduced to Harro Schulze-Boysen and later Arvid Harnack through Heinrich Scheel , an inspector in
330-424: A predefined frequency and time. Coppi failed to send any other messages during that night due to inexperience and dead batteries. Coppi then incorrectly plugged the transmitter into a DC outlet to charge the batteries but instead blew the transformer and tubes up. Several technicians in the group tried to repair the unit without success. In November 1941, Schulze-Boysen arranged through Walter Husemann to contact
385-538: A seamstress and dressmaker who worked to supplement the family income. Both his parents were ardent communists who in 1930, became members of the Communist Party of Germany (KPD). This resulted in Coppi becoming politicised at an early age and that led to him becoming a communist activist and later agitator. From 1929 to 1932, Coppi attended the Schulfarm Scharfenberg [ de ] ,
440-528: A sharp intensification of the persecution of Jews , homosexuals, trade union leaders, and aggressive foreign policy , bringing Germany to the brink of war; it was at this time that the German Resistance emerged. Those opposing the Nazi regime were motivated by such factors as the mistreatment of Jews, harassment of the churches, and the harsh actions of Himmler and the Gestapo . In his history of
495-453: A small engineering factory while training to be a technician during evening class. At the start of World War II , Coppi was conscripted , but was classed as "Unworthy of military service" ("Wehrunwürdiger") due to his background. Through a friend from the banned KJVD, he was introduced to the actor and dramaturge Wilhelm Schürmann-Horster 's and became part of his group of friends. At regular meetings they would openly discuss current affairs,
550-490: The German Christian movement sought to create a new, positive Christianity aligned with Nazi ideology, some Christian churches, Catholic and Protestant, contributed another source of opposition. Their stance was symbolically significant. The churches, as institutions, did not openly advocate for the overthrow of the Nazi state but they remained one of the very few German institutions to retain some independence from
605-584: The Nazi regime by various movements, groups and individuals by various means, from attempts to assassinate Adolf Hitler or to overthrow his regime, defection to the enemies of the Third Reich and sabotage against the German Army and the apparatus of repression and attempts to organize armed struggle, to open protests, rescue of persecuted persons, dissidence and "everyday resistance". German resistance
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#1732794032406660-876: The Prussian aristocracy. Almost every community in Germany had members taken away to concentration camps. As early as 1935 there were alarms, "Dear Lord God, keep me quiet, so that I don't end up in Dachau". (It almost rhymes in German: Lieber Herr Gott mach mich stumm / Daß ich nicht nach Dachau komm .) "Dachau" refers to the Dachau concentration camp . This is a parody of a common German children's prayer, " Lieber Gott mach mich fromm, daß ich in den Himmel komm ". ("Dear God, make me pious, so I go to Heaven.") Friedrich Schauer (Architekt) From Misplaced Pages,
715-692: The Social Democrats (SPD)—with its paramilitary group the Iron Front and activists such as Julius Leber — Communists (KPD), and the anarcho-syndicalist group the Freie Arbeiter Union (FAUD), that distributed anti-Nazi propaganda and assisted people in fleeing the country. Another group, the Red Orchestra (Rote Kapelle), consisted of anti-fascists , communists , and an American woman. The individuals in this group began to assist their Jewish friends as early as 1933. Whereas
770-904: The Sturmabteilung began to search for Coppi as he was considered an undesirable. He went into hiding and began to live an illegal existence. During that period he organised a protest campaign with his friends from Scharfenberg and Tegel to protest the Reichstag elections that were held in November 1933. In February 1934 Coppi was arrested by the Gestapo for posting illegal leaflets and sent to Oranienburg concentration camp for two months during pre-trial detention, before being sentenced for one year imprisonment in juvenile detention. After his release on 4 February 1935, he made contact with his old friends from Scharfenberg that included Hans Lautenschläger, Hermann Natterodt and Heinrich Scheel. Coppi and
825-597: The Third Reich —not only against intrusions by the regime into church governance and to arrests of clergy and expropriation of church property but also to the fundamentals of human rights and justice as the foundation of a political system. Their example inspired some acts of overt resistance, such as that of the White Rose student group in Munich, and provided moral stimulus and guidance for various leading figures in
880-463: The article wizard to submit a draft for review, or request a new article . Search for " Friedrich Schauer (Architekt) " in existing articles. Look for pages within Misplaced Pages that link to this title . Other reasons this message may be displayed: If a page was recently created here, it may not be visible yet because of a delay in updating the database; wait a few minutes or try
935-537: The "unorganized resistance" defied the Nazi regime in various ways, most notably those who helped Jews survive the Nazi Holocaust by hiding them, obtaining papers for them, or in other ways aiding them. More than 300 Germans have been recognised for this. It also included, particularly in the later years of the regime, informal networks of young Germans who evaded serving in the Hitler Youth and defied
990-701: The Allies or the anti-Fascist resistance forces, and after 1943, the Soviet Union made attempts to launch a guerrilla warfare in Germany with such defectors and allowed the members of the National Committee for a Free Germany which consisted mostly of the German prisoners of war to be engaged in the military operations of the Red Army and form small military units. It has been estimated that during
1045-790: The BRD and the DDR developed different images of the German resistance, as in the BRD the conservative groups, namely the White Rose and the 20 July plotters, were canonized, while the other groups and individuals were barely appreciated or denied; in the DDR, the Communist resistance was idolized to create a mythos in the foundation the self-image of the DDR. The German opposition and resistance movements consisted of disparate political and ideological strands, which represented different classes of German society who seldom were able to work together— for much of
1100-446: The DDR argued that lack of democratic support was one of the reasons why the attempts of the army to assassinate Hitler had failed. However, the relationship between the army and the civil resistance were more complex and gradually evolved: while the representatives of the workers' movement sought contacts with the army, at first, the plotters did not even question whether the public support is needed, but eventually they came, partly due to
1155-418: The German Resistance, Peter Hoffmann wrote that "National Socialism was not simply a party like any other; with its total acceptance of criminality it was an incarnation of evil, so that all those whose minds were attuned to democracy, Christianity, freedom, humanity, or even mere legality found themselves forced into alliance." Banned, underground political parties were one source of opposition. These included
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#17327940324061210-817: The Jesuits Alfred Delp and Augustin Rösch and the Lutheran preacher Dietrich Bonhoeffer —were active and influential within the clandestine German Resistance, while figures such as Protestant Pastor Martin Niemöller (who founded the Confessing Church ), and the Catholic Bishop Clemens August Graf von Galen (who denounced Nazi euthanasia and lawlessness), offered some of the most trenchant public criticism of
1265-463: The Luftwaffe's Meteorological Service, who also attended Scharfenberger. and who was a close friend of Schulze-Boysen. Schulze-Boysen had been collaborating with Harnack in what was then a resistance group. In September 1940, that resistance group that would be reformulated into espionage organisation that informed on the German military and economy in the form of intelligence reports that were sent to
1320-521: The Nazi regime was very small. The resistance in Germany included members of the Polish minority who formed resistance groups like Olimp . Historiographical debates on the subject on Widerstand (resistance) have often featured intense arguments about the nature, extent, and effectiveness of resistance in the Third Reich. There has been debate about what to define as Widerstand . During the Cold War,
1375-468: The Nazi state or the Gestapo, their plans regarding the later executed Karl Burian to blow up the Gestapo headquarters in Vienna apply. The Catholic resistance group, led by Heinrich Maier , wanted to revive a Habsburg monarchy after the war and passed on plans and production sites for V-2 rockets , Tiger tanks , Messerschmitt Bf 109 , Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet , and other aircraft to the Allies. From
1430-753: The Semperit factory near Auschwitz—a message the Americans in Zurich initially did not believe. Even the Habsburg resistance on a small scale was followed extremely strictly. For example, in a People's Court ("Volksgerichtshof") trial in Vienna, an old, seriously ill, and frail woman was sentenced to four years in prison for possessing a note she wrote found in her wallet with the rhymed text "Wir wollen einen Kaiser von Gottesgnaden und keinen Blutmörder aus Berchtesgaden. ("We want an emperor of divine grace and not
1485-444: The Soviet Union. It was planned by Schulze and Soviet intelligence that Kurt Schumacher would be the groups radio telegraphist, but he was drafted into the German army on 6 June 1941, so Schulze-Boysen asked Coppi to be the replacement radio operator in Coppi for the espionage organisation. Schulze-Boysen persuaded Coppi to establish a radio link to the Soviet Union for the resistance organisation. Karl Behrens volunteered to deliver
1540-524: The US there were also the "Austrian American League" chapters as pro-Habsburg organizations. Otto von Habsburg , who was on the Sonderfahndungsliste G.B. ("Special Search List Great Britain"), strongly opposed the Nazi regime. If he had been arrested by Nazi organs, he would have been shot immediately without further proceedings. Habsburg provided thousands of refugees with the rescue visas and, on
1595-638: The Wehrmacht, and Hilde and family in Berlin. Due to the Nazi German idea that the family shared responsibility for a crime, known as Sippenhaft , Coppi's parents Robert and Freida, his brother Kurt Coppi and his mother-in-law were also arrested. Hoessler was arrested by the Gestapo at the end of September 1942. On 19 December 1942 the 2nd Senate of the Reichskriegsgericht sentenced Coppi to death for "preparation for high treason, favouring
1650-539: The apartment of Erika von Brockdorff at the end of 1941, early 1942 but couldn't transmit successfully. It is unknown how many attempts Coppi made in the next few months but he made no connection during the critical period of the latter-half of 1941. In May 1942, the Nazis publicised propaganda as an exhibit known as The Soviet Paradise . Massive photo panels depicting Russian Slavs as subhuman beasts who lived in squalid conditions and of pictures of firing squads shooting young children and others who were hung, were shown at
1705-470: The centuries-old Habsburg principles of "live and let live" with regard to ethnic groups, peoples, minorities, religions, cultures, and languages. Because of Hitler's orders, thousands of these resistance fighters were sent directly to concentration camps without trial. From 800 to 1,000 Habsburg resistance fighters were executed. As a unique attempt in the German Reich to act aggressively against
Hans Coppi - Misplaced Pages Continue
1760-409: The coded message to Coppi and be a backup operator. Both Harnack and Coppi were trained by a contact of Alexander Korotkov , in how to encode text and transmit it and Soviet espionage had settled on using the novel "Der Kurier aus Spanien" by Hans Rabl as the book cipher and a copy was entrusted to Coppi by Korotkov. Coppi collected the radio from a contact on underground station. The shortwave radio set
1815-575: The communist official Kurt Schulze to arrange delivery of another radio transmitter. Schulze secured another radio transmitter of the most modern type for Coppi and trained him in its use. At the same time a courier channel between Berlin and Gurevich in Brussels was established. Coppi made several more attempts to contact Soviet intelligence, first from his own apartment. Later he moved to the dance studio of Oda Schottmüller at 106 Charlottenburg's Reichsstrasse and when this proved unsuccessful he moved to
1870-532: The conservative historians of the German resistance contended that the Army was the only organisation with the capacity to overthrow the government and that the only valid strategy of the resistance was an elitist one that suggested "eliminating Hitler in a single stroke"; a few officers came to present the most serious threat posed to the Nazi regime. On the other hand, the Marxist-Leninist historians from
1925-474: The course of World War II 800,000 Germans were arrested by the Gestapo for resistance activities. It has also been estimated that between 15,000 and 77,000 of the Germans were executed by the Nazis. Resistance members were usually tried, mostly in show trials , by Sondergerichte (Special Courts), courts-martial , People's Courts , and the civil justice system. Many of the Germans had served in government,
1980-658: The cultural policies of the Nazis in various ways. The German Army, the Foreign Office, and Abwehr , the military intelligence organization, became sources for plots against Hitler in 1938 and again in 1939 but could not implement their plans. After the German defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943, they contacted many Army officers who were convinced that Hitler was leading Germany to disaster, although fewer who were willing to engage in overt resistance. Active resisters in this group were frequently drawn from members of
2035-424: The development of the Nazi state and what it meant for them and their future. The group eventually encompassed sculptor Cay and his wife, a receptionist, Erika von Brockdorff , the sculptor Ruthild Hahne , her husband, the merchant Wolfgang Thiess [ de ] , the architect Friedrich Schauer [ de ] , the commercial clerk Karl Böhme [ de ] , the printer Herbert Grasse and
2090-583: The disclosure of information regarding Nazi armaments factories to the Allies , as by the Austrian resistance group led by Heinrich Maier , occurred. One strategy was to persuade leaders of the Wehrmacht to stage a coup d'état against the regime; the 20 July plot of 1944 against Hitler was intended to trigger such a coup. Hundreds of thousands of Germans had deserted from the Wehrmacht , many defected to
2145-479: The electrician Eugen Neutert . As the war progressed the nature of the meetings changed from discussion to resistance at some point during October or November 1940. During the period from the late 1920s to mid-1930s, Schürmann-Horster was a dedicated promoter of political propaganda ( agit-prop , political theatre ) and had staged a number of political plays in both bars and factories. The group used these contacts of Schürmann-Horster's and their own contacts to organise
2200-542: The enemy and espionage". Hilde gave birth to their son, Hans , on 27 November 1942, while detained at the Barnimstrasse women's prison in Berlin. The couple met for the last time at a meeting at the RSHA office. Three days later, Coppi was hanged along with fellow resistance members Arvid Harnack and Harro Schulze-Boysen at Plötzensee Prison in Berlin. Hilde was executed less than a year later, on 5 August 1943, on
2255-530: The exhibit. The group decided to respond and created a number of stickers to paste onto walls. Hans and the pregnant Hilde set out for first for Lustgarten , then for Moabit then went to Wedding where they pasted the stickers. The message on the stickers that were posted over the exhibition posters was as follows: On 5 August 1942, Soviet NKVD agent Albert Hoessler [ de ] along with Red Army Intelligence agent Robert Barth (spy) [ de ] were parachuted into Germany. Hoessler had
Hans Coppi - Misplaced Pages Continue
2310-490: The fall of 1943 at least, these transmissions informed the Allies about the site plans of German production plants. The information was important to Operation Crossbow . With the location sketches of the factories, Allied bombers were given instructions on when and where to bomb. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier Group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through their contacts with
2365-935: The 💕 Look for Friedrich Schauer (Architekt) on one of Misplaced Pages's sister projects : [REDACTED] Wiktionary (dictionary) [REDACTED] Wikibooks (textbooks) [REDACTED] Wikiquote (quotations) [REDACTED] Wikisource (library) [REDACTED] Wikiversity (learning resources) [REDACTED] Commons (media) [REDACTED] Wikivoyage (travel guide) [REDACTED] Wikinews (news source) [REDACTED] Wikidata (linked database) [REDACTED] Wikispecies (species directory) Misplaced Pages does not have an article with this exact name. Please search for Friedrich Schauer (Architekt) in Misplaced Pages to check for alternative titles or spellings. You need to log in or create an account and be autoconfirmed to create new articles. Alternatively, you can use
2420-416: The group continued to co-write leaflets warning of the consequences of Nazi warmongering and Nazi rearmament. In 1935, Coppi met Hilde Coppi née Rake, a student and receptionist. As he was no longer in full-time education, Coppi needed to work to support himself. He first worked in his mother's ice-cream parlour then as a delivery boy. In November 1938, Coppi found stable employment as a lathe operator in
2475-429: The military, or in civil positions, which enabled them to engage in subversion and conspiracy. The Canadian historian Peter Hoffmann counts unspecified "tens of thousands" in Nazi concentration camps who were either suspected of or engaged in opposition. The German historian Hans Mommsen wrote that resistance in Germany was "resistance without the people" and that the number of those Germans engaged in resistance to
2530-482: The other, made politics for the peoples of Central Europe with the Allies. The decisive factor was the attempt to keep the peoples of Central Europe out of the Communist sphere of influence and to counterbalance a dominant post-war Germany. He obtained the support of Winston Churchill for a conservative "Danube Federation", in effect a restoration of Austria-Hungary, but Joseph Stalin put an end to these plans. Individual Germans or small groups of people acting as
2585-404: The period there was little or no contact between the different strands of resistance. Although some civilian resistance groups developed, it is said that they were unable to launch a full-scale movement as the opposition was atomized, since there was no adequate public support, and since there was no alternate pole of loyalty (such as an exile government) that could legitimize violent resistance, and
2640-408: The political Resistance. In Austria there were Habsburg -motivated groups. These were the special focus of the Gestapo, because their common goal—the overthrow of the Nazi regime and the re-establishment of an independent Austria under Habsburg leadership—was a special provocation for the Nazi regime, especially because Hitler bristled with hatred of the Habsburg family. Hitler diametrically rejected
2695-410: The reaction on the activities of the National Committee for a Free Germany , to a conclusion of a necessity of a democratic "people's movement" ( German : Volksbewegung ) which would turn the assassination into a starting point of political resistance and break the loyalty of the population to the Nazi system, although the plotters had no concrete planning or personnel consequences. This may be seen as
2750-958: The same day as Ursula Goetze , Maria Terwiel , Oda Schottmüller , Rose Schlösinger , Eva-Maria Buch , Cato Bontjes van Beek , Liane Berkowitz and many others. German resistance to Nazism Germany Italy Spain ( Spanish Civil War ) Albania Austria Baltic states Belgium Bulgaria Burma Czechia Denmark France Germany Greece Italy Japan Jewish Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Poland Romania Slovakia Spain Soviet Union Yugoslavia Germany Italy Netherlands Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States The German resistance to Nazism ( German : Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismus ) included unarmed and armed opposition and disobedience to
2805-413: The state and were able to continue to co-ordinate a level of opposition to Government policies. They resisted the regime's efforts to intrude on ecclesiastical autonomy but from the beginning, a minority of clergy expressed broader reservations about the new order and gradually their criticisms came to form a "coherent, systematic critique of many of the teachings of National Socialism". Some priests—such as
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#17327940324062860-533: The various resistance movements adapting and coming together. The Foreign Office and the Abwehr (Military Intelligence) also provided support to the movement. Many of those in the military who ultimately chose to seek to overthrow Adolf Hitler had initially supported the regime, if not all of its methods. Hitler's 1938 purge of the military was accompanied by increased militancy in the Nazification of Germany,
2915-439: Was built into a disguised suitcase and had a battery that lasted two hours. On 26 June 1941, Coppi began transmitting and sent the greeting, "1000 Grüsse an alle Freunde" ("A thousand greetings to all friends"). Moscow replied "We have received and read your test message. The substitution of letters for numbers and vice versa is to be done using the permanent number 38745 and the codeword Schraube" , and directing them to transmit at
2970-572: Was not recognized as a united resistance movement during the height of Nazi Germany, unlike the more organised efforts in other countries, such as Italy , Denmark , the Soviet Union , Poland , Greece , Yugoslavia , France , the Netherlands , Czechoslovakia , and Norway . The German resistance consisted of small, isolated groups that were unable to mobilize mass political opposition. Individual attacks on Nazi authority, sabotage, and
3025-643: Was transferred to the Berliner Lessing-Gymnasium, a gymnasium in the Wedding area of Mitte , Berlin. In February 1933, the Coppi family moved to the newly created garden-colony known as Am Waldessaum in Borsigwalde . After he moved, he made an attempt to rebuild the KJVD organisation in Tegel, which had been banned by the state. In September 1933, with the formalisation of the Nazi state,
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