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61-415: The name is derived from the names of English barrister Thomas Hare , the original inventor of single transferable voting , and Attorney-General of Tasmania Andrew Inglis Clark , who introduced a modified form to Tasmania in 1896. Thomas Hare (1806–91) is generally credited with the conception of the single transferable vote , while Andrew Inglis Clark (1848–1907) introduced the system to Tasmania with

122-511: A baby common wombat, and the 2010 Rescue to Release series features a 60-cent stamp of a common wombat being treated by a veterinarian. Wombats are rarely seen on circulated Australian coins, an exception is a 50-cent coin which also shows a koala and lorikeet . The common wombat appeared on a 2005 commemorative $ 1 coin and the northern hairy-nosed wombat on a 1998 Australia Silver Proof $ 10 coin. Many places in Australia have been named after

183-509: A clicking noise. The three extant species of wombat are all endemic to Australia and a few offshore islands. They are protected under Australian law. Depictions of the animals in rock art are exceptionally rare, though examples estimated to be up to 4,000 years old have been discovered in Wollemi National Park . The wombat is depicted in aboriginal Dreamtime as an animal of little worth. The mainland stories tell of

244-399: A font and stained glass window to St Paul's Church, Hook, London . Hare was twice married. There was one child, Mary Eleanor (1874–1883), of the second marriage. Hare was survived by seven children, and his will divided his estate equally between them, in a trust: they were three sons (Sherlock, Alfred, Lancelot) and four daughters (Marian, Alice, Katharine, Lydia Mary). The family home

305-835: A general formulation. Hare was also known in the field of law reporting . At a period without official case reports, the published reports of key court decisions allowed them to be used as precedents. From 1841 he reported on the Court of Chancery , on James Wigram 's decisions as Vice-Chancellor of England . The series of 11 volumes of Reports of Cases Adjudged in the High Court of Chancery culminated in 1858 with one on cases of William Wood . Wigram's decrees were considered lucid. Two leading judicial decisions that are still relevant are covered only in Hare's Reports in Chancery : Hare

366-414: A large diastema between their incisors and the cheek teeth, which are relatively simple. The dental formula of wombats is 1.0.1.4 1.0.1.4  × 2 = 24 . Wombats' fur can vary from a sandy colour to brown, or from grey to black. All three known extant species average around 1 metre (3 ft 3 in) in length and weigh between 20 and 35 kg (44 and 77 lb). Male wombats have penile spines ,

427-408: A meaningful tail, makes it difficult for any predator that follows the wombat into its tunnel to bite and injure its target. When attacked, wombats dive into a nearby tunnel, using their rumps to block a pursuing attacker. According to an urban legend , wombats sometimes allow an intruder to force its head over the wombat's back, and then use its powerful legs to crush the skull of the predator against

488-612: A modified counting method. "The specific modification introduced by Mr. A.I. Clark, Attorney-General for Tasmania, is the provision devised by him for eliminating the element of chance in the selection and distribution of quota-excesses or surplus transfer votes." The provision described as "Clark's own" was the Gregory method (later also adopted for the 1925 election of the Irish Senate), to transfer all votes to 'next order of preference' (the next usable marked preference), rather than

549-481: A non-pendulous scrotum , and three pairs of bulbourethral glands . The testes , prostate , and bulbourethral glands enlarge during the breeding season . Female wombats give birth to a single young after a gestation period of roughly 20–30 days, which varies between species. All species have well-developed pouches , which the young leave after about six to seven months. Wombats are weaned after 15 months, and are sexually mature at 18 months. A group of wombats

610-627: A notable depiction of a common wombat as a pet is Fatso from the Australian television show A Country Practice . The Brisbane television show Wombat was also named for the animals. Australian literature contains many references to the wombat. Examples are Mr. Walter Wombat from the adventures of Blinky Bill and one of the main antagonists in The Magic Pudding by Norman Lindsay . All species of wombats are protected in every Australian state. The northern hairy-nosed wombat

671-481: A number of cuts and bite marks requiring hospital treatment. He resorted to killing it with an axe. Some farmers consider common wombats to be a nuisance due primarily to their burrowing behaviour. " Fatso the Fat-Arsed Wombat " was the tongue-in-cheek "unofficial" mascot of the 2000 Sydney Olympics. Since 2005, an unofficial holiday called Wombat Day has been observed on 22 October. Wombat meat has been

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732-645: A random sample. In 1896, after several failed attempts, Clark was successful in getting a system of proportional representation adopted by the Tasmanian Parliament , but it was accepted only on a trial basis in the two main cities, Hobart (to elect 6 MPs) and Launceston (to elect 4 MPs). This first 'Hare-Clark system', as it was immediately known, was renewed annually until suspended in 1902. Clark, never in robust health, died at his home 'Rosebank' in Battery Point on 14 November 1907, just as

793-516: A range more than ten times greater than that of today. After the ship Sydney Cove ran aground on Clarke Island in February 1797, the crew of the salvage ship Francis discovered wombats on the island. A live animal was taken back to Port Jackson . Matthew Flinders , who was travelling on board the Francis on its third and final salvage trip, also decided to take a wombat specimen from

854-429: A range of up to 23 ha (57 acres), while the hairy-nosed species have much smaller ranges, of no more than 4 ha (10 acres). Dingos and Tasmanian devils prey on wombats. Extinct predators were likely to have included Thylacoleo and possibly the thylacine (Tasmanian tiger). Their primary defence is their toughened rear hide, with most of the posterior made of cartilage . This, combined with its lack of

915-656: A scanty education. He went to London and found work as a solicitor's clerk. On 14 November 1828 he was admitted a student of the Inner Temple , and he was called to the bar on 22 November 1833. He practiced law in the chancery courts . In 1853 Hare became an Inspector of Charities for the Charity Commission . Hare was a member of the London-based Athenaeum Club and Political Economy Club . In 1859, he met John Stuart Mill . He

976-483: A single preferential vote in an at-large district covering the entire United Kingdom. In the preface to the fourth edition of Treatise on the Election of Representatives , Hare stated his belief that proportional representation would "end the evils of corruption, violent discontent and restricted power of selection or voter choice". A great deal of writing on that theory developed and several societies were formed in

1037-635: A single night, and four to eight pieces each bowel movement. In 2019 the production of cube-shaped wombat feces was the subject of the Ig Nobel Prize for Physics, won by Patricia Yang and David Hu . All wombat teeth lack roots and are ever-growing, like the incisors of rodents. Wombats are herbivores ; their diets consist mostly of grasses , sedges , herbs , bark , and roots . Their incisor teeth somewhat resemble those of rodents ( rats , mice, etc.), being adapted for gnawing tough vegetation. Like many other herbivorous mammals, they have

1098-422: A source of bush food from the arrival of Aboriginal Australians to the arrival of Europeans. Due to the protection of the species, wombat meat as food is no longer part of mainstream Australian cuisine, but wombat stew was once one of the few truly Australian dishes. In the 20th century, the more easily found rabbit meat was more commonly used. (Rabbits are now considered an invasive pest in Australia .) The name of

1159-418: A tool for future conservation efforts. WomSAT, a citizen science project, was established in 2016 to record sightings of wombats across the country. The website and mobile phone app can be used to log sightings of live or deceased wombats and wombat burrows. Since its establishment the project has recorded over 23,000 sightings across New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia. More recently,

1220-426: A total of around 315 by May 2021. Despite its name, the common wombat is no longer as common as it once was, and is under significant threat. However, in eastern Victoria, they are not protected, and they are considered by some to be pests, especially due to the damage they cause to rabbit-proof fences. Opportunistic research studies have been conducted on the immune system of common wombats, which could be used as

1281-405: Is 2501 votes. 3. Declaring candidates elected The count is complete if there are no remaining vacancies. Example: Candidate PLATYPUS receives 3,000 first preference votes, and is more than the quota of 2,501. Candidate PLATYPUS is declared elected. 4. Candidates with surplus votes Example: Candidate PLATYPUS has 3,000 first preference votes, which is a 499 surplus above

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1342-752: Is a critically endangered species under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act 1992 , the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 , and on the International Union for Conservation of Nature 's Red List of Threatened Species . The biggest threats the species faces are its small population size, predation by wild dogs, competition for food because of overgrazing by cattle and sheep, and disease. The only known wild populations of this species exist in two locations in Queensland ,

1403-442: Is an animal about 20 inches [51 cm] high, with short legs and a thick body with a large head, round ears, and very small eyes; is very fat, and has much the appearance of a badger." Wombats were often called badgers by early settlers because of their size and habits. Because of this, localities such as Badger Creek, Victoria , and Badger Corner, Tasmania, were named after the wombat. The spelling went through many variants over

1464-434: Is believed that the cubic shape makes them more stackable and less likely to roll, which gives this shape a biological advantage. The method by which the wombat produces them is not well understood, but it is believed that the wombat intestine stretches preferentially at the walls, with two flexible and two stiff areas around its intestines. The adult wombat produces between 80 and 100, 2 cm (0.8 in) pieces of feces in

1525-588: Is elected by Instant-runoff voting , the same system as is used to elect members of the Australian House of Representatives.) The Hare-Clark System has been used to elect the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly since 1992. Features of Hare-Clark have evolved over time. Until 1942, candidates were listed in alphabetic order rather than grouped together by party. Robson Rotation , where

1586-726: Is estimated to have had a body mass of up to 360 kilograms (790 lb). Wombats dig extensive burrow systems with their rodent-like front teeth and powerful claws. One distinctive adaptation of wombats is their backward pouch. The advantage of a backward-facing pouch is that when digging, the wombat does not gather soil in its pouch over its young. Although mainly crepuscular and nocturnal , wombats may also venture out to feed on cool or overcast days. They are not commonly seen, but leave ample evidence of their passage, treating fences as minor inconveniences to be gone through or under. Wombats leave distinctive cubic faeces . As wombats arrange these feces to mark territories and attract mates, it

1647-659: Is known as a wisdom, a mob, or a colony. Wombats typically live up to 15 years in the wild, but can live past 20 and even 30 years in captivity. The longest-lived captive wombat lived to 34 years of age. In 2020, biologists discovered that wombats, like many other Australian marsupials, display bio-fluorescence under ultraviolet light. Wombats have an extraordinarily slow metabolism , taking around 8 to 14 days to complete digestion , which aids their survival in arid conditions. They generally move slowly. Wombats defend home territories centred on their burrows, and they react aggressively to intruders. The common wombat occupies

1708-461: Is prohibited in Hare-Clark elections. 1. Initial count They are allocated to marked candidate. Example: Of the total 10,500 votes cast by the electorate, 500 are invalid. There are 10,000 valid votes remaining. Each candidate's total is announced. 2. Determining the quota Example: There are 10,000 valid votes and 3 vacancies to be filled. The quota to be elected

1769-674: The American Law Review , was reprinted in London by the Representative Reform Association, a group of allies of Hare set up with support from Walter Morrison who funded George Howell as its secretary from 1868 to 1874, also involving Edmond Beales . Ware's ideas were close to Hare's. Charles Lutwidge Dodgson built on the classification used by Ware of voting systems, in his 1884 pamphlet The Principles of Parliamentary Representation , to give

1830-539: The co-operative movement from 1869, and joined the Land Tenure Reform Association (1869 to 1873) for "free trade in land", following the ideas of Mill and William Thomas Thornton . Hare's major work The Machinery of Representation appeared in 1857 (two editions) and editions of his Treatise on the Election of Representatives: Parliamentary and Municipal appeared between 1859 and 1873. John Stuart Mill in 1873 described Hare's system as

1891-631: The Epping Forest National Park, and a smaller colony being established by translocating wombats to the Richard Underwood Nature Refuge at Yarran Downs. This second colony is being created through the Xstrata reintroduction project, which is being funded by Xstrata , a Swiss global mining company. From a low of just 35 wombats across the state when surveyed in the 1980s, the population had increased to

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1952-469: The U.S., New Zealand and Scotland. He was born on 28 March 1806, the illegitimate son of Anne Hare of Leigh, Dorset . ( Alumni Cantabrigienses considers that a 19th-century identification was incorrect. It identified Anne Hare's son with the Thomas Hare who matriculated at Queens' College, Cambridge in 1823, graduating B.A. in 1827, and M.A. in 1846. ) Brought up on a Dorset farm, Hare had

2013-722: The United Kingdom, including minorities in the House of Commons and other electoral assemblies. In the British context, the "transferable vote" concept had already been introduced by Thomas Wright Hill , but was not published by him. His son Rowland Hill , for the South Australian Colonization Commission , took an interest during the 1830s in a reformed electoral system for the colony, and drew on his father's ideas. Hare's interest in

2074-482: The adoption of permanent proportional representation struggled through Parliament and over a year before it was used for the first time throughout Tasmania at the general election in April 1909 . District magnitude was set at five in each district - each district elected five members. Hare-Clark has been used continuously for Tasmanian state elections since 1909 for the House of Assembly . (Tasmania's Legislative Council

2135-518: The animals. Prominent sculptures of wombats include in South Australia: "The Big Wombat" at Scotdesco Aboriginal Community (Tjilkaba) and Wudinna visitor information centre, Adelaide Zoo and Norwood ; New South Wales: Wombat, New South Wales ; Victoria: Daylesford , Trentham, Victoria and Kinglake ; Tasmania: Steppes State Reserve . Wombats have also been a feature of Australian television. While wombats are not generally kept as pets,

2196-403: The attendant risks of broken bones from the fall. One naturalist, Harry Frauca , once received a bite 2 cm (0.8 in) deep into the flesh of his leg—through a rubber boot, trousers and thick woollen socks. A UK newspaper, The Independent , reported that on 6 April 2010, a 59-year-old man from rural Victoria state was mauled by a wombat (thought to have been angered by mange ), causing

2257-511: The dish is also used by a popular children's book and musical. Wombats have featured in Australian postage stamps and coins. The hairy-nosed wombats have featured mainly to highlight their elevated conservation status. The northern hairy-nosed wombat featured on an Australian 1974 20-cent stamp and also an Australian 1981 five-cent stamp. The common wombat has appeared on a 1987 37-cent stamp and an Australian 1996 95-cent stamp. The 2006 Australian Bush Babies stamp series features an AU$ 1.75-stamp of

2318-485: The exclusion of women from the suffrage". A system along lines described by Hare was publicised by Henry Fawcett in Mr. Hare's Reform Bill Simplified and Explained (1860). Mill then shifted his ideas from 1859 slightly, emphasizing the role of bullet voting in a voting context, as a safeguard for minority groups. An article The Machinery of Politics and Proportional Representation from 1872 by William Robert Ware , in

2379-582: The family Vombatidae that are native to Australia . Living species are about 1 m (40 in) in length with small, stubby tails and weigh between 20 and 35 kg (44 and 77 lb). They are adaptable and habitat tolerant, and are found in forested, mountainous, and heathland areas of southern and eastern Australia, including Tasmania, as well as an isolated patch of about 300 ha (740 acres) in Epping Forest National Park in central Queensland. The name "wombat" comes from

2440-603: The favour and respect of the town and neighbourhood? Hare lends his name to the following: Hare's death in May 1891 occurred several years before the first use of proportional representation in Tasmania in 1897. The recognition of Hare's name in the Hare-Clark electoral system (i.e. Tasmanian system) honours his work. The Single Transferable Vote method has been widely used for multiple-winner elections. While continuing to be

2501-432: The greatest improvement of which the system of representative government is susceptible; an improvement which…exactly meets and cures the grand, and what before seemed inherent, defect of the representative system. In 1859 Mill wrote a review for Fraser's Magazine under the title "Recent Writers on Reform", calling Hare's Treatise remarkable, and noting also "Mr. Hare passes an unqualified and most just condemnation on

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2562-632: The island to Port Jackson. Governor John Hunter later sent the animal's corpse to Joseph Banks at the Literary and Philosophical Society to verify that it was a new species. The island was named Clarke Island after William Clark. Wombats were classified as vermin in 1906, and a bounty was introduced in 1925. This and the removal of a substantial amount of habitat have greatly reduced their numbers and range. In addition to being bitten, humans can receive puncture wounds from wombat claws. Startled wombats can also charge humans and bowl them over, with

2623-495: The issue dated from his appointment as Inspector of Charities. Danish thinker Carl Christoffer Georg Andræ developed a similar system independently in 1855. Hare's ideas intended to make political representation more closely reflect the ideals of participatory democracy , where all constituents could be heard. He argued that "personal representation" could displace the dominant "monolithic bloc" political party . Hare's original electoral system concept included each voter casting

2684-649: The main method of elections in the Republic of Ireland and for some elections in Australia, it has been widely used in numerous corporations and organizations, and has been employed in local elections in a few jurisdictions of the United States. 2007 saw the reintroduction of STV in public elections on the British mainland in elections to Scottish local authorities . STV had been used for elections to Parliament for some University Seats from 1918 to 1945 and from 1918 to 1929 for Scottish boards. Hare and his wife gave

2745-404: The next usable preference marked on each ballot. Ballot papers with non-transferable votes are set aside during this process. The process of conducting the vote count in Hare-Clark and Australian Senate style systems is largely similar, with only minor differences. Prior to the 2016 Australian federal election , group voting tickets were used for Senate elections. This allowed parties to determine

2806-522: The now nearly extinct Dharug language spoken by the aboriginal Dharug people , who originally inhabited the Sydney area. It was first recorded in January 1798, when John Price and James Wilson, a white man who had adopted aboriginal ways, visited the area of what is now Bargo, New South Wales . Price wrote: "We saw several sorts of dung of different animals, one of which Wilson called a 'Whom-batt', which

2867-404: The number of votes that are added to WOMBAT's old votes. When all surpluses have been transferred and if there are still vacant seats remaining, the count proceeds to 5 . The count is complete if there are no remaining vacancies. 5. Remaining candidates have not reached the quota The count is complete if the number of candidates remaining is the same as remaining vacancies, at which time

2928-471: The order candidates appeared on ballot papers is randomised, was introduced in 1980. This has the effect of reducing any advantage a candidate has by appearing at the top of a party list, so as to eliminate any influence of donkey votes . As well, district magnitude (the number of seats used in districts) has changed since 1896. After a candidate reaches a quota and is elected, all of their ballot papers are redistributed to elect additional candidates based on

2989-470: The order in which preferences would be distributed to other candidates. This option for voters to have their preferences determined by group voting tickets is still in use in Victoria . In contrast, under Hare-Clark, preferences are always explicitly determined by individual voters, and there is no "above the line" voting option. The distribution of how-to-vote cards outside polling places on election day

3050-437: The quota. The transfer value from PLATYPUS is 0.17. Example: Of the 3,000 first preference votes for Candidate PLATYPUS, 1,000 had Candidate WOMBAT as second preference. WOMBAT receives these votes but at the value of the transfer rate. Candidate WOMBAT has 170 added to their total. To put it another way - the proportion of PLATYPUS voters who second preferenced WOMBAT multiplied by PLATYPUS' surplus votes equals

3111-772: The remaining candidates are declared elected. Thomas Hare (political scientist) Thomas Hare (28 March 1806 in England – 6 May 1891) was a British lawyer and supporter of electoral reform . He is credited with inventing the single transferable vote system of proportional representation which he was a proponent and defender, now used in national elections in Ireland and Malta, in Australian Senate and state elections, in local and European Parliament elections in Northern Ireland, and several cities in

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3172-416: The roof of the tunnel. However, there is no evidence to support this. Wombats are generally quiet animals. Bare-nosed wombats can make a number of different sounds, more than the hairy-nosed wombats. Wombats tend to be more vocal during mating season. When angered, they can make hissing sounds. Their call sounds somewhat like a pig's squeal. They can also make grunting noises, a low growl, a hoarse cough, and

3233-464: The voters' next preferences indicated on each ballot paper. The redistributed votes have a reduced transfer value, which is determined by the relationship of the number of surplus votes received by the previously elected candidate compared to the total votes he or she holds. In a round that starts with no candidate holding un-transferred surplus votes, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their preferences are transferred at full value to

3294-624: The wombat as originating from a person named Warreen whose head had been flattened by a stone and tail amputated as punishment for selfishness. In contrast, the Tasmanian aboriginal story first recorded in 1830 tells of the wombat (known as the drogedy or publedina ) the great spirit Moihernee had asked hunters to leave alone. In both cases, the wombat is regarded as having been banished to its burrowing habitat. Estimates of wombat distribution prior to European settlement are that numbers of all three surviving species were prolific and that they covered

3355-681: The wombat, including a large number of places where they are now locally extinct in the wild. References to the locally extinct common wombat can be found in parts of the Central Highlands of Victoria, for example the Wombat State Forest and Wombat Hill in Daylesford . Other significant places named after the wombat includes the town of Wombat, New South Wales and the suburb of Quoiba, Tasmania . Numerous less significant Australian places, including hotels, are named after

3416-529: The world for its adoption although Hare pointed out that his scheme was not meant to bear the title "representation for minorities". In the preface to his third edition of that work, Hare had asked: Can it be supposed that the moment the electors are allowed a freedom of choice they will immediately be seized with a desire to vote for some distant candidate with whom they are unacquainted, rather than for those whom they know – who are near to them, whose speeches they have heard and who have personal recommendations to

3477-728: The years, including "wambat", "whombat", "womat", "wombach", and "womback", possibly reflecting dialectal differences in the Darug language. Though genetic studies of the Vombatidae have been undertaken, evolution of the family is not well understood. Wombats are estimated to have diverged from other Australian marsupials relatively early, as long as 40 million years ago, while some estimates place divergence at around 25 million years. Some prehistoric wombat genera greatly exceeded modern wombats in size. The largest known wombat, Phascolonus , which went extinct approximately 40,000 years ago,

3538-726: Was Gosbury Hill in Surrey where Hare had a farmhouse built to his own design. The place is now a street in a built-up area, in north Chessington . Of the sons: Herbert Thomas Hare, the second son, a civil engineer, died at Hong Kong in 1874 aged 27. Of the daughters: Attribution [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Courtney, William Prideaux (1901). " Hare, Thomas ". In Lee, Sidney (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography (1st supplement) . Vol. 2. London: Smith, Elder & Co. Wombat Wombats are short-legged, muscular quadrupedal marsupials of

3599-623: Was a co-author, with Henry Iltid Nicholl and John Monson Carrow, of the initial 1840 and 1843 volumes of Cases Relating to Railways and Canals 1835–1840, resp. 1840–1842. Initially a Conservative Party supporter, Hare was a free trader opposed to the Corn Laws . He left the Conservatives in 1846, the year of their repeal, and became a Peelite . He never joined the Liberal Party , preferring to maintain his independence. He

3660-670: Was a devout Anglican, influenced by the Tractarians . Hare differed from Mill in relying heavily on Edmund Burke as a political authority, in particular the Reflections on the Revolution in France . The Dictionary of National Biography article by William Prideaux Courtney on Hare states: Hare's energies were concentrated in an attempt to devise a system which would secure proportional representation of all classes in

3721-735: Was also a member of the National Association for the Promotion of Social Science , and from 1867 was on the committee of the Society for Promoting the Employment of Women . He worked with Lydia Becker on suffrage petitions. He attended the 1867 funeral of the Manchester suffragist Max Kyllmann, to support his wife Philippine Kyllmann ; who two years later fell out with Becker. Under Mill's influence, Hare became involved in

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