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122-442: [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bundesautobahn 1 (translates from German as Federal Motorway 1 , short form Autobahn 1 , abbreviated as BAB 1 or A 1 ) is an autobahn in Germany . It runs from Heiligenhafen in Schleswig-Holstein to Saarbrücken , a distance of 749 km (465 mi), but is incomplete between Cologne and Trier . B 207 continues north from Heiligenhafen to Puttgarden , at

244-465: A de facto official language of Namibia after the end of German colonial rule alongside English and Afrikaans , and had de jure co-official status from 1984 until its independence from South Africa in 1990. However, the Namibian government perceived Afrikaans and German as symbols of apartheid and colonialism, and decided English would be the sole official language upon independence, stating that it

366-402: A second language , and 75–100   million as a foreign language . This would imply the existence of approximately 175–220   million German speakers worldwide. German sociolinguist Ulrich Ammon estimated a number of 289 million German foreign language speakers without clarifying the criteria by which he classified a speaker. As of 2012 , about 90   million people, or 16% of

488-612: A "commonly used" language and the Pan South African Language Board is obligated to promote and ensure respect for it. Cameroon was also a colony of the German Empire from the same period (1884 to 1916). However, German was replaced by French and English, the languages of the two successor colonial powers, after its loss in World War I . Nevertheless, since the 21st century, German has become

610-478: A Tangierung the Saarland latter was not provided, the realized planning with the triangle Nonnweiler therefore deviates significantly from the pre-war planning. The section Riegelsberg-Saarbrücken, was indeed developed in 1960 as a federal highway four lanes, but originally had no structural separation, which accidents due to wetness on the winding route were common. A central plank was therefore only retrofitted in

732-456: A bus stop for the two parts, Saarbrücken Cherschheck and Von der Heydt. Today, the bus stop is only used for rail replacement traffic of the parallel city railway line 1, of the Saarbahn, which has a stop there for both Saarbrücken districts beside the motorway ramp, and the call collection exit 168, Von der Heydt to Heinrichshaus. Also at the junction Saarbrücken -Burbach (150), the end point of

854-493: A double numbering A 1 / A 48 was used, since the time at Daun a highway triangle for a subsequent route to Cologne was planned and there was some already started with the earthworks for the ramps. But these enormous masses of earth were then overgrown and unused for well over 15 years. Only in 1997, the highway triangle itself and a few kilometers A 1 was completed to the junction Daun, the rest of construction then rested but initially again. The continuation from Trier to Saarbrücken

976-559: A greater need for regularity in written conventions. While the major changes of the MHG period were socio-cultural, High German was still undergoing significant linguistic changes in syntax, phonetics, and morphology as well (e.g. diphthongization of certain vowel sounds: hus (OHG & MHG "house") → haus (regionally in later MHG)→ Haus (NHG), and weakening of unstressed short vowels to schwa [ə]: taga (OHG "days")→ tage (MHG)). A great wealth of texts survives from

1098-637: A length of about 10 km the Baltic Sea coast is touched, which is approached up to about one kilometer at Haffkrug . Before further south the Hanseatic city of Lübeck is reached, at the triangle Bad Schwartau the A1 joins the A 226 coming from Travemünde and becomes a six-lane highway. After crossing the Lübeck city area, there is a connection to the Baltic Sea motorway A 20 in the direction of Rostock on

1220-458: A native tongue today, mostly descendants of German colonial settlers . The period of German colonialism in Namibia also led to the evolution of a Standard German-based pidgin language called " Namibian Black German ", which became a second language for parts of the indigenous population. Although it is nearly extinct today, some older Namibians still have some knowledge of it. German remained

1342-696: A popular foreign language among pupils and students, with 300,000 people learning or speaking German in Cameroon in 2010 and over 230,000 in 2020. Today Cameroon is one of the African countries outside Namibia with the highest number of people learning German. In the United States, German is the fifth most spoken language in terms of native and second language speakers after English, Spanish , French , and Chinese (with figures for Cantonese and Mandarin combined), with over 1 million total speakers. In

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1464-483: A result, the surviving texts are written in highly disparate regional dialects and exhibit significant Latin influence, particularly in vocabulary. At this point monasteries, where most written works were produced, were dominated by Latin, and German saw only occasional use in official and ecclesiastical writing. While there is no complete agreement over the dates of the Middle High German (MHG) period, it

1586-601: Is a recognized minority language in the following countries: In France, the High German varieties of Alsatian and Moselle Franconian are identified as " regional languages ", but the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of 1998 has not yet been ratified by the government. Namibia also was a colony of the German Empire, from 1884 to 1915. About 30,000 people still speak German as

1708-408: Is a speed limit of 120 km/h northbound between junctions 105 and 104, otherwise this section has no speed limit. Between junction 107 and 109 the A1 and A61 run concurrently. The motorway has three lanes each way and a variable speed limit here. Overall most of the A1 has no speed limit. The A 1 and A 2 were first planned in the 1920s . The interchange between the two ( Kamener Kreuz )

1830-612: Is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects , with many varieties existing in Europe and other parts of the world. Some of these non-standard varieties have become recognized and protected by regional or national governments. Since 2004, heads of state of the German-speaking countries have met every year, and the Council for German Orthography has been the main international body regulating German orthography . German

1952-558: Is an Indo-European language that belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages . The Germanic languages are traditionally subdivided into three branches: North Germanic , East Germanic , and West Germanic . The first of these branches survives in modern Danish , Swedish , Norwegian , Faroese , and Icelandic , all of which are descended from Old Norse . The East Germanic languages are now extinct, and Gothic

2074-478: Is called the "German Sprachraum ". German is the official language of the following countries: German is a co-official language of the following countries: Although expulsions and (forced) assimilation after the two World wars greatly diminished them, minority communities of mostly bilingual German native speakers exist in areas both adjacent to and detached from the Sprachraum. Within Europe, German

2196-430: Is complicated by the existence of several varieties whose status as separate "languages" or "dialects" is disputed for political and linguistic reasons, including quantitatively strong varieties like certain forms of Alemannic and Low German . With the inclusion or exclusion of certain varieties, it is estimated that approximately 90–95 million people speak German as a first language , 10–25   million speak it as

2318-535: Is generally seen as ending when the 1346–53 Black Death decimated Europe's population. Modern High German begins with the Early New High German (ENHG) period, which Wilhelm Scherer dates 1350–1650, terminating with the end of the Thirty Years' War . This period saw the further displacement of Latin by German as the primary language of courtly proceedings and, increasingly, of literature in

2440-611: Is generally seen as lasting from 1050 to 1350. This was a period of significant expansion of the geographical territory occupied by Germanic tribes, and consequently of the number of German speakers. Whereas during the Old High German period the Germanic tribes extended only as far east as the Elbe and Saale rivers, the MHG period saw a number of these tribes expanding beyond this eastern boundary into Slavic territory (known as

2562-565: Is less closely related to languages based on Low Franconian dialects (e.g., Dutch and Afrikaans), Low German or Low Saxon dialects (spoken in northern Germany and southern Denmark ), neither of which underwent the High German consonant shift. As has been noted, the former of these dialect types is Istvaeonic and the latter Ingvaeonic, whereas the High German dialects are all Irminonic; the differences between these languages and standard German are therefore considerable. Also related to German are

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2684-416: Is located, was formerly a motorway junction as a left-hand trumpet, which - in contrast to today - was navigable in each direction. This triangle was still referred to as Eutiner branch in the 1950s. The continuous route led north towards Ratekau on the route of today's L 181 between the L 309 and the junction Sereetz the A 1. Also this stretch was three-lane with middle passing stripes. After about 1500 meters,

2806-435: Is one of the major languages of the world . German is the second-most widely spoken Germanic language , after English, both as a first and as a second language . German is also widely taught as a foreign language , especially in continental Europe (where it is the third most taught foreign language after English and French), and in the United States. Overall, German is the fourth most commonly learned second language, and

2928-597: Is one of the three biggest newspapers in Namibia and the only German-language daily in Africa. An estimated 12,000 people speak German or a German variety as a first language in South Africa, mostly originating from different waves of immigration during the 19th and 20th centuries. One of the largest communities consists of the speakers of "Nataler Deutsch", a variety of Low German concentrated in and around Wartburg . The South African constitution identifies German as

3050-401: Is partly derived from Latin and Greek , along with fewer words borrowed from French and Modern English . English, however, is the main source of more recent loanwords . German is a pluricentric language ; the three standardized variants are German , Austrian , and Swiss Standard German . Standard German is sometimes called High German , which refers to its regional origin. German

3172-525: Is the Sachsenspiegel , the first book of laws written in Middle Low German ( c.  1220 ). The abundance and especially the secular character of the literature of the MHG period demonstrate the beginnings of a standardized written form of German, as well as the desire of poets and authors to be understood by individuals on supra-dialectal terms. The Middle High German period

3294-578: Is the only language in this branch which survives in written texts. The West Germanic languages, however, have undergone extensive dialectal subdivision and are now represented in modern languages such as English, German, Dutch , Yiddish , Afrikaans , and others. Within the West Germanic language dialect continuum, the Benrath and Uerdingen lines (running through Düsseldorf - Benrath and Krefeld - Uerdingen , respectively) serve to distinguish

3416-485: Is understood in all areas where German is spoken. Approximate distribution of native German speakers (assuming a rounded total of 95 million) worldwide: As a result of the German diaspora , as well as the popularity of German taught as a foreign language , the geographical distribution of German speakers (or "Germanophones") spans all inhabited continents. However, an exact, global number of native German speakers

3538-689: The Ostsiedlung ). With the increasing wealth and geographic spread of the Germanic groups came greater use of German in the courts of nobles as the standard language of official proceedings and literature. A clear example of this is the mittelhochdeutsche Dichtersprache employed in the Hohenstaufen court in Swabia as a standardized supra-dialectal written language. While these efforts were still regionally bound, German began to be used in place of Latin for certain official purposes, leading to

3660-639: The Alamanni , Bavarian, and Thuringian groups, all belonging to the Elbe Germanic group ( Irminones ), which had settled in what is now southern-central Germany and Austria between the second and sixth centuries, during the great migration. In general, the surviving texts of Old High German (OHG) show a wide range of dialectal diversity with very little written uniformity. The early written tradition of OHG survived mostly through monasteries and scriptoria as local translations of Latin originals; as

3782-537: The Early Middle Ages . German is an inflected language , with four cases for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives (nominative, accusative, genitive, dative); three genders (masculine, feminine, neuter) and two numbers (singular, plural). It has strong and weak verbs . The majority of its vocabulary derives from the ancient Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, while a smaller share

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3904-480: The European Union 's population, spoke German as their mother tongue, making it the second most widely spoken language on the continent after Russian and the second biggest language in terms of overall speakers (after English), as well as the most spoken native language. The area in central Europe where the majority of the population speaks German as a first language and has German as a (co-)official language

4026-522: The German states . While these states were still part of the Holy Roman Empire , and far from any form of unification, the desire for a cohesive written language that would be understandable across the many German-speaking principalities and kingdoms was stronger than ever. As a spoken language German remained highly fractured throughout this period, with a vast number of often mutually incomprehensible regional dialects being spoken throughout

4148-746: The Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , and the other being Meißner Deutsch , used in the Electorate of Saxony in the Duchy of Saxe-Wittenberg . Alongside these courtly written standards, the invention of the printing press led to the development of a number of printers' languages ( Druckersprachen ) aimed at making printed material readable and understandable across as many diverse dialects of German as possible. The greater ease of production and increased availability of written texts brought about increased standardisation in

4270-666: The Old High German language in several Elder Futhark inscriptions from as early as the sixth century AD (such as the Pforzen buckle ), the Old High German period is generally seen as beginning with the Abrogans (written c.  765–775 ), a Latin-German glossary supplying over 3,000 Old High German words with their Latin equivalents. After the Abrogans , the first coherent works written in Old High German appear in

4392-676: The Sprachraum in Europe. German is used in a wide variety of spheres throughout the country, especially in business, tourism, and public signage, as well as in education, churches (most notably the German-speaking Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia (GELK) ), other cultural spheres such as music, and media (such as German language radio programs by the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation ). The Allgemeine Zeitung

4514-550: The Standard German language in its written form, and the Duden Handbook was declared its standard definition. Punctuation and compound spelling (joined or isolated compounds) were not standardized in the process. The Deutsche Bühnensprache ( lit.   ' German stage language ' ) by Theodor Siebs had established conventions for German pronunciation in theatres , three years earlier; however, this

4636-513: The Upper German dialects spoken in the southern German-speaking countries , such as Swiss German ( Alemannic dialects ) and the various Germanic dialects spoken in the French region of Grand Est , such as Alsatian (mainly Alemannic, but also Central–and   Upper Franconian dialects) and Lorraine Franconian (Central Franconian). After these High German dialects, standard German

4758-469: The pagan Germanic tradition. Of particular interest to scholars, however, has been the Hildebrandslied , a secular epic poem telling the tale of an estranged father and son unknowingly meeting each other in battle. Linguistically, this text is highly interesting due to the mixed use of Old Saxon and Old High German dialects in its composition. The written works of this period stem mainly from

4880-493: The 1930s, but it was thought even in the future a full expansion would not be necessary due to the lower expected traffic. In 1963, the motorway routes Hamburg-Bremen and Hamburg-Lübeck were connected by a 13 km long southeast bypass around Hamburg. The centerpiece here is the Norderelbe bridge at Moorfleet, which was designed as a cable-stayed bridge. The already planned in the highway network of 1933 and planned before

5002-499: The A 1 crosses the A 24 (Hamburg-Horn-Berlin) in an elongated crossing construction, the cross Hamburg East ( Kreuz Hamburg-Ost ). At Hamburg, which is passed on its eastern side, the A 1 passes through the suburb of Billstedt and under the Hamburg-Billwerder rail yard in a tunnel that is around 240 meters long. Following this, the A 25 to Geesthacht branches off at the triangle Hamburg South-East . After crossing

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5124-451: The A 1, was until 2001, a bus stop. In the course of the further expansion of the Saarbahn, which was cancelled out due to lack of space in favour of Siedlerheim stop, which is about 750m away from the city center. To commemorate the prisoners of the war who built the highway during the Nazi period from 1939 to 1942, for the further construction of Reichsautobahn, on 27 January 2013, the day of

5246-605: The A 46 are connected to Düsseldorf on the Wuppertal-Nord cross. In now southwestern direction it goes through the hilly Bergische Land past the cities of Wuppertal and Remscheid, where the carriageways in the Blombachtal partly run separately, before starting from the cross Leverkusen with the cross with the A 3 (Emmerich-Frankfurt am Main-Passau) A 1 forms the northern and western part of the motorway ring around Cologne. After crossing Leverkusen-West (A 59 to Düsseldorf),

5368-636: The A 60 to Belgium. The four-lane federal road 50 developed route towards the Rhine-Main area (Hochmoselübergang with Hochmoselbrücke) was completed at the end of 2019. At Schweich the Moselle is crossed and the A 602 to Trier, which also represents a connection to the A 64 to Luxembourg branches off. Then the highway climbs up from the Mosel valley and crosses the heights of the Hunsrück. On the other side of

5490-723: The Empire. Its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Prague (German: Prag ) and Budapest ( Buda , German: Ofen ), to name two examples, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain; others, like Pressburg ( Pozsony , now Bratislava), were originally settled during the Habsburg period and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest, Bratislava, and cities like Zagreb (German: Agram ) or Ljubljana (German: Laibach ), contained significant German minorities. In

5612-748: The Frisian languages— North Frisian (spoken in Nordfriesland ), Saterland Frisian (spoken in Saterland ), and West Frisian (spoken in Friesland )—as well as the Anglic languages of English and Scots. These Anglo-Frisian dialects did not take part in the High German consonant shift, and the Anglic languages also adopted much vocabulary from both Old Norse and the Norman language . The history of

5734-536: The German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the Migration Period , which separated Old High German dialects from Old Saxon . This sound shift involved a drastic change in the pronunciation of both voiced and voiceless stop consonants ( b , d , g , and p , t , k , respectively). The primary effects of the shift were the following below. While there is written evidence of

5856-451: The German states; the invention of the printing press c.  1440 and the publication of Luther's vernacular translation of the Bible in 1534, however, had an immense effect on standardizing German as a supra-dialectal written language. The ENHG period saw the rise of several important cross-regional forms of chancery German, one being gemeine tiutsch , used in the court of

5978-681: The Germanic dialects that were affected by the High German consonant shift (south of Benrath) from those that were not (north of Uerdingen). The various regional dialects spoken south of these lines are grouped as High German dialects, while those spoken to the north comprise the Low German and Low Franconian dialects. As members of the West Germanic language family, High German, Low German, and Low Franconian have been proposed to be further distinguished historically as Irminonic , Ingvaeonic , and Istvaeonic , respectively. This classification indicates their historical descent from dialects spoken by

6100-655: The Irminones (also known as the Elbe group), Ingvaeones (or North Sea Germanic group), and Istvaeones (or Weser–Rhine group). Standard German is based on a combination of Thuringian - Upper Saxon and Upper Franconian dialects, which are Central German and Upper German dialects belonging to the High German dialect group. German is therefore closely related to the other languages based on High German dialects, such as Luxembourgish (based on Central Franconian dialects ) and Yiddish . Also closely related to Standard German are

6222-1033: The Italian autonomous province of South Tyrol . It is also an official language of Luxembourg , Belgium and the Italian autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia , as well as a recognized national language in Namibia . There are also notable German-speaking communities in France ( Alsace ), the Czech Republic ( North Bohemia ), Poland ( Upper Silesia ), Slovakia ( Košice Region , Spiš , and Hauerland ), Denmark ( North Schleswig ), Romania and Hungary ( Sopron ). Overseas, sizeable communities of German-speakers are found in Brazil ( Blumenau and Pomerode ), South Africa ( Kroondal ), Namibia , among others, some communities have decidedly Austrian German or Swiss German characters (e.g. Pozuzo , Peru). German

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6344-621: The Luxembourg border was renamed A 64, as well as the already finished sections in Hessen received new numbers (A 480 and A 5). On some older signposts, however, this double numbering still exists. In the early 2000s, both the continuation from Oldenberg in Holstein to the north and the gap closure in the Eifel between Blankenheim and Daun were planned and partially realized. On 20 December 2002

6466-458: The Lübeck interchange Lübecker Kreuz . From here the highway leads in a southwesterly direction through the district of Stormarn, past the small towns of Reinfeld and Bad Oldesloe to the motorway junction Bargteheide, the current terminus of the A 21 from Kiel . Two eastern suburbs of Hamburg , Bargteheide and Ahrensburg , are also connected. Shortly before reaching the Hamburg city area

6588-518: The MHG period. Significantly, these texts include a number of impressive secular works, such as the Nibelungenlied , an epic poem telling the story of the dragon -slayer Siegfried ( c.  thirteenth century ), and the Iwein , an Arthurian verse poem by Hartmann von Aue ( c.  1203 ), lyric poems , and courtly romances such as Parzival and Tristan . Also noteworthy

6710-472: The Norderelbe on a cable-stayed bridge, the main carriageway of the A 1 at the Hamburg-Süd intersection joins the main carriageway coming from Veddel , which as A 255 connects it to the Hamburg city center via Elbbrücken bridges. At the same time, the only 1.5 km long A 252 branches off into the Hamburg harbor area. After the crossing, the main carriageway of the A 1 continues back south, crosses

6832-704: The Reichsautobahn to Copenhagen was planned. Earthworks and bridge work on the island of Lolland to Guldborgsund had begun in September 1941. This section is now in operation as E 47. Northeast of Dortmund, the Kamener Cross, the second German interchange in shamrock version, was built in the course of the A 2 in the late 1930s. The first cross of this kind in Germany was the 1936 approved for traffic Schkeuditzer Cross (A 9 / A 14) near Leipzig. However, it

6954-416: The Saarland border, at the Nonnweiler junction, one must leave the main carriageway to continue on the A 1, as the continuous route forms the A 62 towards Pirmasens. The last section of the A 1 to Saarbrücken is characterized by numerous curves, with which the Saar-Nahe-Bergland is crossed. At Illingen, the A 8 (Luxembourg-Pirmasens) crosses the Saarbrücken cross, the A 1 crosses the Saarkohlenwald and ends at

7076-427: The Schwartauer Dreiecks (approximately where the right lane becomes the turning strip), the old three-lane route deviated to the east and henceforth ran about 130 meters parallel to today's route. An approximately 160-meter-long section of this original route is still preserved in a forest near Elisabethstraße in Bad Schwartau. At the point where today the junction of the motorway towards Fehmarn and Lübeck-Siems (A 226)

7198-400: The Second World War from 1942 to 1951. Even in the Eifel area was started before the Second World War with the highway. Before the war-related cessation of construction, however, only a short section in the area Hasborn could be completed one-lane. The already planned construction of the line between Bremen and Osnabrück in 1939 could not take place because of the outbreak of World War II. This

7320-399: The Süderelbe at Hamburg-Harburg and, already in Lower Saxony , crosses the A 39 to Lüneburg at Maschener Kreuz . At the following Horster Dreieck the main carriageway of the A 1 changes again, the continuous relation forms the A 7 to Hannover , while the A 1 continues with four lanes to the west. Only from the Buchholz Triangle , which ties the A 261 as a connection to the A 7 in

7442-400: The Teutoburg Forest in the Tecklenburg country requires unusually steep gradients and gradients. From Lengerich, the landscape becomes flatter again and a few miles later it merges into Münsterland. Münster / Osnabrück Airport is located directly on the A 1 and has its own connection point since 2010. After the six-lane bypass of Münster, the A 43 branches off at the Münster-Süd intersection into

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7564-458: The Weser is crossed. Behind Bremen, at the Dreieck Stuhr junction near Delmenhorst, the A28 branches off towards Oldenburg. It also serves as a fast route to the northern Netherlands . Until the triangle Ahlhorner Heide, where the A 29 from the direction of Wilhelmshaven joins, the A 1 four-lane and the nature park Wildeshauser Geest is passed through. Then it goes - partly six-, partly four-lane - back south towards Osnabrück. At Neuenkirchen-Vörden

7686-408: The commemoration of the victims of National Socialism (anniversary of the liberation of the concentration camp Auschwitz 1945) Memorial at the motorway church St. Paul in Wittlich inaugurated. It consists of two stainless steel panels, which are attached to the outer wall of the church. They are connected by a stylized highway, which turns into a barbed-wire symbolizing and blood-red colored branching at

7808-417: The connection point Blankenheim the provisional end of the northern part of the motorway is reached. The gap closure through the Eifel to Kelberg is in the planning phase. Beyond the state border with Rhineland-Palatinate, the A 1 starts again at the junction Kelberg. A few kilometers further, on the Vulkaneifel triangle near Daun, the A48 starts to Koblenz. At Wittlich the motorway exits the Eifel and connects

7930-424: The consideration of numerous existing cultural monuments. The mountain ranges Dammer mountains and Wiehengebirge had to be crossed at topographisch favorable places. Something similar had to be taken into account when crossing the Teutoburg Forest south of Osnabrück, but the motorway still has a height difference of about 100 m on a relatively short section. In the Münster area, there was a considerable deviation from

8052-419: The course of the upgrade. This explains the unusually narrow profile of the motorway in this area, which also does not have streaks here. Coming to the end of the 1970s, the A 1 between Saarbrücken and Reinsfeld was completed in sections, was missing only the gap between the Reinsfeld and the triangle Moselle valley. This 20 km long track with two larger bridge structures (Fellerbach and Molesbachtal bridge)

8174-415: The cross Leverkusen and the junction Cologne-Niehl - as well as the A 3 - was equipped with street lighting in the form of a fairy lights and subsequent single lamps. In 1965, the A 1 was completely passable in this area, in 1968 with the completion of the section Holdorf-Münster then complete from Lübeck to Cologne-West. The realization of the already planned before the war route between Daun and Saarbrücken

8296-430: The development of non-local forms of language and exposed all speakers to forms of German from outside their own area. With Luther's rendering of the Bible in the vernacular, German asserted itself against the dominance of Latin as a legitimate language for courtly, literary, and now ecclesiastical subject-matter. His Bible was ubiquitous in the German states: nearly every household possessed a copy. Nevertheless, even with

8418-404: The dialect so as to make the work as natural and accessible to German speakers as possible. Copies of Luther's Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region, translating words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Luther said the following concerning his translation method: One who would talk German does not ask the Latin how he shall do it; he must ask the mother in

8540-435: The direction of Flensburg , there are again six lanes. Before Bremen, once it crosses through the largely flat and sparsely populated land and is consistently six lanes. At the Bremer Kreuz, which lies however on Lower Saxon territory, the A 27 (Cuxhaven Walsrode) is crossed. The A 1 now connects the southern parts of Bremen. Only a few kilometers of the route are actually in the area of the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, where

8662-435: The eastern provinces of Banat , Bukovina , and Transylvania (German: Banat, Buchenland, Siebenbürgen ), German was the predominant language not only in the larger towns—like Temeschburg ( Timișoara ), Hermannstadt ( Sibiu ), and Kronstadt ( Brașov )—but also in many smaller localities in the surrounding areas. In 1901, the Second Orthographic Conference ended with a (nearly) complete standardization of

8784-618: The end of the island of Fehmarn , with a ferry to Rødby , Denmark . The part north of Hamburg is part of the Vogelfluglinie ( Migratory Birds Line ) and may be one day connected via a fixed link to Denmark (see below ). The term Hansalinie ( Hansa line ) refers to the part from Lübeck (north of Hamburg, thus overlapping the Vogelfluglinie ) south to the Ruhr Area (near Dortmund ). In Schleswig-Holstein,

8906-589: The end. The forced laborers were inmates of the Wittlich Prison, the Hinzert concentration camp and its satellite camps, as well as people of Jewish religion in Luxembourg and prisoners of war and forced laborers from Poland and the Soviet Union. The section between exit 140 (Thorley) and exit 141 (Eppelborn), the highway was upgraded to three-lanes due to an incline. It divides here in such a way that

9028-572: The entire road surface was milled out and re-asphalted. The closing of the gap in the Eifel region was continued from the Rhineland-Palatinate side. In 2005, the highway was even extended by 2.5 km north of Daun to the makeshift port at Rengen. This disappeared in October 2010, when the A 1 was extended by another 3.5 km to the junction of Gerolstein. The most recent extension was on 31 May 2012, when 2.5 km continuation of

9150-414: The expressway were realized to the junction of Kelberg. The complete closing of the gap has not yet been realized due to faltering planning due to environmental guidelines. There were still some new construction points: as part of the six-lane expansion from Hamburg to Bremen, the new junction Elsdorf was created. At the end of 2010, the junction for the airport Münster / Osnabruck (Exit 75) was released. At

9272-665: The first foothills of the low mountain ranges are passed through with the Dammer mountains. At Bramsche then follows the crossing of the Wiehengebirge and Osnabrück is bypassed to the northwest. After crossing the Osnabrück branch canal, the state border with North Rhine-Westphalia is crossed three times before the A 30 (Netherlands-Bad Oeynhausen) is crossed at the Lotte / Osnabrück cross. The southern part, where it crosses through

9394-494: The highway ended at a triangular junction south of Ratekau, where the route in the highway (today's L 309, then B 207) ended and found its end. This threading was officially called Eutin as a motorway junction, which at that time was not a geographical, but a pure direction determination. When the A 1 was extended in the early 1970s towards Neustadt, the Ratekauer branch line was cut off from the motorway network and downgraded to

9516-441: The highway leads over it; this conversion took place around 1983. North of the exit Luebeck (with this name the departure was opened 1937, later it was called Luebeck middle) ran the lanes to three strips of altogether 17 meters width (with side banquets) together. A structural separation did not exist. The middle lane was intended for overtaking for both directions. The old route was in today's 6-lane route. About 500 meters south of

9638-605: The highway was opened in 1974 between the junction Salmtal and the triangle Moselle Valley, 1975, the gap between Wittlich and Salmtal closed, making it from Koblenz to Trier continuously passable. After the introduction of the new numbering system, this highway was initially designated as A 48 and was originally intended to lead from Luxembourg via Trier, Daun, Koblenz, Wetzlar and Gießen to the Hattenbacher Dreieck. Corresponding already established sections were already provided with this number. Between Daun and Trier then

9760-435: The home, the children on the streets, the common man in the market-place and note carefully how they talk, then translate accordingly. They will then understand what is said to them because it is German. When Christ says ' ex abundantia cordis os loquitur ,' I would translate, if I followed the papists, aus dem Überflusz des Herzens redet der Mund . But tell me is this talking German? What German understands such stuff? No,

9882-481: The influence of Luther's Bible as an unofficial written standard, a widely accepted standard for written German did not appear until the middle of the eighteenth century. German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire , which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe . Until the mid-nineteenth century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of

10004-520: The initial section of the A1 (which belongs to the so-called Vogelfluglinie) begins at the junction Heiligenhafen East as a four-lane extension of the B 207 coming from the ferry port Puttgarden on the island of Fehmarn. On the peninsula Wagrien the A 1 briefly runs west, then south, past the East Holstein cities of Oldenburg in Holstein and Neustadt in Holstein . In the area of the Bay of Lübeck, for

10126-474: The junction Saarbrücken-Burbach (150) in the development area of the Saarbrücken district Malstatt. The adjoining B 268 continues to the city center of the Saarland state capital. The road has either two or three lanes each way. Congestion is possible around Hamburg, during holiday periods between Hamburg and Münster , between Dortmund and Cologne because of roadworks and especially around Cologne. During

10248-582: The largest concentrations of German speakers are in the states of Rio Grande do Sul (where Riograndenser Hunsrückisch developed), Santa Catarina , and Espírito Santo . Bundesautobahn 39 The A 39 begins north of Wolfsburg and ends at the A ;7 close to Salzgitter. It crosses the A 2 south of Wolfsburg close to Königslutter . Under construction This German road or road transport-related article

10370-402: The mother in the home and the plain man would say, Wesz das Herz voll ist, des gehet der Mund über . Luther's translation of the Bible into High German was also decisive for the German language and its evolution from Early New High German to modern Standard German. The publication of Luther's Bible was a decisive moment in the spread of literacy in early modern Germany , and promoted

10492-454: The motorway Werner district Stockum. The section Bremen-Bremen / Brinkum 1963 was opened to traffic, a year later, in 1964, the sequel to Delmenhorst. In 1965, a section at Wildeshausen and the section from Münster to the Kamener Cross was completed. 1966 was the highway after release of two further sections west and east of Wildeshausen from Bremen already to Cloppenburg consistently passable, 1967 to Holdorf. The complete gap closure to Münster

10614-714: The motorway crosses the Rhine on a large cable-stayed bridge, passes the Ford plant in Cologne-Niehl and crosses the A 57 (Goch-Krefeld-Cologne) at the junction Köln-Nord. After the change of direction to the south of the Cologne district Lövenich is traversed in a 1.5 km long noise protection housing and leave at the cross Cologne West with the A 4 (Aachen-Cologne-Olpe) the Cologne Ring again. Again four-lane now begins

10736-618: The motorway from Hamburg-Ost to Lübeck was opened to traffic. It began at Horner Kreisel in Hamburg-Horn (today the western terminus of the A 24) and led to the junction Lübeck-Zentrum. One year later, on 1 May 1938, the continuation of the route to Lübeck-Siems was released (today A 226). After the occupation of Denmark in the Second World War, a bridge connection over the Fehmarnsund (bird's flight line) and an extension of

10858-521: The national road. Until the 1990s, this section of the motorway was preserved in its original state. Thereafter, the road was extensively repaired. Noteworthy is the crossing of the bridge Schwartauer road: The bridge is still an original building and therefore as a motorway bridge wider than necessary today. The branch line to Lübeck-Siems (today's A 226) has nothing in common with the former Reichsautobahn except its start- and end-points. These building constructs were by no means intended as provisional in

10980-653: The ninth century, chief among them being the Muspilli , Merseburg charms , and Hildebrandslied , and other religious texts (the Georgslied , Ludwigslied , Evangelienbuch , and translated hymns and prayers). The Muspilli is a Christian poem written in a Bavarian dialect offering an account of the soul after the Last Judgment , and the Merseburg charms are transcriptions of spells and charms from

11102-470: The northern Ruhr area. Further south, the A 2 (Oberhausen-Hannover-Berlin) crosses at Hamm on Kamener Kreuz; The A 1 will now six lanes to Cologne and crosses a few kilometers further at Unna the A 44 (Dortmund-Kassel). After connecting Dortmund's suburb of Schwerte, the A 45 will cross to Frankfurt am Main on the Westhofener Kreuz and the A 1 will pass Hagen. Shortly before Wuppertal, the A 43 and

11224-458: The pre-war planning: If the plans of 1933 still seemed to affect Münster to the east, the decision was now made to bypass the city to the west. As a result, the federal highways 219, 54 and 51, leading in the direction of the city, could all be connected to the motorway. While in the plans of 1933 a highway from the Gladbeck area was to cross the later A 1 north of Münster, this motorway connection

11346-462: The pronunciation of the ending -ig as [ɪk] instead of [ɪç]. In Northern Germany, High German was a foreign language to most inhabitants, whose native dialects were subsets of Low German. It was usually encountered only in writing or formal speech; in fact, most of High German was a written language, not identical to any spoken dialect, throughout the German-speaking area until well into the 19th century. However, wider standardization of pronunciation

11468-402: The ring closure in the 1960s. The plan approval decision was issued in 1961 in three parts (left bank section, right bank section, Rhine bridge). The 1061 m long Rhine bridge Leverkusen as well as the two highways on Leverkusen city area were thereby equipped with wider side stripes to allow a later expansion to six lanes. A special feature in the German motorway network is that the highway between

11590-545: The rush hour the Cologne Beltway (junctions 98–104) is very busy ( AADT 100,000-120,000). It is three lanes each way. The speed limit on the Cologne Beltway is mostly 100 km/h. Northbound between junctions 103 and 102 as well as between 101 and 100 the speed limit has recently been raised to 120 km/h. South of the Cologne Beltway the A1 has two lanes each way between junctions 104 and 107. There

11712-403: The same time as construction, the motorway in the area of the new connection point has already been dimensioned for the future six-lane expansion. Another new junction was built south of the intersection Münster-Süd in the course of six-lane expansion in 2014. It bears the name Münster-Hiltrup (Exit 79A). The A 1 has at the junction of Saarbrücken-Von de Heydt (exit 148) in the direction of Trier,

11834-480: The second carriageway was missing for full expansion, this was completed in 1970. In 1974, a new numbering system for the motorways was introduced, the previously planned A11 and internally designated route from Puttgarden to Leverkusen was along with the planned sequel to the Saarbrücken to the Federal Highway 1. Since the 1970s, the highway from Lübeck was extended bit by bit to the north. North of Lübeck

11956-507: The section called Eifelautobahn. First, the Ville, a densely wooded ridge southwest of Cologne, is crossed, before joining the A 61 from the direction Venlo at the triangle Erfttal. Until the cross Bliesheim in Brühl the A 1 runs with the A 61 on a common, six-lane developed track. After leaving this one crosses the level of Jülich-Zülpicher Börde, bypasses Euskirchen and then rises in the Eifel. At

12078-411: The section from the former motorway south to north of Oldenberg in Holstein was cleared by the construction of second carriageway. As part of the completion of second carriageway, was the previous B 207 on 21 August 2005 to Gremersdorf upgraded to the highway. Since 25 August 2008, the A 1 ended at the junction Heiligenhafen-Mitte. The 3.5 km section from Heiligenhafen-Mitte to behind Heiligenhafen-Ost

12200-548: The short piece of the cross Cologne-West to the junction Frechen was handed over to traffic, a year later, in 1972, they reached as far as the Bliesheim Cross, where they are here as part of a motorway A 14 of the Dutch border near Goch to the French border near Lauterbourg was planned and built. Wisskirchen was reached in 1977, in 1981 Mechernich and in 1982 the current end of the autobahn at Blankenheim. South of Wittlich,

12322-546: The states of North Dakota and South Dakota , German is the most common language spoken at home after English. As a legacy of significant German immigration to the country , German geographical names can be found throughout the Midwest region , such as New Ulm and Bismarck (North Dakota's state capital), plus many other regions. A number of German varieties have developed in the country and are still spoken today, such as Pennsylvania Dutch and Texas German . In Brazil,

12444-500: The third most commonly learned second language in the United States in K-12 education. The language has been influential in the fields of philosophy, theology, science, and technology. It is the second most commonly used language in science and the third most widely used language on websites . The German-speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of annual publication of new books, with one-tenth of all books (including e-books) in

12566-685: The two left stripes on the left lead past a bridge pier and the right strip on the right. German language German (German: Deutsch , pronounced [dɔʏtʃ] ) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family , mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe . It is the most spoken native language within the European Union . It is the most widely spoken and official (or co-official) language in Germany , Austria , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , and

12688-462: The war route extension between Bremen and the Ruhr area (Hansalinie) could not be executed. In this area, the plans were resumed until the late 1950s. The lines of the new federal highway was determined in 1958 for the section Bremer Kreuz-Delmenhorst, 1959 for the section Kamen-Lotte and finally in 1962 for the intermediate section Delmenhorst-Lotte. The total length of this route is 214 km. The route

12810-555: The world being published in German. German is most closely related to other West Germanic languages, namely Afrikaans , Dutch , English , the Frisian languages , and Scots . It also contains close similarities in vocabulary to some languages in the North Germanic group , such as Danish , Norwegian , and Swedish . Modern German gradually developed from Old High German , which in turn developed from Proto-Germanic during

12932-600: The written form of German. One of the central events in the development of ENHG was the publication of Luther's translation of the Bible into High German (the New Testament was published in 1522; the Old Testament was published in parts and completed in 1534). Luther based his translation primarily on the Meißner Deutsch of Saxony , spending much time among the population of Saxony researching

13054-429: Was a "neutral" language as there were virtually no English native speakers in Namibia at that time. German, Afrikaans, and several indigenous languages thus became "national languages" by law, identifying them as elements of the cultural heritage of the nation and ensuring that the state acknowledged and supported their presence in the country. Today, Namibia is considered to be the only German-speaking country outside of

13176-547: Was an artificial standard that did not correspond to any traditional spoken dialect. Rather, it was based on the pronunciation of German in Northern Germany, although it was subsequently regarded often as a general prescriptive norm, despite differing pronunciation traditions especially in the Upper-German-speaking regions that still characterise the dialect of the area today – especially

13298-539: Was closed. This section of the motorway is also called Ruhrtangente. The northern part of the Cologne motorway ring was planned as 17.8 km long northern bypass Cologne from the 1960s to relieve the Heumarer triangle and the Rodenkirchen bridge and close the ring road around Cologne. Also here already existed in the 1930s planning for a closed motorway ring around Cologne. These were also largely implemented for

13420-530: Was completed in 1968. The section between the Kamen Cross and the cross Dortmund / Unna was completed in 1957. The already started before the war section Wermelskirchen-Remscheid by the Bergisches Land was further built from 1951 and was handed over to the operation on 15 July 1953. Hagen was reached in 1956. In 1961, finally, the gap of the motorway on this section between Dortmund / Unna and Hagen

13542-399: Was completed in 1983, making the A 1 between Daun and Saarbrücken completely passable. With the German reunification, it had accounted for the double numbering between the triangle Vulkaneifel and Trier. Since the section Dernbach-Wetzlar, A 48 should not be realized, the name of this was reduced to the route triangle Vulkaneifel-triangle Dernbach. The already built piece northwest of Trier to

13664-488: Was completed in the 1950s and 1960s. Just as the motorways north of the exit Lübeck Zentrum today show, they exist essentially since 1975, when the A 1 direction Neustadt / Holstein was extended. At that time, the motorways in this area were thoroughly renewed: The 2 × 2 lane highway then came from the direction of Hamburg only until today's exit Lübeck center. Here, the highway crossed the Stockelsdorfer road. Today,

13786-489: Was completely passable only after the Second World War , because the earthworks already underway on the A 1 were resting in the area of the cross due to the war. Until 1939, the first 25 kilometers from the cross Leverkusen to the northeast to the junction Wermelskirchen / Castle Burg were under traffic. The construction of the section to Remscheid with several engineering structures had to be interrupted because of

13908-537: Was done entirely without the use of heavy equipment, instead, many unemployed were forced to work service compulsory. 1937, the section between the junction Oyten and the Bremen Cross and the subsequent part of today's A 27 to Bremen Burglesum was completed. Hamburg (or the former Harburg-Wilhelmsburg) was connected from the south in 1939 by the construction of a motorway bridge over the Süderelbe. On 13 May 1937

14030-492: Was established on the basis of public speaking in theatres and the media during the 20th century and documented in pronouncing dictionaries. Official revisions of some of the rules from 1901 were not issued until the controversial German orthography reform of 1996 was made the official standard by governments of all German-speaking countries. Media and written works are now almost all produced in Standard German which

14152-472: Was influenced by the accessibility of the northern German seaports of Lübeck, Bremen and Hamburg from the Ruhr area as well as possible connections of the somewhat remote economic areas of Oldenburg and Ostfriesland with the seaports of Brake, Wilhelmshaven and Emden to the line. It was decided to line from Bremen first in the southeast and then south. The crossing of the Wildeshauser Geest required

14274-465: Was one of the first cloverleaf interchanges in Germany, opened in 1937. The groundbreaking ceremony for the construction work on the section between Hamburg and Bremen was completed on 21 March 1934 at Oyten. After just two years, on 25 July 1936, the 71-kilometer section between the Dibbersen and Oyten junctions could be opened to traffic as part of a propaganda event. The construction of this route

14396-487: Was opened to the rest on 6 July 2012. The A 1 had to be closed in from 26 July 2006 to 1 August 2006, between the Hagen-West and Westhofener Cross in the direction of Bremen, because of serious heat damage. In the construction site area, the road surface became soft and ruts arose. The 30-year-old pavement has not been able to withstand the one-sided exposure to persistently high temperatures. In this refurbished section,

14518-471: Was realized as A 43 in the 1970s and 1980s and connected to the A 1 southwest of Münster. The section south of Münster to the connection to the Kamen Cross required in the area of the crossing of the Lippe and Datteln-Hamm-channel an increase of the roadway to absorb possible subsidence, which occurred at times of mining in the Ruhr area again and again. The Werne colliery was located in the immediate vicinity of

14640-415: Was resumed in the 1960s, but initially as a single lane B 408th This should lead from the triangle Dernbach to Landstuhl. The section Kaisersesch-Wittlich was completed in 1965 in one lane. Due to a French ammunition warehouse at Hasborn this was initially interrupted and after clearance by the French authorities from 1 July 1968 continuously passable. After this route had been upgraded to the motorway in 1967,

14762-404: Was tackled in the 1970s and early 1980s. First emerged in the 1970s in the context of a full expansion of 1960 and 1964 as federal highway 268 or 327 built single-lane and 1969 in A 171 umgewidmeten track sections Saarbrücken-Riegelsberg and Illingen-Eppelborn. Originally, this federal road should continue to Hermeskeil and meet there on the B 408 Koblenz-Trier-Landstuhl. In the plans from the 1930s,

14884-480: Was the motorway junction Bad Schwartau in the form of a fork, from which the previously continuous connection from Hamburg to Lübeck-Siems now branches off as A 226. In 1975, the section from Bad Schwartau to Neustadt in Holstein was completed, in 1979 they reached as far as Lensahn, 1980 then Oldenburg in Holstein-South. Also, from the 1970s, the A 1 was gradually extended towards the Eifel. As early as 1971,

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