Misplaced Pages

#594405

92-399: When harassing behaviors become repetitive, it is defined as bullying . The continuity or repetitiveness and the aspect of distressing, alarming or threatening may distinguish it from insult . It also constitutes a tactic of coercive control , which may be deployed by an abuser in the context of domestic violence . Harassment is a specific form of discrimination , and occurs when a person is

184-612: A crime is committed in the process and motives similar to those described above are subsequently proven in court, then those motives may be considered an aggravating factor in many jurisdictions, thus subjecting the offender(s) to a stiffer sentence . Harassment directs multiple repeating obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals focusing, for example, on the targets' race, religion, gender, nationality, disability, or sexual orientation. This often occurs in chat rooms, through newsgroups, and by sending hate e-mail to interested parties. This may also include stealing photos of

276-490: A school , family, or the workplace , the home, and within neighborhoods. When bullying occurs in college and university settings, the practice is known as ragging in certain countries, especially those of the Indian subcontinent. The main platform for bullying in contemporary culture involves the use of social media websites. In a 2012 study of male adolescent American football players, "the strongest predictor [of bullying]

368-622: A bully, others may find it very difficult and reach a breaking point. There have been cases of apparent bullying suicides that have been reported closely by the media. These include the deaths of Ryan Halligan , Phoebe Prince , Dawn-Marie Wesley , Nicola Ann Raphael , Megan Meier , Audrie Pott , Tyler Clementi , Jamey Rodemeyer , Kenneth Weishuhn , Jadin Bell , Kelly Yeomans , Rehtaeh Parsons , Amanda Todd , Brodie Panlock , Jessica Haffer, Hamed Nastoh , Sladjana Vidovic , April Himes, Cherice Moralez and Rebecca Ann Sedwick . According to

460-504: A bully, were more likely to experience depression or serious suicidal ideation than the other roles, victims or bullies only, while girls who have any involvement in bullying have a higher level of risk for depression. In a study of high school students completed in Boston, students who self reported being victims of bullying were more likely to consider suicide when compared to youth who did not report being bullied. The same study also showed

552-558: A combination of antisocial traits and depression was found to be the best predictor of youth violence, whereas video game violence and television violence exposure were not predictive of these behaviors. Bullying may also result from a genetic predisposition or a brain abnormality in the bully. While parents can help a toddler develop emotional regulation and control to restrict aggressive behavior, some children fail to develop these skills due to insecure attachment with their families, ineffective discipline, and environmental factors such as

644-541: A frequent antecedent of bullying victimization. Victims of traditional bullying tend to have lower global, social, body-related, and emotional self-esteem compared to uninvolved students. Victims of cyberbullying, on the other hand, may not have lower self-esteem scores than uninvolved students but might have higher body-related self-esteem than both victims of traditional bullying and bullies. It has also been shown that victims are more likely to employ self-defeating or self-deprecating humor intended to entertain others at

736-459: A group, typically referred to as mobbing , in which the bully may have one or more followers who are willing to assist the primary bully or who reinforce the bully's behavior by providing positive feedback such as laughing. Bullying in school and in the workplace is also referred to as "peer abuse" . Robert W. Fuller has analyzed bullying in the context of rankism . The Swedish-Norwegian researcher Dan Olweus stated that bullying occurs when

828-412: A higher level of depression than victims experiencing other forms of bullying. This can be related to the anonymity behind social media. If a teen is being bullied and is displaying symptoms of depression it should be questioned and interventions should be implemented. The Danish study showed that kids who are bullied talked to their parents and teachers about it and some reported a decrease in bullying or

920-555: A higher risk of suicidal consideration in youth who report being a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator. Victims and victim-bullies are associated with a higher risk of suicide attempts. The place where youth live also appears to differentiate their bullying experiences such that those living in more urban areas who reported both being bullied and bullying others appear to show higher risk of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. A national survey given to American 6th through 10th grade students found that cyberbullying victims experience

1012-411: A job (sexual coercion, etc.). It includes unwanted and unwelcome words, facial expressions, sexual attention, deeds, actions, symbols, or behaviors of a sexual nature that make the target feel uncomfortable. This can involve visual or suggestive looks or comments, staring at a person's body, or the showing of inappropriate photos. It can happen anywhere, but is most common in the workplace , schools , and

SECTION 10

#1732791953595

1104-426: A large group of relatively uninvolved bystanders. In many cases, it is the bully's ability to create the illusion they have the support of the majority present that instills the fear of "speaking out" in protestation of the bullying activities being observed by the group. Unless the "bully mentality" is effectively challenged in any given group in its early stages, it often becomes an accepted, or supported, norm within

1196-605: A long time without being noticed. Cyberbullying involves the use of technology (typically the internet ) in order to harass, threaten, embarrass, or target another person. When an adult is involved, it may meet the definition of cyber-harassment or cyberstalking , a crime that can have legal consequences and possibly involve penalties such as jail time when cases are reported and the perpetrators are legally prosecuted. This includes bullying by use of email, instant messaging, social media websites (such as Facebook ), text messages, and phone calls from cell phones or mobile devices. It

1288-709: A loss of appetite, a lack of interest in school activities, or in spending time with friends or family, reluctance to go out in public for fear they may encounter their bullies in public places other than school, and having an overall sense of sadness. Mona O'Moore of the Anti-Bullying Centre at Trinity College in Dublin, has written, "There is a growing body of research which indicates that individuals, whether child or adult, who are persistently subjected to abusive behavior are at risk of stress related illness which can sometimes lead to suicide ." Those who have been

1380-547: A negative family, school and community environments and be noticeably rejected and isolated by peers." Victims often have characteristics such as being physically and mentally weak, as well as being easily distraught emotionally. They may also have physical characteristics that make them easier targets for bullies such as being overweight or having some type of physical deformity. Boys are more likely to be victims of physical bullying while girls are more likely to be bullied indirectly. Low levels of self-esteem has been identified as

1472-668: A person is "exposed, repeatedly and over time, to negative actions on the part of one or more other persons", and that negative actions occur "when a person intentionally inflicts injury or discomfort upon another person, through physical contact, through words or in other ways". Individual bullying is usually characterized by a person using coercive, intimidating, or hurtful words or comments, exerting threatening or intimidating behavior, or using harmful physical force in order to gain power over another person. A bullying culture can develop in any context in which humans regularly interact with one another. This may include settings such as within

1564-534: A policy of equal respect for both sexes. In Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , 477 U.S. 57 (1986): the U.S. Supreme Court recognized harassment suits against employers for promoting a sexually hostile work environment . In 2006, President George W. Bush signed a law which prohibited the transmission of annoying messages over the Internet ( aka spamming ) without disclosing the sender's true identity. An important standard in U.S. federal harassment law

1656-400: A recent study, bullies showed lower school performance-related self-esteem than non-involved students. They also showed higher social self-esteem than victims of traditional bullying. Brain studies have shown that the section of the brain associated with reward becomes active when bullies are shown a video of someone inflicting pain on another. Often, bullying takes place in the presence of

1748-435: A relation of haro / hare with the old lower Franconian *hara (here) (as by bringing a dog to heel). While the pejorative of an exclamation and in particular of such an exclamation is theoretically possible for the first word ( harace ) and maybe phonetically plausible for harache , a semantic, syntactic and phonetic similarity of the verb harasser as used in the first popular attestation (the chant mentioned above) with

1840-401: A situation where they are being taunted, tortured, and "beaten up" by their classmates. Physical bullying will often escalate over time, and can lead to a detrimental or fatal ending, and therefore many try to stop it quickly when such cases are reported or observed in order to prevent any further escalation. Verbal bullying is one of the most common types of bullying. This is any bullying that

1932-437: A source of entertainment. Other researchers also argued that a minority of the bullies, those who are not in-turn bullied, enjoy going to school, and are least likely to take days off sick. Research indicates that adults who bully have authoritarian personalities, combined with a strong need to control or dominate. It has also been suggested that a prejudicial view of subordinates can be a particularly strong risk factor. In

SECTION 20

#1732791953595

2024-444: A specific religion. Religious abuse is abuse due to religious settings. Religious harassment can include coercion into forced conversion . Sexual harassment is an offensive or humiliating behavior that is related to a person's sex. It can be a subtle or overt sexual nature of a person (sexual annoyance, e.g. flirting, expression of sexuality, etc.) that results in wrong communication or miscommunication, implied sexual conditions of

2116-496: A stop in the bullying after a teacher or parent intervened. The study emphasizes the importance of implementing program-collaborations in schools to have programs and anti-bullying interventions in place to prevent and properly intervene when it occurs. The study also shows the importance of having parents and teachers talk to the bullies about their bullying behavior in order to provide the necessary support for those experiencing bullying. While some people find it very easy to ignore

2208-516: A strategy is often sought because it avoids costly legal expenses and potential problems with eviction . This kind of activity is common in regions where rent control laws exist, but which do not allow the direct extension of rent-controlled prices from one tenancy to the subsequent tenancy, thus allowing landlords to set higher prices. Landlord harassment carries specific legal penalties in some jurisdictions , but enforcement can be very difficult or even impossible in many circumstances. However, when

2300-489: A stressful home life and hostile siblings. Moreover, according to some researchers, bullies may be inclined toward negativity and perform poorly academically. Dr. Cook says, "A typical bully has trouble resolving problems with others and also has trouble academically. He or she usually has negative attitudes and beliefs about others, feels negatively toward himself/herself, comes from a family environment characterized by conflict and poor parenting, perceives school as negative and

2392-491: A target of bullying can teach a child "how to manage disputes and boost their ability to interact with others", and that teachers should not intervene but leave children to respond to the bullying themselves. Others, however, have pointed out that this is only true for normal peer conflicts but not for bullying cases. The teaching of anti-bullying coping skills to children, carers and teachers has been found to be an effective long-term means of reducing bullying incidence rates and

2484-892: A tool to conceal shame or anxiety or to boost self-esteem: by demeaning others, the abuser feels empowered. Bullies may bully out of jealousy or because they themselves are bullied. Psychologist Roy Baumeister asserts that people who are prone to abusive behavior tend to have inflated but fragile egos. Because they think too highly of themselves, they are frequently offended by the criticisms and lack of deference of other people, and react to this disrespect with violence and insults. Researchers have identified other risk factors such as depression and personality disorders , as well as quickness to anger and use of force, addiction to aggressive behaviors, mistaking others' actions as hostile, concern with preserving self-image , and engaging in obsessive or rigid actions. A combination of these factors may also be causes of this behavior. In one study of youth,

2576-413: A valuable skill-set for individuals. Statistically controlling for age and pubertal status, results indicated that on average verbally bullied girls produced less testosterone, and verbally bullied boys produced more testosterone than their nonbullied counterparts. Research on the dark triad ( narcissism , Machiavellianism , and psychopathy ) indicate a correlation with bullying as part of evidence of

2668-404: A victim. Psychologists have identified evidence of auditory hallucinations , delusional disorders , or other mental disorders in online communities supporting those who claim to be targeted. Landlord harassment is the willing creation, by a landlord or his agents, of conditions that are uncomfortable for one or more tenants in order to induce willing abandonment of a rental contract . Such

2760-415: Is a form of bullying common among youth, but more particularly upon girls. Social exclusion (slighting or making someone feel "left out") is one of the most common types of relational bullying. Relational bullying can be used as a tool by bullies to both improve their social standing and in order to control others. Unlike physical bullying, which is obvious, relational bullying is not overt and can continue for

2852-464: Is a form of political and psychological abuse , and bullying . This is humiliating, intimidating or abusive behavior which is often difficult to detect, leaving no evidence other than victim reports or complaints. This characteristically lowers a person's self-esteem or causes one to have overwhelming torment. This can take the form of verbal comments, engineered episodes of intimidation, aggressive actions or repeated gestures. Falling into this category

Harassment - Misplaced Pages Continue

2944-526: Is a more broad approach or motivation than with the engagement of hate crimes. There are also cases being researched now and in the more recent years regarding the phenomenon called "cyberbullying" , which takes place in the virtual or electronic world, typically over the internet. Physical, verbal, and relational bullying are most prevalent in primary school and could also begin much earlier while continuing into later stages of individual's lives. The cases of cyberbullying usually start in early adolescence, when

3036-406: Is associated with depression even a couple years later. Another study that followed up with Finnish teens two years after the initial survey showed that depression and suicidal ideation is higher with teens who are bullied than those who did not report experiencing bullying. A Dutch longitudinal study on elementary students reported that boys who are bully-victims, who play both roles of a victim and

3128-802: Is conducted by speaking, other use of the voice, or some form of body language, and does not involve any form of physical contact. Bullying usually begins at this stage and includes any of the following: In verbal bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is their voice. In many cases, verbal bullying is common in both genders. However, girls are more likely to perform this type of bullying compared to boys. Girls, in general, are also more subtle with insults than boys. Girls use verbal bullying, as well as social exclusion techniques, to dominate and control other individuals and show their superiority and power, often to try to impress someone they idolize. Many boys are subtle enough to use verbal techniques for dominance, and often exhibit this type of bullying when they want to avoid

3220-624: Is growing research to suggest interventions should build on the foundation that bullying is morally wrong. Among adults, being a bystander to workplace bullying was linked to depression. The Bystander effect can be detrimental to the person being bullied. People are less likely to stand up for someone or something when others are around. In the case of cyberbullying, people that see bullying happen on social media are less likely to say something back, whether online or in person. People can have good intentions and want to help, but with no action, nothing will be accomplished. "The act of others stepping in

3312-399: Is harassment or unwelcome attention of a political nature, often occurring in the environment of a workplace including hospitals, schools and universities. It includes a range of behavior from mild irritation and annoyances to serious abuses which can even involve forced activity beyond the boundaries of the job description. Power harassment is considered a form of illegal discrimination and

3404-482: Is known as "mobbing" , and can include any of the individual types of bullying. Trolling behavior on social media, although generally assumed to be individual in nature by casual readers, is sometimes a result of organized efforts made by sponsored astroturfers . Mobbing refers to the bullying of an individual by a group, in any context, such as a family , peer group , school , workplace , neighborhood , community , or online. When it occurs as emotional abuse in

3496-427: Is negatively influenced by peers." Contrarily, some researchers have suggested that some bullies are psychologically strongest and have high social standing among their peers, while their targets are emotionally distressed and socially marginalized. Peer groups often promote the bully's actions, and members of these peer groups also engage in behaviors, such as mocking, excluding, punching, and insulting one another as

3588-444: Is present in extreme forms of bullying, such as hate crimes. A hate crime is when a perpetrator harms a victim because they perceive them to be a member of an outgroup that they are biased against. Perpetrators often harm victims that are perceived as belonging to a group based on their race, ethnicity, skin color, religion, nationality, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and or disability. Both bullying and hate crimes involve

3680-427: Is rarely the first form of bullying that a victim will experience. Often, bullying will begin in a different form and later progress to physical violence. In physical bullying, the main weapon the bully uses is their body, or some part thereof; or an object as a weapon when attacking their victim. Sometimes groups of young adults will target and alienate a peer because of some adolescent prejudice. This can quickly lead to

3772-548: Is stated that Cyberbullying is more common in secondary school than in primary school. The internet provides people with limited accountability and often with no filter. Bullying can feel easier and less restrictive through the use of the internet. This phenomenon is described and detailed in a principle (or effect), called "the online disinhibition effect " . The use of technology for purposes of bullying can be detrimental to someone's online reputation. The information published online will often remain there indefinitely, unless it

Harassment - Misplaced Pages Continue

3864-534: Is supposed that the verb is used meaning overtired . A hypothesis about the origin of the verb harasser is harace / harache , which was used in the 14th century in expressions like courre à la harache (to pursue) and prendre aucun par la harache (to take somebody under constraint). The Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch , a German etymological dictionary of the French language (1922–2002) compares phonetically and syntactically both harace and harache to

3956-434: Is taken down or removed by the person who published it, or by moderators of the website or platform, or (if allowed) by other users. Future employers and other people with access to the internet will be able to see others' digital footprint and how individuals behaved or treated other people - especially if concerted efforts are allocated in order to search for and find any posts, webpages, or content that may negatively impact

4048-524: Is that to be unlawful, the offending behavior either must be "severe or pervasive enough to create a work environment that a reasonable person would consider intimidating, hostile, or abusive," or that enduring the offensive conduct becomes a condition of continued employment; e.g. if the employee is fired or threatened with firing upon reporting the conduct. The LAD prohibits employers from discriminating in any job-related action, including recruitment, interviewing, hiring, promotions, discharge, compensation and

4140-565: Is the etymological relation to the Arabic word for horse whose roman transliteration is faras . Although the French origin of the word 'harassment' is beyond all question in the Oxford English Dictionary and those dictionaries basing on it, a supposed Old French verb harer should be the origin of the French verb harasser , despite the fact that this verb cannot be found in French etymologic dictionaries like that of

4232-486: Is the most anonymous form of bullying. Cyberbullying includes abuse using email, instant messaging, text messaging, websites, and social networking sites. Particular watchdog organizations have been designed to contain the spread of cyberbullying. Tr%C3%A9sor de la langue fran%C3%A7aise informatis%C3%A9 The Trésor de la langue française informatisé or TLFi ( French pronunciation: [tʁezɔʁ də la lɑ̃ɡ fʁɑ̃sɛːz ɛ̃fɔʁmatize] ; "Digitized Treasury of

4324-482: Is the offensive, belittling or threatening behavior directed at an individual worker or a group of workers. Workplace harassment can be verbal, physical, sexual, racial, or bullying. Recently, matters of workplace harassment have gained interest among practitioners and researchers as it is becoming one of the most sensitive areas of effective workplace management. In some East Asian countries, it has attracted substantial attention from researchers and governments since

4416-409: Is the use of force, coercion , hurtful teasing , comments, or threats, in order to abuse , aggressively dominate , or intimidate one or more others. The behavior is often repeated and habitual. One essential prerequisite is the perception (by the bully or by others) that an imbalance of physical or social power exists or is currently present. This perceived presence of physical or social imbalance

4508-534: Is typically repetitive and enacted by those who are in a position of power over the victim. A growing body of research illustrates a significant relationship between bullying and emotional intelligence (EI). Mayer et al., (2008) defines the dimensions of overall EI as "accurately perceiving emotion, using emotions to facilitate thought, understanding emotion, and managing emotion". The concept combines emotional and intellectual processes. Lower emotional intelligence appears to be related to involvement in bullying, as

4600-430: Is what distinguishes the behavior from being interpreted or perceived as bullying from instead being interpreted or perceived as conflict . Bullying is a subcategory of aggressive behavior characterized by hostile intent, the goal (whether consciously or subconsciously) of addressing or attempting to "fix" the imbalance of power, as well as repetition over a period of time. Bullying can be performed individually or by

4692-462: Is what will stop bullying". To stop the Bystander effect, people should be confident and stand up for what they believe in. Do not worry what people think of you, rather think of what the benefits can be for the person being bullied. Dr. Cook says, "A typical victim is likely to be aggressive, lack social skills, think negative thoughts, experience difficulties in solving social problems, come from

SECTION 50

#1732791953595

4784-399: Is workplace harassment by individuals or groups mobbing . The targeting of an individual because of their race or ethnicity. The harassment may include words, deeds, and actions that are specifically designed to make the target feel degraded due to their race or ethnicity. Religious persecution is verbal, psychological or physical harassment against targets because they choose to practice

4876-536: The Centre national de resources textuelles et lexicales or the Trésor de la langue française informatisé (see also their corresponding websites as indicated in the interlinks); since the entry further alleges a derivation from hare , like in the mentioned German etymological dictionary of the French language a possible misprint of harer = har/ass/er = harasser is plausible or cannot be excluded. In those dictionaries

4968-506: The Dutch : boel , "lover, brother", probably diminutive of Middle High German : buole , "brother", of uncertain origin (compare with the German word buhle "lover"). The meaning deteriorated through the 17th century through "fine fellow", "blusterer", to "harasser of the weak". This may have been as a connecting sense between "lover" and "ruffian" as in "protector of a prostitute ", which

5060-494: The military . Even if certain civility codes were relevant in the past, the changing cultural norms calls for policies to avoid intentional fallacies between sexes and among same sexes. Women are substantially more likely to be affected than men. The main focus of groups working against sexual harassment has been the protection of women, but in recent years awareness has grown of the need to protect LGBTQ (for right of gender expression), transgender women and men. Workplace harassment

5152-456: The semantic analysis of the TLF and its analysis in several domains: definitions, usage examples, and semantic and lexical information. Taking advantage of the rich database extracted from its analysis, the dictionary offers not only the capability to search by entry but also the possibility to do more complex searches. The hypertext interface allows for referencing across different versions of

5244-542: The 1980s, because aggressive behaviors have become a significant source of work stress, as reported by employees. Under occupational health and safety laws around the world, workplace harassment and workplace bullying are identified as being core psychosocial hazards. Harassment, under the laws of the United States, is defined as any repeated or continuing uninvited contact that serves no useful purpose beyond creating alarm, annoyance, or emotional distress. In 1964,

5336-472: The English verb harass plus the suffix -ment . The verb harass , in turn, is a loan word from the French, which was already attested in 1572 meaning torment, annoyance, bother, trouble and later as of 1609 was also referred to the condition of being exhausted, overtired . Of the French verb harasser itself there are the first records in a Latin to French translation of 1527 of Thucydides ' History of

5428-603: The French Language") is a digital version of the Trésor de la langue française or TLF ("Treasury of the French Language"), a 16-volume dictionary of the French language of the 19th and 20th centuries, which was published between 1971 and 1994. It is freely available via a web interface. It was previously sold as a CD-ROM for Mac and Windows. Since 2008, there are applications for macOS, iOS and Android. The TLFi

5520-867: The National Institute of the French Language (INaLF) with the help of Alain Rey and Bernard Cerquiglini . The online version of the dictionary is presented without any modifications or updates. In 2001, the INaLF and Nancy 2 University collaborated to create the ATILF, a research lab associated with the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine. The dictionary became available on CD-ROM on November 5, 2004, for Windows and Mac OS X. The dictionary stems from

5612-662: The UK alone because they are being bullied. Certain groups seem to incur a higher risk for suicide, such as Native Americans , Alaskan Natives , Asian Americans , and LGBT people. When someone feels unsupported by family or friends, it can make the situation much worse for the victim. In a self-report study completed in New York by 9th through 12th graders, victims of bullying reported more depressive symptoms and psychological distress than those who did not experience bullying. All types of involvement in bullying among both boys and girls

SECTION 60

#1732791953595

5704-548: The United States Congress passed Title VII of the Civil Rights Act which prohibited discrimination at work on the basis of race, color, religion, national origin and sex. This later became the legal basis for early harassment law. The practice of developing workplace guidelines prohibiting harassment was pioneered in 1969, when the U.S. Department of Defense drafted a Human Goals Charter, establishing

5796-514: The aversive nature of those traits. Studies have shown that bullying behavior is positively correlated with Dark Triad traits. Out of the three traits of the Dark Triad, psychopathy is most strongly correlated to bullying. It is posited that this is because aggression related to psychopathy is more likely to be unprovoked than Machiavellianism and narcissism. This holds true in traditional bullying as well as with cyberbullying. Psychopathy has

5888-410: The body of literature into different types. These can be in the form of nonverbal, verbal, or physical behavior. Another classification is based on the perpetrators or the participants involved, so that the types include individual and collective bullying. Other interpretation also cite emotional and relational bullying in addition to physical harm inflicted towards another person or even property. This

5980-494: The bully and/or the victim of bullying. EI seems to play an important role in both bullying behavior and victimization in bullying; given that EI is illustrated to be malleable, EI education could greatly improve bullying prevention and intervention initiatives. Cyberbullying is any bullying done through the use of technology. This form of bullying can easily go undetected because of lack of authoritative (including parental) supervision. Because bullies can pose as someone else, it

6072-513: The devaluing and disrespecting of another person for what is deemed or determined by the perpetrator to be justified reasons. Yet, not all bullying is considered to be a hate crime. Bullies often select their victims because of specific characteristics that the bully views as nonconforming to their specific requirements or sense of belonging. This means that individuals in minority groups are more likely to be targeted. However, bullies usually choose victims that are more available and or vulnerable. This

6164-468: The dictionary. The TLFi contains definitions, examples from literary excerpts, technical field usages guides, information on semantics, history, etymology, grammar, usages, and synonyms and antonyms as well as hierarchical analyses linking these individual pieces of information. The dictionary is composed of many different elementary components (definitions, examples, technical usage guides, etc) that allow complex searches at multiple levels: The content of

6256-551: The expense of themselves and their own feelings. The results of a meta-analysis conducted by Cook and published by the American Psychological Association in 2010 concluded the main risk factors for children and adolescents being bullied, and also for becoming bullies, are the lack of social problem-solving skills. Children who are bullied often show physical or emotional signs, such as: being afraid to attend school, complaining of headaches or

6348-635: The form of differential treatment or statements and conduct that reflect discriminatory animus or bias. In 1984, the Canadian Human Rights Act prohibited sexual harassment in workplaces under federal jurisdiction. In the UK, there are a number of laws protecting people from harassment, including the Protection from Harassment Act 1997 and the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 . Bullying Bullying

6440-470: The group. Unless action is taken, a " culture of bullying " is often perpetuated within a group for months, years, or longer. Bystanders who have been able to establish their own "friendship group" or "support group" have been found to be far more likely to opt to speak out against bullying behavior than those who have not. In addition to communication of clear expectations that bystanders should intervene and increasing individual self-efficacy , there

6532-464: The interjection hare and haro by alleging a pejorative and augmentative form. The latter was an exclamation indicating distress and emergency (recorded since 1180) but is also reported later in 1529 in the expression crier haro sur (to arise indignation over somebody). hare ' s use is already reported in 1204 as an order to finish public activities as fairs or markets and later (1377) still as command but referred to dogs. This dictionary suggests

6624-490: The possession, ownership, or occurrence of cellular or mobile devices are more common. Individual bullying tactics are perpetrated by a single person against one or more victims. Individual bullying can be classified into four types. Physical bullying is any bullying that physically harms someone's body or damages their possessions. Stealing, shoving, hitting, fighting, pantsing. and intentionally destroying someone's property are examples of physical bullying. Physical bullying

6716-455: The present day, the bully pulpit refers to the use of a high position to influence the general public's thoughts and to initiate changes. The term "bully" has been significantly modified through the years, and through language translations, it has shifted from terms of endearment to a form of sarcastic jesting, and then to one or more actions made against others, as well as behavior or activity to be fearful of. Bullying has been classified by

6808-404: The relationship with harassment were an interpretation of the interjection hare as to urge a dog to attack , despite the fact that it should indicate a shout to come and not to go ( hare = hara = here ; cf. above). The American Heritage Dictionary prudently indicates this origin only as possible. Electronic harassment is the unproven belief of the use of electromagnetic waves to harass

6900-416: The strongest correlations, followed by Machiavellianism, and narcissism. Although the lower of the three, narcissism is still correlated, being more prevalent in types of indirect bullying than physical bullying. A bully may project their own feelings of vulnerability onto the target(s) of the bullying activity. Despite the fact that a bully's typically denigrating activities are aimed at the bully's targets,

6992-422: The suicide awareness voices for education, suicide is one of the leading causes of death for youth from 15 to 24 years old. Over 16 percent of students seriously consider suicide, 13 percent create a plan, and 8 percent have made a serious attempt. Some have argued that bullying can teach life lessons and instill strength. Helene Guldberg, a child development academic, sparked controversy when she argued that being

7084-415: The target person's evaluation or eligibility for a position. Another problem with cyberbullying is the possibility that other people are able to get involved. Technology, especially the use of social media, allows others to repost or share published content, whether it is positive or negative. Collective bullying tactics are employed by more than one individual against one or more victims. Collective bullying

7176-426: The targets of bullying can develop long-term emotional and behavioral problems. Bullying can cause loneliness , depression , anxiety , lead to low self-esteem and increased susceptibility to illness. Bullying has also been shown to cause maladjustment in young children, and targets of bullying who were also bullies themselves exhibit even greater social difficulties. A mental health report also found that bullying

7268-472: The term "bullying" , while some states in the United States currently have laws specifically against it. Bullying is divided into four basic types of abuse: psychological (sometimes referred to as "emotional" or "relational" ), verbal , physical , and cyber (or "electronic" ), though an encounter can fall into more than one of these categories. Behaviors used to assert such domination may include physical assault or coercion, verbal harassment , or

7360-636: The terms, conditions and privileges of employment on the basis of any of the law's specified protected categories. These protected categories are race, creed, color, national origin, nationality, ancestry, age, sex (including pregnancy and sexual harassment), marital status, domestic partnership status, affectional or sexual orientation, atypical hereditary cellular or blood trait, genetic information, liability for military service, or mental or physical disability, including HIV/AIDS and related illnesses. The LAD prohibits intentional discrimination based on any of these characteristics. Intentional discrimination may take

7452-440: The trouble or possible consequences that can come with physically bullying someone else. Relational bullying (sometimes referred to as social aggression) is the type of bullying that uses relationships to hurt others. The term also denotes any bullying that is done with the intent to hurt somebody's reputation or social standing which can also link in with the techniques included in physical and verbal bullying. Relational bullying

7544-500: The true source of such negativity is ultimately almost always found in the bully's own sense of personal insecurity and/or vulnerability. Such aggressive projections of displaced negative emotions can occur anywhere from the micro-level of interpersonal relationships, all the way up through to the macro-level of international politics, or even international armed conflict. Bullying is abusive social interaction between peers which can include aggression, harassment, and violence. Bullying

7636-416: The use of threats , and such acts may be directed repeatedly toward particular targets. Rationalizations of such behavior sometimes include differences of social class, race, religion, gender, sexual orientation, appearance, behavior, body language, personality, reputation, lineage, strength, size, or ability. The word "bully" was first used in the 1530s, meaning "sweetheart", applied to either sex, from

7728-511: The victim and their families, doctoring these photos in offensive ways, and then posting them on social media with the aim of causing emotional distress (see cyberbullying , cyberstalking , hate crime , online predator , Online Gender-Based Violence , and stalking ). Unfair treatment conducted by law officials, including but not limited to excessive force , profiling , threats , coercion , and racial, ethnic, religious, gender/sexual, age, or other forms of discrimination . Power harassment

7820-518: The victim of unwanted intimidating, offensive, or humiliating behavior. To qualify as harassment, there must be a connection between the harassing behavior and a person's protected personal characteristics or prohibited grounds of discrimination, and the harassment must occur in a protected area. Although harassment typically involves behavior that persists over time, serious and malicious one-off incidents are also considered harassment in some cases. Attested in English from 1753, harassment derives from

7912-679: The war that was between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians both in the countries of the Greeks and the Romans and the neighboring places wherein the translator writes harasser allegedly meaning harceler (to exhaust the enemy by repeated raids); and in the military chant Chanson du franc archer of 1562, where the term is referred to a gaunt jument ( de poil fauveau, tant maigre et harassée : of fawn horsehair, so meagre and …) where it

8004-456: The word haras should be kept in mind: Already in 1160 haras indicated a group of horses constrained together for the purpose of reproduction and in 1280 it also indicated the enclosure facility itself, where those horses are constrained. The origin itself of harass is thought to be the old Scandinavian hârr with the Romanic suffix –as, which meant grey or dimmish horsehair . Controversial

8096-533: The workplace, such as "ganging up" by co-workers, subordinates or superiors , to force someone out of the workplace through rumor , innuendo , intimidation , humiliation , discrediting , and isolation , it is also referred to as malicious, nonsexual, nonracial/racial, general harassment . Studies have shown that envy and resentment may be motives for bullying. Research on the self-esteem of bullies has produced equivocal results. While some bullies are arrogant and narcissistic, they can also use bullying as

8188-627: Was created by the Analyse et traitement informatique de la langue française (ATILF; Computer Processing and Analysis of the French Language) joint research group, a collaboration between the French National Center for Scientific Research and the University of Lorraine . French linguist Alain Rey participated in its creation. The first upload of the TLFi took place in the early '90s at

8280-461: Was linked to eating disorders, anxiety, body dysmorphia and other negative psychological effects. Both victims and perpetrators have been shown to exhibit higher levels of loneliness. Even though there is evidence that bullying increases the risk of suicide, bullying alone does not cause suicide. Depression is one of the main reasons why kids who are bullied die by suicide. It is estimated that between 15 and 25 children die by suicide every year in

8372-456: Was one sense of "bully" (though not specifically attested until 1706). The verb "to bully" was first attested in 1710. In the past, in the American culture, the term has been used as an exclamation and exhortation. The term has been especially known famously in association with Theodore Roosevelt . In 1907, Roosevelt coined the phrase as a deprecating term, "bully for him". Currently, in

8464-469: Was the perception of whether the most influential male in a player's life would approve of the bullying behavior." A study by The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health medical journal in 2019 showed a relationship between social media use by girls and an increase in their exposure to bullying. Bullying may be defined in many different ways. In the United Kingdom, there is no legal definition of

#594405