80-543: Harold Arlen (born Hyman Arluck ; February 15, 1905 – April 23, 1986) was an American composer of popular music, who composed over 500 songs, a number of which have become known worldwide. In addition to composing the songs for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz (lyrics by Yip Harburg ), including " Over the Rainbow ", which won him the Oscar for Best Original Song , he was nominated as composer for 8 other Oscar awards. Arlen
160-532: A singer in a choir , as a player in a youth orchestra , or as a performer on a solo instrument (e.g., piano , pipe organ , or violin ). Teens aspiring to be composers can continue their postsecondary studies in a variety of formal training settings, including colleges, conservatories, and universities. Conservatories , which are the standard musical training system in countries such as France and Canada, provide lessons and amateur orchestral and choral singing experience for composition students. Universities offer
240-401: A band collaborates to write a song, or in musical theatre , where the songs may be written by one person, the orchestration of the accompaniment parts and writing of the overture is done by an orchestrator, and the words may be written by a third person. A piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, in the 20th and 21st centuries, computer programs that explain or notate how
320-533: A band vocalist on records by The Buffalodians, Red Nichols , Joe Venuti , Leo Reisman , and Eddie Duchin , usually singing his own compositions. In 1929, Arlen composed his first well-known song: " Get Happy " (with lyrics by Ted Koehler ). Throughout the early and mid-1930s, Arlen and Koehler wrote shows for the Cotton Club , a popular Harlem night club, as well as for Broadway musicals and Hollywood films . Arlen and Koehler's partnership resulted in
400-426: A composition professor , ensemble experience, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two concerts featuring the composition student's pieces. A master's degree in music (referred to as an M.Mus. or M.M.) is often a required minimum credential for people who wish to teach composition at a university or conservatory. A composer with an M.Mus. could be an adjunct professor or instructor at
480-515: A conventional Western piece of instrumental music, in which all of the melodies , chords , and basslines are written out in musical notation, the performer has a degree of latitude to add artistic interpretation to the work, by such means as by varying their articulation and phrasing , choosing how long to make fermatas (held notes) or pauses, and — in the case of bowed string instruments, woodwinds or brass instruments — deciding whether to use expressive effects such as vibrato or portamento . For
560-545: A different costume and hairstyle) was included. The same year, when PBS was producing its documentary for Great Performances , Judy Garland: The Concert Years , another small piece of footage was found and shown for the first time in the program: Garland singing " When My Sugar Walks Down the Street ", which was deleted from the "Born in a Trunk" sequence. Warner Home Video released the 176-minute 1983 "restored" version on home video in various formats on January 4, 1984. It
640-547: A number of hit songs, including the familiar standards " Let's Fall in Love " and " Stormy Weather ". Arlen continued to perform as a pianist and vocalist with some success, most notably on records with Leo Reisman 's society dance orchestra. In the mid-1930s, Arlen married, and spent increasing time in California, writing for movie musicals. It was at this time that he began working with lyricist E. Y. "Yip" Harburg . In 1938,
720-441: A performer of Western popular music creates a "cover" of an earlier song, there is little expectation of exact rendition of the original; nor is exact faithfulness necessarily highly valued (with the possible exception of "note-for-note" transcriptions of famous guitar solos ). In Western art music, the composer typically orchestrates their compositions, but in musical theatre and pop music, songwriters may hire an arranger to do
800-473: A range of composition programs, including bachelor's degrees, Master of Music degrees, and Doctor of Musical Arts degrees. As well, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and festivals, which give students the opportunity to get coaching from composers. Bachelor's degrees in composition (referred to as B.Mus. or B.M) are four-year programs that include individual composition lessons, amateur orchestra/choral experience, and
880-766: A runtime of 176 minutes) was screened at the Radio City Music Hall . Those in attendance included James Mason and Garland's daughters Liza Minnelli and Lorna Luft . Cukor had died the night before a special screening of the film was held at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater on January 24, 1983. In the spring of 1984, the restored film was reissued and shown at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City. For this engagement, an outtake of Garland's performing "The Man That Got Away" (in
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#1732780069023960-453: A sequence of courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Usually, composition students must complete significant pieces or songs before graduating. Not all composers hold a B.Mus. in composition; composers may also hold a B.Mus. in music performance or music theory. Master of Music degrees (M.mus.) in composition consists of private lessons with
1040-438: A singer or instrumental performer, the process of deciding how to perform music that has been previously composed and notated is termed "interpretation". Different performers' interpretations of the same work of music can vary widely, in terms of the tempos that are chosen and the playing or singing style or phrasing of the melodies. Composers and songwriters who present their music are interpreting, just as much as those who perform
1120-467: A tendency to cluster in specific cities throughout history. Based on over 12,000 prominent composers listed in Grove Music Online and using word count measurement techniques, the most important cities for classical music can be quantitatively identified. Paris has been the main hub for western classical music in all periods. It was ranked fifth in the 15th and 16th centuries but first in
1200-686: A university, but it would be difficult in the 2010s to obtain a tenure track professor position with this degree. To become a tenure track professor, many universities require a doctoral degree . In composition, the key doctoral degree is the Doctor of Musical Arts , rather than the PhD ; the PhD is awarded in music, but typically for subjects such as musicology and music theory . Doctor of Musical Arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in composition provide an opportunity for advanced study at
1280-492: A very difficult time breaking through and getting the credit they deserve." During the Medieval eras, most of the art music was created for liturgical (religious) purposes and due to the views about the roles of women that were held by religious leaders, few women composed this type of music, with the nun Hildegard von Bingen being among the exceptions. Most university textbooks on the history of music discuss almost exclusively
1360-534: A vocalist, Harold Sings Arlen (With Friend) , in 1966. Barbra Streisand accompanied him on two songs. Arlen and Anya Taranda married on January 6, 1937, over the objection of their parents, because she was Gentile and he was Jewish . In 1951, Anya was institutionalized for seven years. Coming home the same year that Celia Arnuk (Harold's mother) had died, she was diagnosed with a brain tumor in 1969, which became fatal by 1970. Arlen never remarried. He died of cancer on April 23, 1986, at his Manhattan apartment at
1440-444: A whole. Across cultures and traditions composers may write and transmit music in a variety of ways. In much popular music, the composer writes a composition , and it is then transmitted via oral tradition . Conversely, in some Western classical traditions music may be composed aurally—i.e. "in the mind of the musician"—and subsequently written and passed through written documents . In the development of European classical music ,
1520-408: A wholesome young woman..." Time wrote that Garland "gives what is just about the greatest one-woman show in modern movie history". Jack Moffitt of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as "the perfect blend of drama and musical—of cinematic art and popular entertainment". He furthermore felt "the entire success of the picture depends upon the fact that Judy really has it. Her song styling
1600-488: Is Born earned $ 6 million in North American distributor rentals . However, despite its huge popularity, the film failed to make a profit for Warner Brothers due to its excessive cost. The film received critical acclaim; on the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 98% based on 40 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads " A Star Is Born
1680-481: Is Mrs. Norman Maine", which prompts the crowd into a standing ovation. In December 1952, George Cukor was approached by Sid Luft , who proposed the director helm a musical remake of the 1937 film A Star Is Born , with his then wife Judy Garland in the lead role. Garland had portrayed Vicki Lester in a December 1942 Lux Radio Theater broadcast with Walter Pidgeon , and she and Luft, along with several associates, had formed Transcona Enterprises specifically to produce
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#17327800690231760-822: Is a highly regarded contributor to the Great American Songbook . "Over the Rainbow" was voted the 20th century's No. 1 song by the RIAA and the NEA . Arlen was born in Buffalo, New York , the child of a Jewish cantor . His twin brother died the next day. He learned to play the piano as a youth, and formed a band as a young man. He achieved some local success as a pianist and singer before moving to New York City in his early twenties, where he worked as an accompanist in vaudeville and changed his name to Harold Arlen. Between 1926 and about 1934, Arlen appeared occasionally as
1840-529: Is a movie of grand scope and intimate moments, featuring Judy Garland's possibly greatest performance." Bosley Crowther of The New York Times wrote the film was "one of the grandest heartbreak dramas that has drenched the screen in years." He also added: "The whole thing runs for three hours, and during this extraordinary time a remarkable range of entertainment is developed upon the screen...No one surpasses Mr. Cukor at handling this sort of thing, and he gets performances from Miss Garland and Mr. Mason that make
1920-480: Is a musician in his own right, as both a saxophonist as well as a music publisher; his control extends to the company that owns the rights to the Arlen catalog. Composer A composer is a person who writes music . The term is especially used to indicate composers of Western classical music , or those who are composers by occupation. Many composers are, or were, also skilled performers of music. The term
2000-706: Is an aspiring singer with a band, and Norman Maine is a former matinée idol whose career is beginning to decline. When he arrives intoxicated at a function at the Shrine Auditorium , studio publicist Matt Libby attempts to keep him offstage. Norman rushes away and bursts onto a stage where an orchestra is performing, but Esther pretends that he is part of the act. Realizing that Esther has saved him from public humiliation, Norman invites her to dinner and watches her perform in an after-hours club. He urges her to follow her dream and convinces her she can break into movies. Esther tells Danny McGuire, her bandmate, that she
2080-447: Is as individual and arresting as Ethel Merman 's. And, as the picture progresses, she proves it in one smash number after another." Similarly, Newsweek wrote that the film is "best classified as a thrilling personal triumph for Judy Garland...As an actress, Miss Garland is more than adequate. As a mime and comedienne she is even better. But as a singer she can handle anything from torch songs and blues to ballads. In more ways than one,
2160-449: Is cast in an important musical film, making her a huge success. Her relationship with Norman flourishes, and they wed. As Vicki's career continues to grow, Norman finds that his worsening alcoholism has rendered him unemployable. He arrives, late and drunk, in the middle of Vicki's Oscar acceptance speech and starts ranting at the audience for turning their backs on him; when Vicki attempts to calm him down, he accidentally strikes her in
2240-542: Is descended from Latin , compōnō ; literally "one who puts together". The earliest use of the term in a musical context given by the Oxford English Dictionary is from Thomas Morley 's 1597 A Plain and Easy Introduction to Practical Music , where he says "Some wil [ sic ] be good descanters [...] and yet wil be but bad composers". "Composer" is a loose term that generally refers to any person who writes music. More specifically, it
2320-473: Is often used to denote people who are composers by occupation, or those who work in the tradition of Western classical music . Writers of exclusively or primarily songs may be called composers, but since the 20th century the terms ' songwriter ' or ' singer-songwriter ' are more often used, particularly in popular music genres. In other contexts, the term 'composer' can refer to a literary writer, or more rarely and generally, someone who combines pieces into
2400-497: Is quitting their gig to pursue movies in L.A. Norman is called away early in the morning. He later hears Esther singing on a television commercial and tracks her down. Studio head Oliver Niles believes Esther is just a passing fancy for the actor but casts her in a small film role when Maine appeals to their friendship. The studio arbitrarily changes her name to "Vicki Lester", which she finds out when she tries to pick up her paycheck. When Norman persuades Niles to hear "Vicki" sing, she
2480-604: The Baroque music era, many composers were employed by aristocrats or as church employees. During the Classical period , composers began to organize more public concerts for profit, which helped composers to be less dependent on aristocratic or church jobs. This trend continued in the Romantic music era in the 19th century. In the 20th century, composers began to seek employment as professors in universities and conservatories. In
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2560-531: The Renaissance music era, composers typically worked for aristocratic employers. While aristocrats typically required composers to produce a significant amount of religious music, such as Masses , composers also penned many non-religious songs on the topic of courtly love : the respectful, reverential love of a great woman from afar. Courtly love songs were very popular during the Renaissance era. During
2640-498: The original 1937 film , based on the original screenplay by Robert Carson , Dorothy Parker and Alan Campbell , and from the same story by William A. Wellman and Carson, with uncredited input from six additional writers— David O. Selznick , Ben Hecht , Ring Lardner Jr. , John Lee Mahin , Budd Schulberg and Adela Rogers St. Johns . Garland had not made a film since she had negotiated release from her MGM contract soon after filming began on Royal Wedding in 1950, and Star
2720-427: The 17th to 20th centuries inclusive. London was the second most meaningful city: eighth in the 15th century, seventh in the 16th, fifth in the 17th, second in the 18th and 19th centuries, and fourth in the 20th century. Rome topped the rankings in the 15th century, dropped to second in the 16th and 17th centuries, eighth in the 18th century, ninth in the 19th century but back at sixth in the 20th century. Berlin appears in
2800-525: The 1937 original, and the 1976 remake. On June 22, 2010, Warner Home Video released the film on Blu-ray and DVD. The release also included supplemental features such as alternate takes, deleted scenes, excerpts from Garland's audio recording sessions, a collectible book of rare photos, press materials, and an essay by film historian John Fricke . Warner Archive Collection reissued the Blu-ray and DVD on May 14, 2019. During its initial release, A Star
2880-672: The 1943 movie Cabin in the Sky . Arlen was a longtime friend and one-time roommate of actor Ray Bolger , who starred in The Wizard of Oz . In the 1940s, he teamed up with lyricist Johnny Mercer , and continued to write hit songs like " Blues in the Night ", " Out of this World ", " That Old Black Magic ", " Ac-Cent-Tchu-Ate the Positive ", " Any Place I Hang My Hat Is Home ", " Come Rain or Come Shine " and " One for My Baby (and One More for
2960-659: The 1954 film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant." It ranked #43 on the American Film Institute 's 100 Years...100 Passions list in 2002 and #7 on its list of greatest musicals in 2006. The song " The Man That Got Away " was ranked #11 on AFI's list of 100 top songs in films. Esther Blodgett
3040-422: The 20th century, composers also earned money from the sales of their works, such as sheet music publications of their songs or pieces or as sound recordings of their works. In 1993, American musicologist Marcia Citron asked, "Why is music composed by women so marginal to the standard 'classical' repertoire?" Citron "examines the practices and attitudes that have led to the exclusion of women composers from
3120-429: The 20th century, such as John Cage , Morton Feldman , and Witold Lutosławski . The nature and means of individual variation of the music are varied, depending on the musical culture in the country and the time period it was written. For instance, music composed in the Baroque era , particularly in slow tempos, often was written in bare outline, with the expectation that the performer would add improvised ornaments to
3200-452: The Road) ". Arlen composed two of the defining songs of Judy Garland 's career: "Over the Rainbow" and " The Man That Got Away ", the last written for the 1954 version of the film A Star Is Born . At her famous 1961 Carnegie Hall concert , after finishing a set of his songs, Garland acknowledged Arlen in the audience and invited him to receive an ovation. Arlen recorded his debut album as
3280-657: The age of eighty-one. Arlen is buried next to his wife at the Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New York . After Arlen's death, Irving Berlin summed up his life at a tribute, saying: "He wasn't as well known as some of us, but he was a better songwriter than most of us and he will be missed by all of us." Shortly before his death, Arlen adopted his own nephew, Samuel, the 22-year-old adult son of his brother Julius "Jerry" Arluck; his estate would have an heir in order to extend his copyright. Known as Samuel Arlen, he
Harold Arlen - Misplaced Pages Continue
3360-528: The definition of composition is broad enough for the creation of popular and traditional music songs and instrumental pieces and to include spontaneously improvised works like those of free jazz performers and African percussionists such as Ewe drummers . During the Middle Ages, most composers worked for the Catholic church and composed music for religious services such as plainchant melodies. During
3440-599: The face. Vicki continues working and tells Oliver that Norman has entered a sanitarium. While visiting the racetrack, he runs into Libby, who mocks him for living on Vicki's money. The resulting fight prompts Norman to go on a drinking binge; he is arrested and receives ninety days in jail. Vicki bails him out and brings him home, where they are joined by Niles. Norman overhears Vicki telling Niles that she will retire from acting to care for him, and Niles retorting that Norman's poor life choices are his alone to bear. Finally realizing what he has done to himself, Vicki, his career, and
3520-429: The film lost two major musical numbers and crucial dramatic scenes; Cukor called it "very painful" to watch. A Star Is Born cost more than $ 5 million to produce, making it one Hollywood's most expensive films at the time. On October 22, 1954, it was reported that Warner Bros. had removed 27 minutes from the film, and the new version would be sent back to theaters on November 1. Following Garland's death in 1969,
3600-539: The film should be the first Warner Brothers picture to use CinemaScope. In March 1954, a rough cut was assembled, still missing several musical numbers, and Cukor had mixed feelings about it. When the last scene was shot in the early morning hours of July 28, 1954, Cukor had already left the production and was unwinding in Europe. The long "Born in a Trunk" sequence was added after Cukor left, supervised by Garland's professional mentor Roger Edens . The first test screening
3680-462: The film's stereophonic soundtrack had been found inside the Burbank sound library. However, seven to eight minutes of matching footage to some of the film's dramatic scenes was never located. Rather than scrap these scenes, a choice was made to intersperse the soundtrack with filtered production stills of these sequences, assembled from the archives. On July 7, 1983, the reconstructed version (with
3760-455: The following month ran to 196 minutes, and despite ecstatic feedback from the audience, Cukor and editor Folmar Blangsted trimmed it to 182 minutes for its New York premiere that October. The reviews were excellent, but Warner executives, concerned the running time would limit the number of daily showings, made drastic cuts without Cukor, who had departed for India to scout locations for Bhowani Junction . At its final running time of 154 minutes,
3840-522: The function of composing music initially did not have much greater importance than that of performing it. The preservation of individual compositions did not receive enormous attention and musicians generally had no qualms about modifying compositions for performance. In the Western world, before the Romantic period of the 19th century, composition almost always went side by side with a combination of either singing, instructing and theorizing . Even in
3920-503: The guidance of faculty composition professors. Some schools require DMA composition students to present concerts of their works, which are typically performed by singers or musicians from the school. The completion of advanced coursework and a minimum B average are other typical requirements of a D.M.A program. During a D.M.A. program, a composition student may get experience teaching undergraduate music students. Some composers did not complete composition programs, but focused their studies on
4000-413: The heart flutter and bleed." Abel Green , reviewing for Variety , felt the "casting is ideal; the direction sure; the basic ingredients honest and convincing all the way. Miss Garland glitters with that stardust which in the plot the wastrel star James Mason recognizes." Harrison's Reports wrote that "...in addition to being a powerful human-interest drama that frequently tugs at the heartstrings,
4080-552: The highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Students must submit examples of their compositions. If available, some schools will also accept video or audio recordings of performances of the student's pieces. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination are required. Students must prepare significant compositions under
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#17327800690234160-480: The instrumental portion of the 2004 soundtrack contains partial or whole outtakes. This CD also sees the first CD release of the complete version of "Gotta Have Me Go with You" with the full introduction, as well as "The Man That Got Away" with an expanded introduction not used in the original film. The original Columbia 1954 mono vinyl version of the soundtrack has been released on CD in Britain by Prism Leisure and
4240-494: The melody line during a performance. Such freedom generally diminished in later eras, correlating with the increased use by composers of more detailed scoring in the form of dynamics, articulation et cetera; composers became uniformly more explicit in how they wished their music to be interpreted, although how strictly and minutely these are dictated varies from one composer to another. Because of this trend of composers becoming increasingly specific and detailed in their instructions to
4320-400: The mid-20th century was Nadia Boulanger . Philips states that "[d]uring the 20th century the women who were composing/playing gained far less attention than their male counterparts." Women today are being taken more seriously in the realm of concert music, though the statistics of recognition, prizes, employment, and overall opportunities are still biased toward men. Famous composers have
4400-417: The music of others. The standard body of choices and techniques present at a given time and a given place is referred to as performance practice , whereas interpretation is generally used to mean the individual choices of a performer. Although a musical composition often has a single author, this is not always the case. A work of music can have multiple composers, which often occurs in popular music when
4480-435: The orchestration. In some cases, a pop songwriter may not use notation at all, and, instead, compose the song in their mind and then play or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written scores play in classical music. The study of composition has traditionally been dominated by the examination of methods and practice of Western classical music, but
4560-460: The original mono LP masters. Other numbers such as "Gotta Have Me Go with You" are mostly in stereo, save for brief sections where the mono soundtrack album master was used in order to remove various endemic plot-related sound effects from the track. All of the instrumental tracks are in mono as well due to the fact that the original elements have been lost or destroyed. The 2004 soundtrack also includes three vocal outtakes – an alternative vocal for
4640-424: The people around him, Norman tells Vicki that he is going for a swim, walks into the ocean, and drowns himself. At Norman's funeral, Vicki is mobbed by reporters and insensitive fans. Despondent, she becomes a recluse. Finally, her old bandmate Danny convinces her to attend a charity function. When she arrives on stage, the master of ceremonies asks her to say a few words to her fans. She says, "Hello, everybody. This
4720-404: The performance of voice or an instrument or on music theory , and developed their compositional skills over the course of a career in another musical occupation. A Star Is Born (1954 film) A Star Is Born is a 1954 American musical tragedy film directed by George Cukor , written by Moss Hart , and starring Judy Garland and James Mason . Hart's screenplay is an adaptation of
4800-408: The performer, a culture eventually developed whereby faithfulness to the composer's written intention came to be highly valued (see, for example, Urtext edition ). This musical culture is almost certainly related to the high esteem (bordering on veneration) in which the leading classical composers are often held by performers. The historically informed performance movement has revived to some extent
4880-504: The picture is hers". When the Oscar for Best Actress went to Grace Kelly instead of Garland, Groucho Marx sent Garland a telegram reading: "Dear Judy, this is the biggest robbery since Brink's ". The soundtrack has never been out of print. It was originally released by Columbia Records in 1954 in 10-inch 78 rpm and 12-inch 33 + 1 / 3 rpm editions, and also on 7-inch 45 rpm records. In 1988, Columbia released
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#17327800690234960-442: The picture is studded with nice touches of comedy and vastly entertaining musical interludes that are well-placed and do not interfere with the progress of the story." The paper also applauded Garland's performance, writing she "has never appeared to better advantage than she does in this film; she not only makes the most of her exceptional musical talents, but also endears herself to the audience with her highly sympathetic portrayal of
5040-427: The possibility of the performer elaborating seriously the music as given in the score, particularly for Baroque music and music from the early Classical period . The movement might be considered a way of creating greater faithfulness to the original in works composed at a time that expected performers to improvise . In genres other than classical music, the performer generally has more freedom; thus for instance when
5120-472: The post-premiere party at the Cocoanut Grove ; three alternative filmings of "The Man That Got Away" with additional original recording session music; a short musical sequence that appeared in a test screening but was deleted before the film's official premiere, "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street" (which was to be part of the extended "Born in a Trunk" sequence); and the theatrical trailers for this,
5200-399: The project on screen. Cukor had declined to direct the original film because it was too similar to his 1932 work What Price Hollywood? , but the opportunity to direct his first Technicolor film and first musical, work with screenwriter Moss Hart , and especially with Garland, appealed to him, and he accepted. It was Garland's first film since leaving MGM . Getting the updated film to
5280-479: The received ' canon ' of performed musical works." She argues that in the 1800s, women composers typically wrote art songs for performance in small recitals rather than symphonies intended for performance with an orchestra in a large hall, with the latter works being seen as the most important genre for composers; since women composers did not write many symphonies, they were deemed to be not notable as composers. According to Abbey Philips, "women musicians have had
5360-421: The reprise of "It's a New World" that Esther sings while Norman goes for his final swim; "When My Sugar Walks Down the Street", which was intended to be part of the "Born in a Trunk" sequence, but was deleted for time constraints; and "The Trinidad Coconut Oil Shampoo Commercial", which was taken from the only surviving recording of the complete track, a very worn acetate artist reference disc. In addition, much of
5440-430: The role of male composers. As well, very few works by women composers are part of the standard repertoire of classical music. In Concise Oxford History of Music , " Clara Shumann [ sic ] is one of the only female composers mentioned", but other notable women composers of the common practice period include Fanny Mendelssohn and Cécile Chaminade , and arguably the most influential teacher of composers during
5520-494: The role. The director then suggested either Humphrey Bogart or Frank Sinatra for the part, but Jack L. Warner rejected both. Garland suggested John Hodiak , with whom she worked in The Harvey Girls eight years earlier, but he was unavailable. Stewart Granger was the frontrunner for a time, but withdrew when he couldn't adjust to Cukor's habit of acting out scenes as a form of direction. Ultimately, James Mason
5600-482: The screen proved a challenge. Cukor wanted Cary Grant , whom he had directed three times before, for the male lead, and went so far as to read the entire script with him. Grant, while agreeing it was the role of a lifetime, was more interested in traveling with wife Betsy Drake , and steadfastly refused the role (he also turned down Roman Holiday and Sabrina ). He was also concerned about Garland's reputation for unreliability. Cukor never forgave Grant for declining
5680-441: The singer or musician should create musical sounds. Examples of this range from wind chimes jingling in a breeze, to avant-garde music from the 20th century that uses graphic notation , to text compositions such as Aus den Sieben Tagen , to computer programs that select sounds for musical pieces. Music that makes heavy use of randomness and chance is called aleatoric music , and is associated with contemporary composers active in
5760-401: The soundtrack on compact disc, taking the overture and the main musical numbers directly from the film's stereo soundtrack due to the fact no stereo pre-recordings for the soundtrack master existed for this number. In 2004, in commemoration of the film's 50th anniversary, Columbia, Legacy Recordings , and Sony Music Soundtrax released a nearly complete, digitally-remastered, expanded edition of
5840-535: The soundtrack. Due to the lack of a complete multitrack version of all songs and score from the film, the CD includes a mix of monaural and stereo elements in order to make as complete a soundtrack as possible. Because some of the songs were not complete on the film soundtrack, as well as the fact that many of the original music stems had been lost or destroyed subsequent to original mono mixdown, numbers such as "Here's What I'm Here For" and "Lose That Long Face" are taken from
5920-458: The studio's film vaults. Alongside archivist Don Woodruff and editor Craig Holt, Haver located four minutes of the missing thirty minutes inside a storage facility that belonged to film librarian Merle Ray Harlin, who had been recently convicted of grand theft of motion pictures. Over the course of six months, Haver located more missing scenes, including two complete musical numbers: "Here's What I'm Here For" and "Lose That Long Face". Additionally,
6000-665: The team was hired by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to compose songs for The Wizard of Oz , the most famous of which is " Over the Rainbow ", for which they won the Academy Award for Best Music, Original Song . They also wrote " Down with Love " (featured in the 1937 Broadway show Hooray for What! ), " Lydia the Tattooed Lady ", for Groucho Marx in At the Circus in 1939, and " Happiness Is a Thing Called Joe ", for Ethel Waters in
6080-440: The top ten rankings only in the 18th century and was ranked third most important city in both the 19th and 20th centuries. New York City entered the rankings in the 19th century (in fifth place) and stood at second rank in the 20th century. The patterns are very similar for a sample of 522 top composers. Professional classical composers often have a background in performing classical music during their childhood and teens, either as
6160-468: The uncut film was reissued in Los Angeles and New York. In October 1981, an Academy tribute to Ira Gershwin was held, in which the musical number " The Man That Got Away " was screened. Following the ceremony, academy president Fay Kinan expressed interest in the removed footage. By courtesy of Warner Bros. studio chairman Robert A. Daly , film preservationist Ronald Haver was granted access into
6240-411: Was promoted heavily as her comeback. For her performance, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . It was the second of four official adaptations of A Star Is Born , with the first in 1937 starring Janet Gaynor and Fredric March , the third in 1976 starring Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson , and the fourth in 2018 starring Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper . In 2000,
6320-686: Was released on DVD in letterbox widescreen format on September 19, 2000. The film was digitally remastered from original CinemaScope elements for superior picture clarity and optimal audio vitality and features a remastered English audio soundtrack in Dolby Digital 5.1 and subtitles in English and French. Bonus features include the network telecast of the Hollywood premiere at the Pantages Theatre on September 29, 1954; highlights from
6400-654: Was signed. The film was originally announced to be made in 3-D but Warner Brothers later announced that it was to be made in WarnerSuperScope using Warner's new All-Media camera with no mention of 3-D. Filming began on October 12, 1953. As the months passed, Cukor was forced to deal not only with constant script changes but an unstable leading lady plagued by chemical dependencies, significant weight fluctuations, illnesses, and hypochondria. After eight days of filming, including both standard and CinemaScope versions of "The Man That Got Away", studio executives decided
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