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76-690: Harold Clayton Urey ForMemRS ( / ˈ j ʊər i / YOOR -ee ; April 29, 1893 – January 5, 1981) was an American physical chemist whose pioneering work on isotopes earned him the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 for the discovery of deuterium . He played a significant role in the development of the atom bomb , as well as contributing to theories on the development of organic life from non-living matter . Born in Walkerton, Indiana , Urey studied thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis at

152-738: A Fellow of the Royal Society in 1947. Named after him are lunar impact crater Urey , asteroid 4716 Urey , and the H. C. Urey Prize , awarded for achievement in planetary sciences by the American Astronomical Society . The Harold C. Urey Middle School in Walkerton, Indiana, is also named for him, as is Urey Hall, the chemistry building at Revelle College, UCSD, in La Jolla and the Harold C. Urey Lecture Hall at

228-1617: A "substantial contribution to the improvement of natural knowledge , including mathematics , engineering science , and medical science ". Fellowship of the Society, the oldest known scientific academy in continuous existence, is a significant honour. It has been awarded to many eminent scientists throughout history, including Isaac Newton (1672), Benjamin Franklin (1756), Charles Babbage (1816), Michael Faraday (1824), Charles Darwin (1839), Ernest Rutherford (1903), Srinivasa Ramanujan (1918), Jagadish Chandra Bose (1920), Albert Einstein (1921), Paul Dirac (1930), Winston Churchill (1941), Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1944), Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis (1945), Dorothy Hodgkin (1947), Alan Turing (1951), Lise Meitner (1955), Satyendra Nath Bose (1958), and Francis Crick (1959). More recently, fellowship has been awarded to Stephen Hawking (1974), David Attenborough (1983), Tim Hunt (1991), Elizabeth Blackburn (1992), Raghunath Mashelkar (1998), Tim Berners-Lee (2001), Venki Ramakrishnan (2003), Atta-ur-Rahman (2006), Andre Geim (2007), Bai Chunli (2014), James Dyson (2015), Ajay Kumar Sood (2015), Subhash Khot (2017), Elon Musk (2018), Elaine Fuchs (2019) and around 8,000 others in total, including over 280 Nobel Laureates since 1900. As of October 2018 , there are approximately 1,689 living Fellows, Foreign and Honorary Members, of whom 85 are Nobel Laureates. Fellowship of

304-798: A 100-million-year-old belemnite then indicated the summer and winter temperatures that it had lived through over a period of four years. For this pioneering paleoclimatic research, Urey was awarded the Arthur L. Day Medal by the Geological Society of America , and the Goldschmidt Medal of the Geochemical Society . While at the University of Chicago, Urey contributed to the Urey–Bigeleisen–Mayer equation ,

380-520: A 21-foot (6.4 m) grating spectrograph , a sensitive device that had been recently installed at Columbia and was capable of resolving the Balmer series. With a resolution of 1 Å per millimetre, the machine should have produced a difference of about 1 millimetre. However, since only one atom in 4,500 was heavy, the line on the spectrograph was very faint. Urey therefore decided to delay publishing their results until he had more conclusive evidence that it

456-645: A Chair (all of whom are Fellows of the Royal Society ). Members of the 10 Sectional Committees change every three years to mitigate in-group bias . Each Sectional Committee covers different specialist areas including: New Fellows are admitted to the Society at a formal admissions day ceremony held annually in July, when they sign the Charter Book and the Obligation which reads: "We who have hereunto subscribed, do hereby promise, that we will endeavour to promote

532-478: A diplomatic mission to England to establish co-operation on development of the atomic bomb. The British were optimistic about gaseous diffusion, but it was clear that both gaseous and centrifugal methods faced formidable technical obstacles. In May 1943, as the Manhattan Project gained momentum. Urey became head of the wartime Substitute Alloy Materials Laboratories ( SAM Laboratories ) at Columbia, which

608-640: A federal union of the world's major democracies , and the republican cause during the Spanish Civil War . He was an early opponent of German Nazism and assisted refugee scientists, including Enrico Fermi , by helping them find work in the United States, and to adjust to life in a new country. By the time World War II broke out in Europe in 1939, Urey was recognized as a world expert on isotope separation. Thus far, separation had involved only

684-454: A full gamelan ensemble, which performs concerts in the Spring. Earlham has an entirely student-managed public radio station , WECI 91.5FM. In addition, 6-10 theater performances occur throughout the year on campus through either the academic department, senior projects or the student company. Earlham has students from 77 countries, which equates to roughly 200 students. This high diversity

760-822: A model of stable isotope fractionation. Urey actively campaigned against the 1946 May-Johnson bill because he feared that it would lead to military control of nuclear energy, but supported and fought for the McMahon bill that replaced it, and ultimately created the Atomic Energy Commission . Urey's commitment to the ideal of world government dated from before the war, but the possibility of nuclear war made it only more urgent in his mind. He went on lecture tours against war, and became involved in Congressional debates regarding nuclear issues. He argued publicly on behalf of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg , and

836-583: A possible method. A third possibility was thermal diffusion . Urey coordinated all isotope separation research efforts, including the effort to produce heavy water, which could be used as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors . In May 1941, Urey was appointed to the Committee on Uranium , which oversaw the uranium project as part of the National Defense Research Committee (NDRC). In 1941, Urey and George B. Pegram led

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912-497: A pressure of 53 mmHg (7.1 kPa). On this sample, the Balmer lines for heavy hydrogen were seven times as intense. The paper announcing the discovery of heavy hydrogen, later named deuterium , was jointly published by Urey, Murphy, and Brickwedde in 1932. Urey was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1934 "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen". He declined to attend the ceremony in Stockholm, so that he could be present at

988-754: A research associate at Johns Hopkins University . He chose the latter. Before taking up the job, he traveled to Seattle, Washington , to visit his mother. On the way, he stopped by Everett, Washington , where he knew Dr. Kate Daum, a colleague from the University of Montana. Dr. Daum introduced Urey to her sister, Frieda. Urey and Frieda soon became engaged. They were married at her father's house in Lawrence, Kansas , in 1926. The couple had four children: Gertrude Bessie (Elizabeth) , born in 1927; Frieda Rebecca, born in 1929; Mary Alice, born in 1934; and John Clayton Urey, born in 1939. At Johns Hopkins, Urey and Arthur Ruark wrote Atoms, Quanta and Molecules (1930), one of

1064-541: A residence for upper class students. In keeping with Quaker tradition, Earlham students voluntarily invest many hours of community service into the Richmond community. Students report an average of 23,000 hours of volunteering work every year and Earlham's Bonner program offers financial aid in exchange for volunteering work for students with high financial need. Earlham competes in NCAA Division III and in

1140-550: A statue of Kuderer outside of Sadler Stadium. The Quakers would go on to finish the season as HCAC Champions and earn their second ever bid into the NCAA tournament. Earlham's club teams include Ultimate Frisbee, Women's and Men's rugby, the Bike Co-Op, Cheerleaders, Earthquakers (Competitive Dance), Equestrian Program, martial arts groups, Men's Volleyball, and Outdoors Club. A $ 13-million Athletics and Wellness Center opened at

1216-558: A thesis was on the ionization of cesium vapor. He ran into difficulties, and Meghnad Saha published a better paper on the same subject. Urey then wrote his thesis on the ionization states of an ideal gas , which was subsequently published in the Astrophysical Journal . After he received his PhD in 1923, Urey was awarded a fellowship by the American-Scandinavian Foundation to study at

1292-1113: Is buried in the Fairfield Cemetery in DeKalb County, Indiana . Apart from his Nobel Prize, he also won the Franklin Medal in 1943, the J. Lawrence Smith Medal in 1962, the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1966, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1966, and the Priestley Medal of the American Chemical Society in 1973. In 1964 he received the National Medal of Science . He became

1368-737: Is confirmed by the Council in April, and a secret ballot of Fellows is held at a meeting in May. A candidate is elected if they secure two-thirds of votes of those Fellows voting. An indicative allocation of 18 Fellowships can be allocated to candidates from Physical Sciences and Biological Sciences; and up to 10 from Applied Sciences, Human Sciences and Joint Physical and Biological Sciences. A further maximum of six can be 'Honorary', 'General' or 'Royal' Fellows. Nominations for Fellowship are peer reviewed by Sectional Committees, each with at least 12 members and

1444-671: Is due in part to a strong relationship with the United World College network of international boarding high schools. Since 2004, Earlham College has been a part of the Davis United World Scholars program, which offers need-based scholarships for UWC graduates to continue their education at select institutions in the United States. The Davis Cup, which is awarded to the college with the most current students from this program, has been awarded to Earlham several times. The college also draws from all regions of

1520-421: Is nominated by two Fellows of the Royal Society (a proposer and a seconder), who sign a certificate of proposal. Previously, nominations required at least five fellows to support each nomination by the proposer, which was criticised for supposedly establishing an old boy network and elitist gentlemen's club . The certificate of election (see for example ) includes a statement of the principal grounds on which

1596-524: Is predominately an undergraduate institution, it also offers a Master of Arts in Teaching degree. Earlham's most popular undergraduate majors, conferred in 2023 graduates, were: In keeping with Friends ' belief in equality, everyone addresses each other at Earlham by his or her first name, without the use of titles such as "doctor" or "professor". Roughly 70% of Earlham students go on a semester-length off-campus program to such destinations as Mexico,

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1672-632: The Butler Undergraduate Research Conference, held each year in the spring. Earlham's biology and chemistry departments have a long history of producing distinguished graduates, such as Warder Clyde Allee , Jim Fowler , Larry E. Overman , Harold Urey , and Wendell Stanley , the latter two of which won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (in 1934 and 1946, respectively). Students and faculty in Earlham's CS applied groups jointly provide computer infrastructure support for

1748-593: The Gurneys , an important English Quaker family. Over time, as Quakerism in America became more progressive, Earlham's practices changed with them. The college has still remained faithful to its Quaker roots. 1960 marked the establishment of the Earlham School of Religion , then the only Friends seminary in the world. In 2017, Earlham appointed Alan C. Price as its first African-American president. Price left

1824-522: The Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference . The women's sports are basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, indoor track, lacrosse, outdoor track, soccer, softball, tennis, and volleyball. The men's sports are baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, indoor track, lacrosse, outdoor track, soccer, and tennis. The football team was organized in 1888 and has been playing games since the 1889 season. As one of

1900-621: The Institute for Nuclear Studies , and later Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago . Urey speculated that the early terrestrial atmosphere was composed of ammonia , methane , and hydrogen. One of his Chicago graduate students was Stanley L. Miller , who showed in the Miller–Urey experiment that, if such a mixture were exposed to electric sparks and water, it can interact to produce amino acids , commonly considered

1976-587: The National Bureau of Standards in Washington, D.C., where they obtained the help of Ferdinand Brickwedde , whom Urey had known at Johns Hopkins. The first sample that Brickwedde sent was evaporated at 20 K (−253.2 °C; −423.7 °F) at a pressure of 1 standard atmosphere (100 kPa). To their surprise, this showed no evidence of enrichment. Brickwedde then prepared a second sample evaporated at 14 K (−259.1 °C; −434.5 °F) at

2052-547: The Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen , where he met Werner Heisenberg , Hans Kramers , Wolfgang Pauli , Georg von Hevesy , and John Slater . At the conclusion of his stay, he traveled to Germany, where he met Albert Einstein and James Franck . On returning to the United States, Urey received an offer of a National Research Council fellowship to Harvard University , and also received an offer to be

2128-412: The University of California, Berkeley . After he received his PhD in 1923, he was awarded a fellowship by the American-Scandinavian Foundation to study at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen . He was a research associate at Johns Hopkins University before becoming an associate professor of chemistry at Columbia University . In 1931, he began work with the separation of isotopes that resulted in

2204-426: The post-nominal letters FRS . Every year, fellows elect up to ten new foreign members. Like fellows, foreign members are elected for life through peer review on the basis of excellence in science. As of 2016 , there are around 165 foreign members, who are entitled to use the post-nominal ForMemRS . Honorary Fellowship is an honorary academic title awarded to candidates who have given distinguished service to

2280-583: The Heartland Collegiate Athletic Conference Tournament title. During the 2022 Baseball season, Earlham College legend Jeordon Kuderer hit the longest left handed home run in Quaker history. The ball was hit 518 feet down the right field line, wrapping around the foul poll and landing on top of an apartment building beyond the street. Many inside the school have considered commemorating that moment by placing

2356-719: The Moon, Urey examined them at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory . Lunar astronaut Harrison Schmitt said that Urey approached him as a volunteer for a one-way mission to the Moon, stating "I will go, and I don't care if I don't come back." Harold Clayton Urey was born on April 29, 1893, in Walkerton, Indiana , the son of Samuel Clayton Urey, a school teacher and a minister in the Church of the Brethren , and his wife, Cora Rebecca née Reinoehl. Of mostly German ancestry,

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2432-468: The North and East edges of the campus. The school has embarked on major campus improvement projects which cost a combined $ 62.3 million. The science complex (Stanley and Noyes Halls) has undergone a complete renovation. Stanley Hall was completed by fall 2013 and received a LEED Silver certification. A new Center for Science and Technology, completed in 2015, obtained a LEED gold rating. While Earlham

2508-439: The Royal Society has been described by The Guardian as "the equivalent of a lifetime achievement Oscar " with several institutions celebrating their announcement each year. Up to 60 new Fellows (FRS), honorary (HonFRS) and foreign members (ForMemRS) are elected annually in late April or early May, from a pool of around 700 proposed candidates each year. New Fellows can only be nominated by existing Fellows for one of

2584-663: The Society, we shall be free from this Obligation for the future". Since 2014, portraits of Fellows at the admissions ceremony have been published without copyright restrictions in Wikimedia Commons under a more permissive Creative Commons license which allows wider re-use. In addition to the main fellowships of the Royal Society (FRS, ForMemRS & HonFRS), other fellowships are available which are applied for by individuals, rather than through election. These fellowships are research grant awards and holders are known as Royal Society Research Fellows . In addition to

2660-402: The U.S./ Mexican border, Vienna , Martinique , Northern Ireland, Great Britain , France, Germany, Spain, New Zealand, Japan, and Tanzania . In the sciences, Earlham places a large emphasis on integrating research into the undergraduate curriculum. Through Ford/Knight grants, most science faculty have been or are currently involved with students in research. Earlham has good representation in

2736-404: The United States' only equestrian program which is run entirely by students. Lessons are available for students of the college and community members. The equestrian center is adjacent to the college-owned 11-acre Miller farm which hosts agricultural interns during the school year and summer and "work days" on Saturdays for the rest of the community during the school year. Miller farm also serves as

2812-404: The United States, with students from 42 states. Domestic minorities represent 15% of the student body. Earlham is orienting some of the curriculum around exploring local and global problems as well as possible solutions. In 2016, Earlham students won the million dollar Hult Prize for their "Magic Bus" proposal to help with transportation problems in developing urban environments. Earlham has

2888-468: The University of Chicago's retirement age of 65, but he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new University of California, San Diego (UCSD), and moved to La Jolla, California . He was subsequently made a professor emeritus there from 1970 to 1981. Urey helped build up the science faculty there. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960, along with Stanley Miller, Hans Suess , and Jim Arnold . In

2964-593: The University of Montana. UCSD has also established a Harold C. Urey chair whose first holder was James Arnold. Urey's daughter, Elizabeth Baranger , also became a notable physicist. Foreign Member of the Royal Society Fellowship of the Royal Society ( FRS , ForMemRS and HonFRS ) is an award granted by the Fellows of the Royal Society of London to individuals who have made

3040-507: The atomic weight of hydrogen was wrong, thereby invalidating Birge and Menzel's original reasoning. The discovery of deuterium stood, however. Urey and Washburn attempted to use electrolysis to create pure heavy water . Their technique was sound, but they were beaten to it in 1933 by Lewis, who had the resources of the University of California at his disposal. Using the Born–Oppenheimer approximation , Urey and David Rittenberg calculated

3116-511: The autumn of 1914. Unlike Eastern universities of the time, the University of Montana was co-educational in both students and teachers. Urey earned a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in zoology there in 1917. As a result of the United States entry into World War I that same year, there was strong pressure to support the war effort. Urey had been raised in a religious sect that opposed war. One of his professors suggested that he support

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3192-601: The award of Fellowship (FRS, HonFRS & ForMemRS) and the Research Fellowships described above, several other awards, lectures and medals of the Royal Society are also given. Earlham College Earlham was founded in 1847 as the Friends Boarding School , a boarding high school for the religious education of Quaker adolescents. In 1859, Earlham became Earlham College , upon the addition of collegiate academics. At this time, Earlham

3268-504: The beginning of the Fall 1999 semester. Students are not charged to use the facility, which features an energy center for cardiovascular and strength training, a group fitness studio for aerobics and yoga, Weber Pool (25 meters by six lanes), racquetball courts, tennis courts, a running track, a climbing wall and Schuckman Court (a performance gymnasium with seating for 1,800). In 2007, Earlham opened its new 2,000-seat Darrell Beane Stadium, with

3344-702: The birth of his daughter Mary Alice. He was elected to both the American Philosophical Society and the United States National Academy of Sciences the following year. Working with Edward W. Washburn from the Bureau of Standards, Urey subsequently discovered the cause of the anomalous sample. Brickwedde's hydrogen had been separated from water by electrolysis , resulting in a depleted sample. Moreover, Francis William Aston had reported that his calculated value for

3420-587: The bugs were worked out, the plant operated with remarkable efficiency and economy. For a time, uranium was fed into the S50 liquid thermal diffusion plant , then the K-25 gaseous, and finally the Y-12 electromagnetic separation plant ; but soon after the war ended the thermal and electromagnetic separation plants were closed down, and separation was performed by K-25 alone. Along with its twin, K-27, constructed in 1946, it became

3496-473: The building blocks of life. Work with isotopes of oxygen led to pioneering the new field of paleoclimatic research. In 1958, he accepted a post as a professor at large at the new University of California, San Diego (UCSD), where he helped create the science faculty. He was one of the founding members of UCSD's school of chemistry, which was created in 1960. He became increasingly interested in space science, and when Apollo 11 returned Moon rock samples from

3572-612: The cause of science, but do not have the kind of scientific achievements required of Fellows or Foreign Members. Honorary Fellows include the World Health Organization's Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus (2022), Bill Bryson (2013), Melvyn Bragg (2010), Robin Saxby (2015), David Sainsbury, Baron Sainsbury of Turville (2008), Onora O'Neill (2007), John Maddox (2000), Patrick Moore (2001) and Lisa Jardine (2015). Honorary Fellows are entitled to use

3648-536: The college. The choir department organizes regional and national tours every year for its ensembles. In January 2012, the concert choir performed in Indianapolis , the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis , and Chicago . The choral and instrumental music departments collaborate on a biennial basis, performing works such as Carmina Burana and Michael Tippett's A Child of Our Time . The college has

3724-477: The difference between the results of the two methods, they predicted that only one hydrogen atom in 4,500 was of the heavy isotope. In 1931, Urey set out to find it. Urey and George M. Murphy (1903–1968) calculated from the Balmer series that the heavy isotope should have lines blueshifted (correspondingly the light isotope redshifted ) by 1.1 to 1.8 ångströms (1.1 × 10 to 1.8 × 10 metres ). Urey had access to

3800-402: The discovery of deuterium. During World War II, Urey turned his knowledge of isotope separation to the problem of uranium enrichment . He headed the group located at Columbia University that developed isotope separation using gaseous diffusion . The method was successfully developed, becoming the sole method used in the early post-war period. After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at

3876-483: The earliest college programs, Earlham has competed against larger foes such as Indiana University, Purdue University, the University of Kentucky, Ball State University, and Butler University. Perhaps the Quakers' most notable football game was an exhibition game against Japan's Doshisha University Hamburgers in 1989. After setting an NCAA Division III record of five consecutive winless seasons, Earlham's football program

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3952-588: The early terrestrial atmosphere was composed of ammonia , methane , and hydrogen. One of his Chicago graduate students, Stanley L. Miller , showed in the Miller–Urey experiment that, if such a mixture is exposed to electric sparks and to water, it can interact to produce amino acids , commonly considered the building blocks of life. Urey spent a year in the United Kingdom as a visiting professor at Oxford University in 1956 and 1957. In 1958, he reached

4028-413: The family name had English origins. He had a younger brother, Clarence, and a younger sister, Martha. The family moved to Glendora, California , after Samuel became seriously ill with tuberculosis , in hopes that the climate would improve his health. When it became clear that he would die, the family moved back to Indiana to live with Cora's widowed mother. Samuel died when Harold was six years old. Urey

4104-464: The fellowships described below: Every year, up to 52 new fellows are elected from the United Kingdom, the rest of the Commonwealth of Nations , and Ireland, which make up around 90% of the society. Each candidate is considered on their merits and can be proposed from any sector of the scientific community. Fellows are elected for life on the basis of excellence in science and are entitled to use

4180-412: The first English texts on quantum mechanics and its applications to atomic and molecular systems. In 1929, Urey became an associate professor of chemistry at Columbia University , where his colleagues included Rudolph Schoenheimer , David Rittenberg, and T. I. Taylor. In the 1920s, William Giauque and Herrick L. Johnston discovered the stable isotopes of oxygen . Isotopes were not well understood at

4256-540: The good of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, and to pursue the ends for which the same was founded; that we will carry out, as far as we are able, those actions requested of us in the name of the Council; and that we will observe the Statutes and Standing Orders of the said Society. Provided that, whensoever any of us shall signify to the President under our hands, that we desire to withdraw from

4332-439: The knowledge gained with hydrogen to oxygen, he realized that the fractionation between carbonate and water for oxygen-18 and oxygen-16 would decrease by a factor of 1.04 between 0 and 25 °C (32 and 77 °F). The ratio of the isotopes could then be used to determine average temperatures, assuming that the measurement equipment was sufficiently sensitive. The team included his colleague Ralph Buchsbaum . Examination of

4408-701: The late 1950s and early 1960s, space science became a topic of research in the wake of the launch of Sputnik 1 . Urey helped persuade NASA to make uncrewed probes to the Moon a priority. When Apollo 11 returned Moon rock samples from the Moon, Urey examined them at the Lunar Receiving Laboratory . The samples supported Urey's contention that the Moon and the Earth shared a common origin. While at UCSD, Urey published 105 scientific papers, 47 of them about lunar topics. When asked why he continued to work so hard, he joked, "Well, you know I'm not on tenure anymore." Urey enjoyed gardening and raising cattleya , cymbidium and other orchids . He died at La Jolla, California, and

4484-557: The light elements. In 1939 and 1940, Urey published two papers on the separation of heavier isotopes in which he proposed centrifugal separation. This assumed great importance due to speculation by Niels Bohr that uranium 235 was fissile . Because it was considered "very doubtful whether a chain reaction can be established without separating 235 from the rest of the uranium," Urey began intensive studies of how uranium enrichment might be achieved. Apart from centrifugal separation, George Kistiakowsky suggested that gaseous diffusion might be

4560-498: The position in July 2018, and in November of that year was appointed director of the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum in Boston. Earlham's 800-acre (3.2 km ) campus lies at the southwestern edge of Richmond, Indiana , a city of 36,812 (2010 census). The main quadrangle of the campus is called "the Heart". It is bordered by Earlham Hall (with the Runyan Center student union directly behind it), Olvey-Andis Hall, Lilly Library, Carpenter Hall, Landrum Bolling Center,

4636-460: The post nominal letters HonFRS . Statute 12 is a legacy mechanism for electing members before official honorary membership existed in 1997. Fellows elected under statute 12 include David Attenborough (1983) and John Palmer, 4th Earl of Selborne (1991). The Council of the Royal Society can recommend members of the British royal family for election as Royal Fellow of the Royal Society . As of 2023 there are four royal fellows: Elizabeth II

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4712-464: The principal isotope separation plant in the early post-war period. For his work on the Manhattan Project, Urey was awarded the Medal for Merit by the Project director, Major General Leslie R. Groves, Jr. After the war, Urey became professor of chemistry at the Institute for Nuclear Studies , and then became Ryerson professor of chemistry at the University of Chicago in 1952. He did not continue his pre-war research with isotopes. However, applying

4788-521: The process to be abandoned. Countercurrent centrifuges were developed after the war, and today are the favored method in many countries. The gaseous diffusion process remained more encouraging, although it too had technical obstacles to overcome. By the end of 1943, Urey had over 700 people working for him on gaseous diffusion. The process involved hundreds of cascades, in which corrosive uranium hexafluoride diffused through gaseous barriers, becoming progressively more enriched at every stage. A major problem

4864-519: The properties of gases containing hydrogen and deuterium. They extended this to enriching compounds of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. These could be used as tracers in biochemistry , resulting in a whole new way of examining chemical reactions. He founded the Journal of Chemical Physics in 1932, and was its first editor, serving in that capacity until 1940. At Columbia, Urey chaired the University Federation for Democracy and Intellectual Freedom. He supported Atlanticist Clarence Streit 's proposal for

4940-493: The proposal is being made. There is no limit on the number of nominations made each year. In 2015, there were 654 candidates for election as Fellows and 106 candidates for Foreign Membership. The Council of the Royal Society oversees the selection process and appoints 10 subject area committees, known as Sectional Committees, to recommend the strongest candidates for election to the Fellowship. The final list of up to 52 Fellowship candidates and up to 10 Foreign Membership candidates

5016-409: The science buildings (Stanley Hall, Noyes Hall and Dennis Hall), Tyler Hall, Bundy Hall and Barrett Hall. Ninety-four percent of Earlham students live on campus in a variety of settings. The campus has eight residence halls (Barrett Hall, Bundy Hall, Earlham Hall, Mills Hall, Hoerner Hall, Olvey-Andis Hall, Warren Hall and Wilson Hall). In addition, it has 15 theme and friendship houses, which border

5092-432: The time; James Chadwick would not discover the neutron until 1932. Two systems were in use for classifying them, based on chemical and physical properties. The latter was determined using the mass spectrograph . Since it was known that the atomic weight of oxygen was almost exactly 16 times as heavy as hydrogen, Raymond Birge , and Donald Menzel hypothesized that hydrogen had more than one isotope as well. Based upon

5168-478: The wartime effort by working as a chemist. Urey took a job with the Barrett Chemical Company in Philadelphia , making TNT , rather than joining the army as a soldier. After the war, he returned to the University of Montana as an instructor in chemistry . An academic career required a doctorate, so in 1921 Urey enrolled in a PhD program at the University of California, Berkeley , where he studied thermodynamics under Gilbert N. Lewis . His initial attempt at

5244-428: Was called before the House Un-American Activities Committee . In later life, Urey helped develop the field of cosmochemistry and is credited with coining the term. His work on oxygen-18 led him to develop theories about the abundance of the chemical elements on Earth, and of their abundance and evolution in the stars. Urey summarized his work in The Planets: Their Origin and Development (1952). Urey speculated that

5320-423: Was educated in an Amish grade school, from which he graduated at the age of 14. He then attended high school in Kendallville, Indiana . After graduating in 1911, he obtained a teacher's certificate from Earlham College , and taught in a small school house in Indiana. He later moved to Montana, where his mother was then living, and continued to teach there. Urey entered the University of Montana in Missoula in

5396-488: Was finding proper seals for the pumps, but by far the greatest difficulty lay in constructing an appropriate diffusion barrier. Construction of the huge K-25 gaseous diffusion plant was well under way before a suitable barrier became available in quantity in 1944. As a backup, Urey championed thermal diffusion. Worn out by the effort, Urey left the project in February 1945, handing over his responsibilities to R. H. Crist. The K-25 plant commenced operation in March 1945, and as

5472-464: Was heavy hydrogen. Urey and Murphy calculated from the Debye model that the heavy isotope would have a slightly higher boiling point than the light one. By carefully warming liquid hydrogen, 5 litres of liquid hydrogen could be distilled to 1 millilitre, which would be enriched in the heavy isotope by 100 to 200 times. To obtain five litres of liquid hydrogen, they traveled to the cryogenics laboratory at

5548-421: Was not a Royal Fellow, but provided her patronage to the society, as all reigning British monarchs have done since Charles II of England . Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh (1951) was elected under statute 12, not as a Royal Fellow. The election of new fellows is announced annually in May, after their nomination and a period of peer-reviewed selection. Each candidate for Fellowship or Foreign Membership

5624-435: Was responsible for the heavy water and all the isotope enrichment processes except Ernest Lawrence 's electromagnetic process. Early reports on the centrifugal method indicated that it was not as efficient as predicted. Urey suggested that a more efficient but technically more complicated countercurrent system be used instead of the previous flow-through method. By November 1941, technical obstacles seemed formidable enough for

5700-592: Was suspended starting with the 2019 season. In May 2020, the college announced suspension of men's and women's golf and tennis teams. Earlham was an NAIA member in all sports until 19xx ; they won the NAIA Men's Soccer National title in 1963. In the 2010–11 season, the Earlham College Men's Tennis team became the first squad in Earlham history to qualify for the NCAA Div. III Championships by winning

5776-536: Was the third Quaker college in the United States ( Haverford College was first, Guilford College the second), and the second U.S. institution of higher education to be coeducational ( Oberlin College was first). Though the college initially admitted only students who belonged to the Religious Society of Friends, Earlham began admitting non-Quakers in 1865. The college was named for Earlham Hall , home of

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