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85-515: The area includes two high schools and seven other schools, as well as the Ken Malloy Harbor Regional and two other parks. There is a Kaiser Permanente hospital as well. Harbor City's percentage of high school graduates is larger than the city's as a whole. Harbor City is flanked by Harbor Gateway to the north, West Carson and Wilmington to the east, Wilmington and San Pedro to the south and Torrance and Lomita to

170-533: A cost of more than $ 6 billion, by 2010, it was the largest civilian electronic medical record system, serving more than 8.6 million Kaiser Permanente members, implemented at a cost exceeding a half million dollars per physician. As of 2020 KP HealthConnect supports 12.2 million members. Early in the 21st century, the NHS and UK Department of Health became impressed with some aspects of the Kaiser operation and initiated

255-731: A four-year degree by 2000, an average figure when compared with the city and the county at large. The schools within Harbor City's boundaries are: In the 1990s, Coast Christian Schools (now Valor Christian Academy ) had a campus in Harbor City. Los Angeles Public Library operates the Harbor Gateway-Harbor City Branch Library. 33°47′24″N 118°17′49″W  /  33.79°N 118.29694°W  / 33.79; -118.29694 Kaiser Permanente Kaiser Permanente ( / ˈ k aɪ z ər p ɜːr m ə ˈ n ɛ n t eɪ / ; KP )

340-787: A friendship which lasted until Kaiser's death. In 1939, the Kaiser Company began work on several huge shipbuilding contracts in Oakland, and by the end of 1941 would control four major shipyards on the West Coast. During 1940, the expansion of the American defense-industrial complex in preparation for entrance into World War II resulted in a massive increase in the number of employees at the Richmond shipyard. In January 1941, Henry Kaiser asked Garfield to set up an insurance plan for

425-609: A job at U.S. Steel , but on the morning of December 5, 1953, with internal tensions worsening day by day, Garfield met with Keene at the Mark Hopkins Hotel in San Francisco and asked him to turn around the organization. It took Keene 15 years to realize that Kaiser had forced Garfield to ask Keene to become his replacement. Due to the chaos on the board, Keene at first took control with the vague title of Executive Associate, but it soon became clear to everyone that he

510-495: A land-locked part of the main city, linking the metropolis to its newly-won ocean trading centers. Harbor City hosts a hospital and various medical buildings in the Kaiser Permanente Medical Center, located along Pacific Coast Highway (SR 1) , between Normandie and Vermont Avenues. The hospital is across from Ken Malloy Memorial Park. 18.1% of Harbor City's residents aged 25 or older had completed

595-437: A long, unresolved labor dispute with the union representing therapists. South Los Angeles South Los Angeles , also known as South Central Los Angeles or simply South Central , is a region in southwestern Los Angeles County, California , lying mostly within the city limits of Los Angeles , south of downtown . It is "defined on Los Angeles city maps as a 16-square-mile (41 km ) rectangle with two prongs at

680-521: A nonprofit group practice to create its Mid-Atlantic region, encompassing the District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia. In 1985, Kaiser Permanente expanded to Georgia. By 1990, Kaiser Permanente provided coverage for about a third of the population of the cities of San Francisco and Oakland; total Northern California membership was over 2.4 million. Elsewhere, Kaiser Permanente did not do as well, and its geographic footprint changed significantly in

765-529: A novel by KP Historical Society President and Medical Director Emeritus of KP San Diego Paul Bernstein, MD , is based on the story of Garfield's life, his struggles with the AMA, and the origins of Kaiser Permanente. In 1943, Henry J. Kaiser and Dr. Sidney R. Garfield opened a 50-bed hospital, housing six physicians for the 3000 employees and their families at the new Kaiser Steel Mill in Fontana, California, offering

850-509: A population of 271,040 residents with the following racial and ethnic balance: Race: Asian - 4.9%, White - 21.4%, African-American - 28.7%, Other Race - 39.4%. Ethnicity (Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race): Not Hispanic or Latino - 39%, Hispanic or Latino - 61%. According to the census, for the category of "race", respondents self-identified as one of the following: White, African-American, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Some Other Race, or Two or More Races. For

935-578: A pre-paid health care plan for $ 0.60/week for adults, and $ 0.30/week for children. In 1945, the Kaiser Permanente health plan was opened to the public. In 1948, Kaiser established the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation (also known as Kaiser Family Foundation ), a U.S.-based nonprofit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation. The Foundation, not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries ,

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1020-420: A prime target for gentrification amid rising real estate values. Residents and activists are against market-rate housing as they have concerns that these projects will encourage landlords to sell, redevelop their properties or jack up rents. Under California law, cities can't reject residential projects based on these criticisms if the project complies with applicable planning and zoning rules. The construction of

1105-552: A resident of South L.A., Ezell Ford, described as "a mentally ill 25-year-old man," was fatally shot by two Los Angeles police officers (see Shooting of Ezell Ford ). Since then, a number of protests focused on events in Ferguson have taken place in South Los Angeles. After the 2008 economic recession, housing prices in South Los Angeles recovered significantly, and by 2018, many had come to see South Los Angeles as

1190-563: A series of studies involving several health care organizations in England. Visits occurred and suggestions of adopting some KP policies are currently active. The management of hospital bed-occupancy by KP, by means of integrated management in and out of hospital and monitoring progress against care pathways has given rise to trials of similar techniques in eight areas of the UK. In 2002, a controversial study by California-based academics published in

1275-726: A similar area to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project with notable differences on the western border. On the northwest, it omits a section of Los Angeles west of La Brea Avenue. On the southwest, it includes a section of the City of Inglewood north of Century Boulevard. According to the Mapping L.A. survey of the Los Angeles Times , the South Los Angeles region consists of the following neighborhoods: The roots of South Los Angeles traces back to

1360-680: A simple project, and only a last-minute intervention by Keene and Trefethen in August 1960 prevented the total disintegration of the Hawaii organization. By that year, Kaiser membership had grown to 808,000. Having overseen Kaiser Permanente's successful transformation from Henry Kaiser's health care experiment into a large-scale self-sustaining enterprise, Keene retired in 1975. By 1976, membership reached three million. In 1977, all six of Kaiser Permanente's regions had become federally qualified health maintenance organizations . In 1980, Kaiser acquired

1445-489: A strong emphasis on preventive care, reducing costs later on. Second, its doctors are salaried rather than paid per service, which removes the main incentive for doctors to perform unnecessary procedures. Thirdly, KP attempts to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay and by shifting care to outpatient clinics. This practice results in lower costs per member, cost savings for KP and greater doctor attention to patients. A comparison to

1530-636: A subtle form of racial stereotyping. He added that they believed such "distinctive neighborhoods" as Leimert Park , Lafayette Square and the Crenshaw District were "well-removed" from South Central. In 1992, this area was at the center of the Los Angeles Riots , also known as the Los Angeles Uprising, which were sparked after an all-White jury acquitted Los Angeles Police Department officers who were on trial for

1615-582: A time when jobs were scarce; he was able to secure a contract with Industrial Indemnity to care for 5,000 construction workers building the Colorado River Aqueduct in the Mojave Desert . Soon enough, Garfield's new hospital was in a precarious financial state (with mounting debt and the staff of three going unpaid), due in part to Garfield's desire to treat all patients regardless of ability to pay, as well as his insistence on equipping

1700-683: A virtual paradise for thousands of years, with good weather, an abundance of food and water, and plenty of resources. In 1542, the Spanish arrived in the Catalina (Pimu’nga) and San Pedro (Chaawenga, Palos Verdes-Chowiinga) harbor areas. Harbor City was originally part of the Rancho San Pedro , granted by the Spanish Empire in 1784 by King Carlos III to Juan Jose Dominguez . The rancho was divided and sold by Californios during

1785-726: Is an American integrated managed care consortium , based in Oakland, California , United States, founded in 1945 by industrialist Henry J. Kaiser and physician Sidney Garfield . Kaiser Permanente is made up of three distinct but interdependent groups of entities: the Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. (KFHP) and its regional operating subsidiaries; Kaiser Foundation Hospitals; and the regional Permanente Medical Groups. As of 2023, Kaiser Permanente operates in eight states ( Hawaii , Washington , Oregon , California , Colorado , Maryland , Virginia , Georgia ) and

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1870-527: Is an independent voice and source of facts and analysis for policymakers, the media, the health care community, and the general public. The end of World War II brought about a huge plunge in Kaiser Permanente membership; for example, 50,000 workers had left the Northern California yards by July 1945. Membership bottomed out at 17,000 for the entire system but then surged back to 26,000 within six months as Garfield aggressively marketed his plan to

1955-712: Is primarily funded by reimbursements from its respective regional Kaiser Foundation Health Plan entity. KFHP is one of the largest not-for-profit organizations in the United States. KP's quality of care has been highly rated and attributed to an emphasis on preventive care, its doctors being salaried rather than paid on a fee-for-service basis, and an attempt to minimize the time patients spend in high-cost hospitals by carefully planning their stay. However, Kaiser has had disputes with its employees' unions; repeatedly faced civil and criminal charges for falsification of records and patient dumping ; faced action by regulators over

2040-698: The British Medical Journal compared Kaiser to the British National Health Service , finding Kaiser to be superior in several respects. Subsequently, a group of health policy academics who were experts on the NHS published a competing analysis claiming that Kaiser's costs were actually substantially higher than the NHS and for a younger and healthier population. From October 4 to 7, 2023, more than 75,000 Kaiser Permanente workers went on strike . This has been regarded as

2125-508: The District of Columbia , and is the largest managed care organization in the United States. Kaiser Permanente operates 40 hospitals and more than 616 medical offices, with over 300,000 personnel, including more than 98,000 physicians and nurses. Each Permanente Medical Group operates as a separate for-profit partnership or professional corporation in its individual territory, and while none publicly reports its financial results, each

2210-458: The K Line light rail through the neighborhood has stimulated the building of denser multistory projects, especially around the new stations. The NFL Stadium in Inglewood also encourages gentrification according to activists. Real estate values in South Los Angeles were further bolstered by news that Los Angeles will host the 2028 Olympics , with many of the games to be hosted on or near

2295-555: The Port of Los Angeles . Following the establishment of San Pedro as the main source for the port in Santa Monica in 1897, Los Angeles city leaders argued that direct control over the port areas would be mutually beneficial by providing San Pedro and Wilmington with larger funding and in turn allowing the city to garner more revenue via the increasing port trade. The two cities were initially reluctant to join, but in 1906, frustrated by

2380-500: The nonprofit Kaiser Foundation Health Plan and Kaiser Foundation Hospitals entities reported an operating loss of $ 1.3 billion in net income on $ 95.4 billion in operating revenues. The two types of organizations which make up each regional entity are: In addition, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals (despite the plural name, a single legal entity) operates medical centers in California, Oregon, and Hawaii, and outpatient facilities in

2465-484: The "Governance Administrator" of Kaiser Foundation Health Plan, Inc. since 2025 . The history of Kaiser Permanente dates to 1933 and a tiny hospital in the town of Desert Center, California . At that time, Henry J. Kaiser and several other large construction contractors had formed an insurance consortium called Industrial Indemnity to meet their workers' compensation obligations. Sidney Garfield had just finished his residency at Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center at

2550-844: The 1990s. The organization spun off or closed outposts in Texas , North Carolina , and the Northeast . In 1998, Kaiser Permanente sold its Texas operations, where reported problems had become so severe that the organization directed its lawyers to attempt to block the release of a Texas Department of Insurance report. This prompted the state attorney general to threaten to revoke the organization's license. Kaiser Permanente closed health plans in Charlotte and Raleigh-Durham in North Carolina four years later. The organization also sold its unprofitable Northeast division in 2000. The Ohio division

2635-695: The Los Angeles Basin, archeological sites date back 8,000 to 15,000 years. Their first contact with Europeans was in 1542 with João Cabrilho (Juan Cabrillo), the Portuguese explorer who also was the first to write of them. Shwaanga, a very large Tongva settlement in the Harbor area, was also a departure point for rancherias on the Channel Islands. The water at Machado Lake was so clean that it used to be called "Sweet Water." The Tongva lived in

Harbor City, Los Angeles - Misplaced Pages Continue

2720-711: The Portland area. On April 26, 2023, Kaiser announced it would acquire Geisinger Health System . As part of the deal, Geisinger would operate as an independent subsidiary, folded into a new non-profit group called Risant Health . On June 21, 2024, it was announced that Risant Health would acquire Cone Health , a hospital system based in Greensboro, North Carolina. In 2002, Kaiser Permanente abandoned its attempt to build its own clinical information system with IBM , writing off some $ 452 million in software assets. This information technology failure led to major changes in

2805-509: The Richmond workers (this was merely contract negotiation with insurance companies), and a year later Kaiser asked Garfield to duplicate at Richmond what he had done at Desert Center and Mason City. Unlike the two other projects, the resulting entity lived on after the construction project that gave birth to it, and it is the direct ancestor of today's Kaiser Permanente. On March 1, 1942, Sidney R. Garfield & Associates opened its offices in Oakland to provide care to 20,000 workers, followed by

2890-581: The Spanish and Mexican periods of Alta California . After the Mexican–American War ended in 1848, many of the rancho lands were acquired by American settlers. By around the start of the 20th century, city leaders had decided that it would be in the best interests of Angeles if the port and harbor areas were directly annexed. The independent cities of San Pedro (founded in the late 18th century) and Wilmington (founded in 1858 by Phineas Banning ) were then-independent establishments of what would become

2975-440: The U.S. population could not afford fee-for-service health care. Kaiser Permanente membership soared to 154,000 in 1950, 283,000 in 1952, 470,000 in 1954, 556,000 in 1956, and 618,000 in 1958. From 1944 onward, both Kaiser Permanente and Garfield fought off numerous attacks from the AMA and various state and local medical societies. Henry Kaiser came to the defense of both Garfield and the health plans he had created. In 1951,

3060-620: The UK's National Health Service found that patients spend 2–5 times as much time in NHS hospitals as compared to KP hospitals. In June 2013, the California Department of Managed Health Care (DMHC) levied a $ 4 million fine, the second largest in the agency's history, against Kaiser for not providing adequate mental health care to its patients. Alleged violations of California's timely access laws included failures to accurately track wait times and track doctor availability amid evidence of inconsistent electronic and paper records. It

3145-515: The USC campus. Crime in South Los Angeles has increased significantly with the COVID-19 pandemic . Recession caused by the pandemic sparked gang warfare that rivalled all-time high statistics, with homicide figures similar to those of late 1990s to early-to-mid 2000s. By the end of the 1980s, South Los Angeles had an increasing number of Hispanics and Latinos , mostly in the northeastern section of

3230-551: The Wilshire Boulevard corridor gradually increased in the 1920s, the development of the city was drawn west of downtown and away from South Los Angeles. In the eastern side of South Los Angeles (which the city calls the "Southeastern CPA") roughly east of the Harbor Freeway, the area grew southward in the late 1800s along the ever-longer streetcar routes. Areas north of Slauson Boulevard were mostly built out by

3315-413: The area, African Americans continued to move in, and eastern South LA became majority black. Whites in previously established communities south of Slauson, east of Alameda and west of San Pedro streets persecuted blacks moving beyond established "lines", and thus blacks became effectively restricted to the area in between. The black mutual protection clubs that formed in response to these assaults became

3400-696: The basis of the region's street gangs . As in most urban areas, 1950s freeway construction radically altered the geography of southern Los Angeles. Freeway routes tended to reinforce traditional segregation lines. Beginning in the 1970s, the rapid decline of the area's manufacturing base resulted in a loss of the jobs that had allowed skilled union workers to enjoy a middle-class lifestyle. Downtown Los Angeles' service sector, which had long been dominated by unionized African Americans earning relatively fair wages, replaced most black workers with newly arrived Mexican and Central American immigrants. Widespread unemployment, poverty and street crime contributed to

3485-625: The beginning of the 20th Century. Until the 1920s, the South Los Angeles neighborhood of West Adams was one of the most desirable areas of the City. As the wealthy were building stately mansions in West Adams and Jefferson Park , the White working class was establishing itself in Crenshaw and Hyde Park . Affluent blacks gradually moved into West Adams and Jefferson Park. As construction along

Harbor City, Los Angeles - Misplaced Pages Continue

3570-468: The black population of Los Angeles was confined to the Central Avenue corridor"; the area of modest bungalows and low-rise commercial buildings along Central Avenue emerged as the heart of the black community in southern California. Originally, the city's black community was concentrated around what is now Little Tokyo , but began moving south after 1900. It had one of the first jazz scenes in

3655-464: The category of "ethnicity", they self-identified as either "Hispanic or Latino" or "Not Hispanic or Latino". According to the 2000 United States census , Mexican and Unspecified African were the most common ancestries. Mexico and El Salvador are the most common foreign places of birth. South Los Angeles is home to the University of Southern California , a private research university in

3740-724: The chairman and CEO until his retirement in December 2013. On November 5, 2012, the board of directors announced that Bernard J. Tyson , Kaiser's president and chief operating officer for the last two years, would replace Halvorson, marking the first time an African American was appointed as chairman. Tyson died in November 2019. Greg A. Adams assumed the role of chairman and CEO in December 2019. As of 2022, Kaiser Permanente had 12.6 million health plan members, 216,776 employees, 23,597 physicians, 63,847 nurses, 39 medical centers, and 724 medical facilities. As of December 31, 2022,

3825-510: The city as a whole. Population was estimated at 36,040 in 2008. The median age was 40, also average for Los Angeles. The percentages of people from birth through age 34 were among the county's highest. The percentage of widowed men (7.3%) was among the county's highest. Harbor City is considered highly diverse ethnically, with a diversity index of 0.674. In 2000 Latinos made up 48.1% of the population, non-Hispanic whites 25.1%, Asians 14.1%, blacks 10.7% and others 2%. Mexico and Korea were

3910-598: The families of shipyard workers. In 1944, Kaiser decided to continue the program after the war and to open it up to the general public. Meanwhile, during the war years, the American Medical Association (AMA) (which opposed managed care organizations from their very beginning) tried to defuse demand for managed care by promoting the rapid expansion of the Blue Cross and Blue Shield preferred provider organization networks. Courage to Heal ,

3995-477: The health care system created for him by Garfield and began to directly manage Kaiser Permanente and Garfield. This resulted in a financial disaster when Kaiser splurged on the new Walnut Creek hospital; his constant intermeddling led to significant friction at every level of the organization. The situation was not helped by Kaiser's marriage to Garfield's head administrative nurse (who had helped care for Kaiser's first wife on her deathbed), convincing Garfield to marry

4080-541: The hospital adequately so that critically injured patients could be stabilized for the long journey to full-service hospitals in Los Angeles. However, Garfield won over two Industrial Indemnity executives, Harold Hatch and Alonzo B. Ordway. It was Hatch who proposed to Garfield the specific solution that would lead to the creation of Kaiser Permanente: Industrial Indemnity would prepay 17.5% of premiums, or $ 1.50 per worker per month, to cover work-related injuries, while

4165-582: The idea of a contract between the medical groups and the health plans and hospital foundations that would set out roles, responsibilities, and financial distribution. Trefethen, already a successful attorney, went on to a successful career with Kaiser Permanente and in retirement became a famous vintner . While Keene and Trefethen struggled to fix the damage from Kaiser's micromanagement and Garfield's ineffectual management, Henry Kaiser moved to Oahu in 1956 and insisted on expanding Kaiser Permanente into Hawaii in 1958. He quickly ruined what should have been

4250-440: The indecision of San Pedro and Wilmington leaders, the city of Los Angeles purchased a long and narrow swath of land that connected then- South Los Angeles to San Pedro, naming the two regions Harbor Gateway and Harbor City. City leaders then threatened to build a new port in Harbor City if the recalcitrant towns would not acquiesce to annexation. Both agreed by 1909. In return, the city of Los Angeles elected to keep Harbor City as

4335-652: The intent of entering private practice. However, in March 1938, Consolidated Industries (a consortium led by the Kaiser Company) initiated work on a contract for the upper half of the Grand Coulee Dam in Washington state, and took over responsibility for the thousands of workers who had worked for a different construction consortium on the first half of the dam. Edgar Kaiser, Henry's son, was in charge of

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4420-894: The largest health care worker strike in U.S. history. A new four-year contract would later be ratified by 98.5% of the 85,000 members of the Coalition of Kaiser Permanente Unions on November 9, 2023. In the California Healthcare Quality Report Card 2013 Edition, Kaiser Permanente's Northern California and Southern California regions, KP received four out of four possible stars in Meeting National Standards of Care. KP North and South also received three out of four stars in Members Rate Their HMO. KP's performance has been attributed to three practices: First, KP places

4505-422: The late 1910s, while south of Slauson land was mostly undeveloped, much used by Chinese and Japanese Americans growing produce. In 1903, the farmers were bought out and Ascot Park racetrack was built, which turned into a "den of gambling and drinking". In the late 1910s the park was razed and freed up land for quick build-up of residential and industrial buildings in the 1920s. "By 1940, approximately 70 percent of

4590-555: The most common places of birth for the 36.2% of the residents who were born abroad, considered an average percentage of foreign-born when compared with the city and the county as a whole. The $ 55,454 median household income in 2008 dollars was average for the city. Renters occupied 54.4% of the housing units, and homeowners occupied the rest. The Los Angeles Basin was the ancestral land of the Tongva–Gabrieleño Native Americans for thousands of years. In other areas of

4675-439: The name. An abandoned Oakland facility was modernized as the 170-bed Permanente Hospital opened on August 1, 1942 (this facility evolved over the decades into today's flagship Kaiser Oakland Medical Center ). Three weeks later, the 71-bed Richmond Field Hospital opened. Six first aid stations were set up in the shipyards to treat industrial accidents and minor illness. Each first aid station had an ambulance ready to rush patients to

4760-507: The new millennium, competition in the managed care market increased dramatically, raising new concerns. The Southern California Permanente Medical Group saw declining rates of new members as other managed care groups flourished. In 2017, Kaiser acquired Group Health Cooperative , which serves clients in the state of Washington outside of Southwest Washington. Group Health was started in part from funds from longshoremen in Washington state, who were left out when Kaiser chose not to expand north of

4845-911: The opening of the Permanente Health Plan on June 1. From the beginning, Kaiser Permanente strongly supported preventive medicine and attempted to educate its members about maintaining their own health. In July, the Permanente Foundation formed to operate Northern California hospitals that would be linked to the outpatient health plans , followed shortly thereafter by the creation of Northern Permanente Foundation for Oregon and Washington and Southern Permanente Foundation for California. The name Permanente came from Permanente Creek , which flowed past Henry Kaiser's Kaiser Permanente Cement Plant on Black Mountain in Cupertino, California . Kaiser's first wife, Bess Fosburgh, liked

4930-503: The organization acquired its current name when Henry Kaiser unilaterally directed the trustees of the health plans, hospital foundations, and medical groups to add his name before Permanente. However, the physicians in the Permanente Medical Group were proud professionals who deeply resented the implication that they were directly controlled by Kaiser, and successfully forced him to back off with respect to their part of

5015-444: The organization's approach to digital records. Under George Halvorson's direction, Kaiser looked closely at two medical software vendors, Cerner and Epic Systems , ultimately selecting Epic as the primary vendor for a new system, branded KP HealthConnect. Although Kaiser's approach shifted to "buy, not build," the project was unprecedented for a civilian system in size and scope. Deployed across all eight regions over six years and at

5100-478: The organization. That same year, Kaiser Permanente also began experiments with large-scale multiphasic screening to identify unknown conditions and to facilitate treatment of known ones. Simultaneously, although no one questioned his medical competence, Garfield's deficiencies as an executive were becoming apparent as the organization expanded far beyond his ability to manage it properly. With his wartime glory receding into history, Henry Kaiser became fascinated with

5185-405: The positive, and to experiment with providing a broader range of services to the workers besides pure emergency care. By the time work on the aqueduct concluded and the project was wrapped up, Garfield had paid off all of his debts, was supervising ten physicians at three hospitals, and controlled a financial reserve of $ 150,000. Garfield returned to Los Angeles for further study at County-USC with

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5270-401: The power to appoint or elect board members, meaning that the board itself nominates and appoints new members . James A. Vohs was appointed CEO in 1978 and chairman in 1980, and he would serve until his retirement in 1992. He was the first chairman to not be a member of the Kaiser family. David M. Lawrence served as chairman and CEO until his retirement in 2002. George Halvorson became

5355-606: The project. To smooth over relations with the workers (who had been treated poorly by their earlier employer), Hatch and Ordway persuaded Edgar to meet with Garfield, and in turn Edgar persuaded Garfield to tour the Grand Coulee site. Garfield subsequently agreed to reproduce at Grand Coulee Dam what he had done on the Colorado River Aqueduct project. He immediately spent $ 100,000 on renovating the decrepit Mason City Hospital and hired seven physicians. Unlike

5440-472: The public. Sidney Garfield & Associates had been a sole proprietorship , but in 1948, it was reorganized into a partnership, Permanente Medical Group. During this period, a substantial amount of growth came from union members; the unions saw Kaiser Permanente care as more affordable and comprehensive than what was available at the time from private physicians under the fee-for-service system. For example, Fortune magazine had reported in 1944 that 90% of

5525-409: The quality of care it provided, especially to patients with mental health issues; and faced criticism from activists and action from regulators over the size of its cash reserves. Kaiser Permanente provides care throughout eight regions in the United States. Two or three (four, in the case of California) distinct but interdependent legal entities form the Kaiser system within each region. This structure

5610-599: The region. According to scholars, "Between 1970 and 1990 the South LA area went from 80% African American and 9% Latino to 50.3% African American and 44% Latino." Many African Americans from South Los Angeles have moved to Palmdale and Lancaster in the Antelope Valley . South Los Angeles has received immigrants from Mexico and Central America . According to the city's "2014 South Los Angeles Community Plan Area Demographic Profile", South Los Angeles had

5695-400: The regional entities, in 1997, the then-twelve Permanente Medical Groups created The Permanente Federation LLC , a separate entity, which focuses on standardizing patient care and performance under one name and system of policies. Around the same time, The Permanente Company was also chartered as a vehicle to provide investment opportunities for the for-profit Permanente Medical Groups. One of

5780-535: The remaining Kaiser Permanente regions. The hospital foundation entity is not-for-profit and relies on the Kaiser Foundation Health Plans for funding. It also provides infrastructure and facilities that benefit the for-profit medical groups. Kaiser Permanente is administered through eight regions, including one parent and six subordinate health plan entities, one hospital entity, and nine separate, affiliated medical groups: In addition to

5865-665: The rise of street gangs in South Central, such as the Crips and the Bloods . The gangs became even more powerful with money coming in from drugs, especially the crack cocaine trade that was dominated by gangs in the 1980s. Paul Feldman of the Los Angeles Times wrote in 1989: Leaders of the black community regret the branding of a large, predominantly black sector of the city as South-Central, saying it amounts to

5950-410: The sister of that nurse, and then having Garfield move in next door to him. Clifford Keene (who would eventually serve as president of Kaiser Permanente) later recalled that this arrangement resulted in a rather dysfunctional and combative family in charge of Kaiser Permanente. Keene was an experienced Permanente physician whom Garfield had personally hired in 1946. During 1953 he had been trying to get

6035-755: The south end.” In 2003, the Los Angeles City Council renamed this area "South Los Angeles". The name South Los Angeles can also refer to a larger 51-square-mile (130 km ) region that includes areas within the city limits of Los Angeles as well as five unincorporated areas in the southern portion of Los Angeles County. The City of Los Angeles delineates the South Los Angeles Community Plan area as an area of 15.5 square miles (40 km ). Adjacent communities include West Adams, Baldwin Hills, and Leimert Park to

6120-601: The surgical field hospital if required. Stabilized patients could be moved to the larger hospital for recuperative care. The Northern Permanente Hospital opened two weeks later to serve workers at the Kaiser shipyard in Vancouver, Washington . Shipyard workers paid seven cents per day for comprehensive health care coverage, and within a year, the shipyard health plan employed sixty physicians with salaries between $ 450 and $ 1,000 per month. These physicians established California Physicians Service to offer similar health coverage to

6205-517: The time. After leading the nation in homicides again in 2002, the City Council of Los Angeles voted to change the name South Central Los Angeles to South Los Angeles on all city documents in 2003, a move supporters said would "help erase a stigma that has dogged the southern part of the city." On August 11, 2014, just two days after the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri ,

6290-580: The ventures of the Permanente Company is Kaiser Permanente Ventures, a venture capital firm that invests in emerging medical technologies. A mutual benefit corporation named "Kaiser Foundation for the Advancement of Integrated Health Care" was established on December 27, 2017. The specific purpose of the corporation is "to advocate for and promote the integrated models of health care". The corporation's founder, Maryann Bodayle, has served as

6375-430: The videotaped police brutality of Rodney King . By the early 2010s, the crime rate of South Los Angeles had declined significantly. Redevelopment, improved police patrol, community-based peace programs, gang intervention work, and youth development organizations lowered the murder and crime rates to levels that had not been seen since the 1940s and 1950s. Nevertheless, South Los Angeles was still known for its gangs at

6460-519: The west, and Southeast Los Angeles (the 26-neighborhood area east of the Harbor Freeway) on the east. According to the Los Angeles Times Mapping Project , the South Los Angeles region comprises 51 square miles (130 km ), consisting of 25 neighborhoods within the City of Los Angeles as well as three unincorporated neighborhoods in the County of Los Angeles. Google Maps delineates

6545-549: The west. The neighborhood's boundaries are West Sepulveda Boulevard on the north, Western Avenue and the Harbor Freeway (following the city line with Los Angeles County ) on the east, West Anaheim Street and Palos Verdes Drive on the south and the boundary with Lomita and Torrance on the west A total of 23,561 people lived in Harbor City's 2.58 square miles, according to the 2000 U.S. census—about 9,127 people per square mile, an average population density compared to

6630-589: The western U.S., with trombonist Kid Ory a prominent resident. Under racially restrictive covenants, blacks were allowed to own property only within the "Slauson Box" (the area bounded by Main, Slauson, Alameda, and Washington) and in Watts, as well as in small enclaves elsewhere in the city. The working- and middle-class blacks who poured into Los Angeles during the Great Depression and in search of jobs during World War II found themselves penned into what

6715-460: The workers on Garfield's first project, many workers at Grand Coulee Dam had brought dependents with them. The unions soon forced the Kaiser Company to expand its plan to cover dependents, which resulted in a dramatic shift from industrial medicine into family practice and enabled Garfield to formulate some of the basic principles of Kaiser Permanente. It was also during this time that Henry Kaiser personally became acquainted with Garfield and forged

6800-474: The workers would each contribute five cents per day to cover non-work-related injuries. Later, Garfield also credited Ordway with coming up with the general idea of prepayment for industrial health care and explained that he did not know much at the time about other similar health plans except for the Ross-Loos Medical Group . Hatch's solution enabled Garfield to bring his budget back into

6885-552: Was actually in charge and Garfield was to become a lobbyist and "ambassador" for the HMO concept. However, even with Garfield relieved of day-to-day management duties, the underlying problem of Henry Kaiser's authoritarian management style continued to persist. After several tense confrontations between Kaiser and Permanente Medical Group physicians, the doctors met with Kaiser's top adviser, Eugene Trefethen, at Kaiser's personal estate near Lake Tahoe on July 12, 1955. Trefethen came up with

6970-460: Was adopted by Kaiser Permanente physicians and leaders in 1955. Each entity of Kaiser Permanente has its own management and governance structure, although all of the structures are interdependent and cooperative to a great extent. There are multiple affiliated nonprofits registered with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service . According to Form 990 governance questions, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals and Kaiser Foundation Health Plan do not have members with

7055-693: Was also found by the DMHC that patients received written materials circulated by Kaiser dissuading them from seeking care, a violation of state and federal laws. DMHC also issued a cease and desist order for Kaiser to end the practices. DMHC conducted a follow-up investigation which published in April 2015. The report found Kaiser had put systems in place to better track how patients were being cared for but still had not addressed problems with actually providing mental health care that complied with state and federal laws. Kaiser's challenges on this front were exacerbated by

7140-471: Was becoming a severely overcrowded neighborhood. During the war, blacks faced such dire housing shortages that the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles built the virtually all-black and Latino Pueblo Del Rio project, designed by Richard Neutra . During this time, African Americans remained a minority alongside whites, Asians, and Hispanics; but by the 1930s those groups moved out of

7225-537: Was sold to Catholic Health Partners in 2013. In 1995, Kaiser Permanente celebrated its fiftieth anniversary as a public health plan . Two years later, national membership reached nine million. In 1997, the organization established an agreement with the AFL-CIO to explore a new approach to the relationship between management and labor , known as the Labor Management Partnership. Going into

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