38-531: Harlequin is a comic servant character. Harlequin may also refer to: Harlequin Harlequin ( / ˈ h ɑːr l ə k w ɪ n / , Italian : Arlecchino , Italian: [arlekˈkiːno] ; Lombard : Arlechin , Lombard: [arleˈki] ) is the best-known of the comic servant characters ( Zanni ) from the Italian commedia dell'arte , associated with the city of Bergamo . The role
76-419: A dimwitted fool and an intelligent trickster. Arlecchino is sometimes referred to as putting on a show of stupidity in a metatheatrical attempt to create chaos within the play. Physically, Arlecchino is described as wearing a costume covered in irregular patches, a hat outfitted with either a rabbit or fox's tail, and a red and black mask. The mask itself is identified by carbuncles on the forehead, small eyes,
114-528: A favourite of Henry IV of France , to whom he addressed insolent monologues ( Compositions de Rhetorique de Mr. Don Arlequin , 1601). Martinelli's great success contributed to the perpetuation of his interpretation of the Zanni role, along with the name of his character, after his death in 1630, among others, by Nicolò Zecca , active c. 1630 in Bologna as well as Turin and Mantua . The character
152-631: A knight from the 9th century, Hellequin of Boulogne, who died fighting the Normans and originated a legend of devils. In Cantos XXI and XXII from Dante 's Inferno there is a devil by the name of Alichino. The similarities between the devil in Dante's Inferno and the Arlecchino are more than cosmetic. The prank-like antics of the devils in the aforementioned antics reflect some carnivalesque aspects. The first known appearance on stage of Hellequin
190-399: A mustache. His bat is shaped like a scimitar-esque sword. Zaccagnino . Character dating to the 15th century. Bagatino . A juggler. Pedrolino or Pierotto . A servant or valet clad in mostly white, created by Giovanni Pellesini. 16th century 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century 21st century The Harlequin character came to England early in
228-597: A romantic character. The most influential portrayers of the Harlequin character in Victorian England were William Payne and his sons the Payne Brothers , the latter active during the 1860s and 1870s. The name Harlequin is taken from that of a mischievous "devil" or "demon" character in popular French Passion Plays . It originates with an Old French term herlequin , hellequin , first attested in
266-408: A snub nose, hollow cheeks, and sometimes bushy brows with facial hair. Arlecchino is often depicted as having a wooden sword hanging from a leather belt on his person, and sometimes holding a marotte (fool's scepter). Aside from his acrobatics, Arlecchino is also known for having several specific traits such as: and several other techniques. One of the major distinctions of commedia dell'arte
304-533: A transcript in modern notation, with the original score, is given in Edmond de Coussemaker 's edition. His Jeu de Robin et Marion is cited as the earliest French play with music on a secular subject. The pastoral , which tells how Marion resisted the knight, and remained faithful to Robert the shepherd, is based on an old chanson, Robin m'aime, Robin m'a . It consists of dialogue varied by refrains already current in popular song. The melodies to which these are set have
342-432: A variation of the 17th century where the triangular patches were replaced with moons, stars, circles and triangles. In 18th century France, Trivelino was a distinct character from Harlequin. They appeared together in a number of comedies by Pierre de Marivaux including L'Île des esclaves . Truffa, Truffaldin or Truffaldino . Popular characters with Gozzi and Goldoni, but said to be best when used for improvisations. By
380-605: Is dated to 1262, the character of a masked and hooded devil in Jeu da la Feuillière by Adam de la Halle , and it became a stock character in French passion plays. The re-interpretation of the "devil" stock character as a Zanni character of the commedia dell'arte took place in the 16th century in France. Zan Ganassa , whose troupe is first mentioned in Mantua in the late 1560s,
418-424: Is one of the earliest known actors suggested to have performed the part, although there is "little hard evidence to support [it]". Ganassa performed in France in 1571, and if he did play the part there, he left the field open for another actor to take up the role, when he took his troupe to Spain permanently in 1574. Among the earliest depictions of the character are a Flemish painting ( c. 1571–1572 ) in
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#1732773104298456-435: Is the use of regional languages. Arlecchino's speech evolved with the character. Originally speaking in a Bergamo dialect of Lombard language , the character adopted a mixture of French, Lombard and Italian dialects when the character became more of a fixture in France so as to help the performers connect to the common masses. Various troupes and actors would alter his behaviour to suit style, personal preferences, or even
494-482: Is traditionally believed to have been introduced by the Italian actor-manager Zan Ganassa in the late 16th century, was definitively popularized by the Italian actor Tristano Martinelli in Paris in 1584–1585, and became a stock character after Martinelli's death in 1630. The Harlequin is characterised by his checkered costume. His role is that of a light-hearted, nimble, and astute servant , often acting to thwart
532-633: The Cistercian abbey of Vaucelles, near Cambrai . The father and son had their share in the civil discords in Arras, and for a short time took refuge in Douai . Adam had been destined for the church, but renounced this intention, and married a certain Marie, who features in many of his songs, rondeaux , motets and jeux-partis . Afterwards he joined the household of Robert II, Count of Artois ; and then
570-516: The Payne Brothers , active during the 1860s and 1870s, who contributed to the development of 20th-century "slapstick" comedy. Representations of or characters based on Arlecchino in contemporary popular culture include Harley Quinn , an American comic book character originally serving as a sidekick to the Joker , and Arlekin, a puppet from Karabas Barabas' theatre in the Soviet children's film and
608-510: The innamorata , although rarely with success, as in the Recueil Fossard of the 16th century where he is shown trying to woo Donna Lucia for himself by masquerading as a foreign nobleman. He also is known to try to win any given lady for himself if he chances upon anyone else trying to woo her, by interrupting or ridiculing the new competitor. His sexual appetite is essentially immediate, and can be applied to any passing woman. Between
646-402: The "first" Zanni Harlequin takes little or no part in the development of the plot. He has the more arduous task of maintaining the even rhythm of the comedy as a whole. He is therefore always on the go, very agile and more acrobatic than any of the other Masks. Early characteristics of Arlecchino paint the character as a "second" Zanni servant from northern Italy with the paradoxical attributes of
684-484: The 11th century, by the chronicler Orderic Vitalis , who recounts a story of a monk who was pursued by a troop of demons when wandering on the coast of Normandy , France, at night. These demons were led by a masked, club-wielding giant and they were known as familia herlequin (var. familia herlethingi ). This medieval French version of the Germanic Wild Hunt , Mesnée d'Hellequin , has been connected to
722-532: The 16th and 17th centuries Harlequin gained some function as a politically aware character. In the Comédie-Italienne Harlequin would parody French tragedies as well comment on current events. Duchartre lists the following as variations on the Harlequin role: Trivelino or Trivelin . Name is said to mean "Tatterdemalion". One of the oldest versions of Harlequin, dating to the 15th century. Costume almost identical to Harlequin's, but had
760-541: The 17th century and took center stage in the derived genre of the Harlequinade , developed in the early 18th century by the Lincoln's Fields Theatre's actor-manager John Rich , who played the role under the name of Lun. He developed the character of Harlequin into a mischievous magician who was easily able to evade Pantaloon and his servants to woo Columbine . Harlequin used his magic batte or "slapstick" to transform
798-541: The 17th century and took centre stage in the derived genre of the Harlequinade , developed in the early 18th century by John Rich . As the Harlequinade portion of the English dramatic genre pantomime developed, Harlequin was routinely paired with the character Clown . As developed by Joseph Grimaldi around 1800, Clown became the mischievous and brutish foil for the more sophisticated Harlequin, who became more of
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#1732773104298836-414: The 18th century was a Bergamask caricature. Guazzetto . In the seventeenth century, a variety of anonymous engravings show Guazzetto rollicking, similar to Arleqin. He wears a fox's brush, a large three-tiered collarette, wide breeches, and a loose jacket tied tightly by a belt. He also dons a neckerchief dropped over the shoulders like a small cape. Guazzetto's mask is characterised with a hooked nose and
874-399: The English figure of Herla cyning ('host-king'; German: Erlkönig ). Hellequin was depicted as a black-faced emissary of the devil, roaming the countryside with a group of demons chasing the damned souls of evil people to Hell. The physical appearance of Hellequin offers an explanation for the traditional colours of Harlequin's red-and-black mask. The name's origin could also be traced to
912-533: The Flying World at Sadler's Wells Theatre . For this elaborate production, Dibdin and Grimaldi introduced new costume designs. Clown's costume was "garishly colourful ... patterned with large diamonds and circles, and fringed with tassels and ruffs", instead of the tatty servant's outfit that had been used for a century. The production was a hit, and the new costume design was copied by others in London. Later
950-658: The Museum of Bayeux and several woodblock prints probably dating from the 1580s in the Fossard collection, discovered by Agne Beijer in the 1920s among uncatalogued items in the Nationalmuseum , in Stockholm . Tristano Martinelli is the first actor definitely known to have used the name "Harlequin" (or "Arlequin") from French folklore and adapted it for the comic secondo Zanni role, and he probably first performed
988-573: The character of folk music , and are more spontaneous and melodious than the more elaborate music of his songs and motets. Fétis considered Le Jeu de Robin et Marion and Le Jeu de la feuillée forerunners of the comic opera . An adaptation of Le Jeu Robin et Marion , by Julien Tiersot , was played at Arras by a company from the Paris Opéra-Comique on the occasion of a festival in 1896 in honour of Adam de le Hale. His other play, Le jeu Adan or Le jeu de la Feuillee (ca. 1262),
1026-434: The most important musical and literary figures of thirteenth-century Europe". Adam's literary and musical works include chansons and jeux-partis (poetic debates) in the style of the trouvères ; polyphonic rondel and motets in the style of early liturgical polyphony; and a musical play, Jeu de Robin et Marion ( c. 1282–83 ), which is considered the earliest surviving secular French play with music. He
1064-752: The novel it was based on, The Adventures of Buratino . Video game representations of the character include the Knave from Genshin Impact , Fourth of the Eleven Fatui Harbingers and Father of the House of the Hearth, Arlecchino , King of Riddles from Lies of P , and Arlecchino from Call of Duty: Modern Warfare III , a French Army soldier from the commedia della morte . Adam de la Halle Adam de la Halle (1245–50 – 1285–8/after 1306)
1102-441: The part in France in (or just before) 1584 and only later did he bring the character to Italy, where he became known as Arlecchino. The motley costume is sometimes attributed to Martinelli, who wore a linen costume of colourful patches, and a hare-tail on his cap to indicate cowardice. Martinelli's Harlequin also had a black leather half-mask , a moustache and a pointed beard. He was very successful, even playing at court and becoming
1140-479: The part. The rhombus shape of the patches arose by adaptation to the Paris fashion of the 17th century by Biancolelli. The primary aspect of Arlecchino was his physical agility. He was very nimble and performed the sort of acrobatics the audience expected to see. The character would never perform a simple action when the addition of a cartwheel , somersault, or flip would spice up the movement. By contrast with
1178-403: The particular scenario being performed. He is typically cast as the servant of an innamorato or vecchio much to the detriment of the plans of his master. Arleqin often had a love interest in the person of Columbine , or in older plays any of the soubrette roles, and his lust for her was only superseded by his desire for food and fear of his master. Occasionally, Harlequin would pursue
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1216-507: The plans of his master, and pursuing his own love interest, Columbine , with wit and resourcefulness, often competing with the sterner and melancholic Pierrot . He later develops into a prototype of the romantic hero . Harlequin inherits his physical agility and his trickster qualities, as well as his name, from a mischievous " devil " character in medieval Passion Plays . The Harlequin character first appeared in Bergamo, Italy, early in
1254-600: The same year, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane , in Harlequin Amulet; or, The Magick of Mona. Harlequin was modified to become "romantic and mercurial, instead of mischievous", leaving Grimaldi's mischievous and brutish Clown as the "undisputed agent" of chaos, and the foil for the more sophisticated Harlequin, who retained and developed stylized dance poses during the 19th century. The most influential pair playing Harlequin and Clown in Victorian England were
1292-519: The scene from the pantomime into the harlequinade and to magically change the settings to various locations during the chase scene. As the Harlequinade portion of English pantomime developed, Harlequin was routinely paired with the character Clown . Two developments in 1800, both involving Joseph Grimaldi , greatly changed the pantomime characters. Grimaldi starred as Clown in Charles Dibdin's 1800 pantomime, Peter Wilkins: or Harlequin in
1330-459: Was a French poet-composer trouvère . Among the few medieval composers to write both monophonic and polyphonic music, in this respect he has been considered both a conservative and progressive composer, resulting in a complex legacy: he cultivated admired representatives of older trouvère genres, but also experimented with newer dramatic works. Adam represented the final generation of the trouvère tradition and "has long been regarded as one of
1368-543: Was a member of the Confrérie des jongleurs et bourgeois d'Arras , a fraternity of jongleurs . Adam's other nicknames, "le Bossu d'Arras" and "Adam d'Arras", suggest that he came from Arras, France . The sobriquet "the Hunchback " was probably a family name; Adam himself points out that he was not one. His father, Henri de la Halle, was a well-known Citizen of Arras, and Adam studied grammar , theology , and music at
1406-680: Was also performed in Paris at the Comédie-Italienne in Italian by Giambattista Andreini and Angelo Costantini ( c. 1654–1729 ) and in French as Arlequin in the 1660s by Dominique Biancolelli (1636–1688), who combined the Zanni types, "making his Arlecchino witty, neat, and fluent in a croaking voice, which became as traditional as the squawk of Punch ". The Italians were expelled from France in 1697 for satirizing King Louis XIV 's second wife, Madame de Maintenon , but returned in 1716 (after his death), when Tommaso Antonio Vicentini ("Thomassin", 1682–1739) became famous in
1444-614: Was attached to Charles of Anjou , brother of Louis IX , whose fortunes he followed in Egypt, Syria, Palestine, and Italy. At the court of Charles, after Charles became king of Naples , Adam wrote his Jeu de Robin et Marion , the most famous of his works. His known works include thirty-six chansons (literally, "songs"), forty-six rondets de carole , eighteen jeux-partis , fourteen rondeaux , five motets , one rondeau-virelai , one ballette , one dit d'amour , and one congé . Adam's shorter pieces are accompanied by music, of which
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