Ottaviano Petrucci ( Fossombrone , 18 June 1466 – Venice , 7 May 1539) was an Italian printer. His Harmonice Musices Odhecaton , a collection of chansons printed in 1501, is commonly misidentified as the first book of sheet music printed from movable type . Actually that distinction belongs to the Roman printer Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum of 1476. Nevertheless, Petrucci's later work was extraordinary for the complexity of his white mensural notation and the smallness of his font, and he did in fact print the first book of polyphony using movable type . He also published numerous works by the most highly regarded composers of the Renaissance , including Josquin des Prez and Antoine Brumel .
21-574: The Harmonice Musices Odhecaton (One Hundred Songs of Harmonic Music, also known simply as the Odhecaton ) is an anthology of polyphonic secular songs published by Ottaviano Petrucci in 1501 in Venice. It is the first book of polyphonic music ever to be printed using movable type . (Printing plainchant with movable type had been possible since the 1470s.) The Odhecaton was hugely influential both in publishing in general and in dissemination of
42-652: The Franco-Flemish musical style. Seeing the business potential for music printing , in 1498 Petrucci had obtained an exclusive 20-year license for all printing activities related to music anywhere in the Venetian Republic . Three years later, in 1501, he brought out his first anthology, 96 secular songs, mostly polyphonic French chansons , for three or four voice parts, calling it the Harmonice musices odhecaton . For this work he printed two parts on
63-631: The Italian Peninsula . The following were members of the League: Maximilian I ( Holy Roman Emperor ), Louis XII ( King of France ), Ferdinand II of Aragon ( King of Naples and Sicily ), Julius II ( Sovereign of the Ecclesiastical State ), Alfonso I d'Este ( Duke of Ferrara ), Carlo III ( Duke of Savoy ), Francesco II Gonzaga ( Marquess of Mantua ) and Vladislaus II ( King of Hungary ). The treaty
84-798: The Venetian army in Battle of Agnadello , they invaded Veneto and marched on Venice ; however, they were defeated by Bartolomeo d'Alviano at the Siege of Padua . The Venetians began a counter-offensive campaign, retaking a large part of Veneto but suffering defeat at the naval battle of Polesella . In 1510, Pope Julius II left the League and allied with the Venetians against France, having grown suspicious of French ambitions in Italy. The League of Cambrai
105-530: The madrigal , but the inclusion of Franco-Flemish composers in his many publications was decisive on the diffusion of the musical language. Ottaviano Petrucci He was born in Fossombrone (Pesaro), and probably was educated at Urbino . Around 1490 he went to Venice to learn the art of printing, and in 1498 he petitioned the Doge for the exclusive right to print music for the next 20 years. The right
126-412: The staves , once for the music, and once for the words. Petrucci was highly successful at this enterprise; his publications are quite exact and beautifully executed. However, other printers using this method sometimes offset their prints slightly, which could result in notes being printed too high or too low on the staff – and thus jarringly incorrect for performers. Petrucci's method was soon superseded by
147-519: The Franco-Flemish style the international musical language of Europe for the next century, since even though Petrucci was working in Italy, he chiefly chose the music of Franco-Flemish composers for inclusion in the Odhecaton , as well as in his next several publications. A few years later he published several books of native Italian frottole , a popular song style which was the predecessor to
168-626: The Holy Roman Empire, to the House of Austria, to the Dukes of Milan, to the Kings of Naples and to many others principles occupying and usurping tyrannically their goods, their lands, their cities and their castles, as if they had conspired to the ill of everyone [...] So we found not only useful and honorable, but also necessary to call everyone to a right revenge to turn off, like a common fire,
189-462: The Venetians' insatiable greed and their thirst for domination. The Treaty of Cambrai stipulated the following partition of Venice's mainland and overseas territories: For some time, Venice had developed suspicions of an emerging alliance against them, in some part due to hostile speeches by the French ambassador. The League fought against Venetian forces between 1508 and 1511. After they routed
210-490: The exact publication date is not known, but it includes a dedication dated May 15, 1501. The second and third editions were printed on January 14, 1503 and May 25, 1504, respectively. Each corrected several errors of the previous editions. Petrucci published two further anthologies, the Canti B and Canti C , in 1502 and 1504, respectively. Petrucci's publication not only revolutionized music distribution: it contributed to making
231-475: The first, the Constance Gradual , printed about 1473, and works using movable type were printed beginning with Ulrich Han's Missale Romanum in 1476. He was, however, the first to print in quantity and the first to print polyphonic music, and the quality of his printings was outstanding. Petrucci's technique required three impressions; each sheet of music would be run through the presses once for
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#1732791151008252-404: The innovations attributed to Pierre Attaignant , who developed and popularized the single-impression method of printing in 1528. The printing of music made possible the development of the first truly international musical style since the unification of Gregorian Chant in the 9th century. Printed music moved around Europe during the migration of Franco-Flemish composers from their home areas in
273-547: The modern day Low Countries to Italy , Germany , Spain , Poland and elsewhere; the polyphonic style of the Franco-Flemish became an international language, with later regional variations. League of Cambrai The League of Cambrai was a military coalition against the Republic of Venice formed on 8 December 1508, by the main European powers ( Holy Roman Empire , Spain and France ), to maintain their hegemony over
294-522: The most fruitful period of his life for publishing music was the period between 1501 and 1509, during which he published the three volumes of chansons (the Odhecaton being the first), 16 books of masses , five books of motets , 11 anthologies of frottole and six books of music for lute. The last publication is dated 1520. Petrucci was not the first music printer in Europe – a number of liturgical works with woodcut music were printed before 1500, with
315-494: The right-hand side of a page, and two parts on the left, so that four singers or instrumentalists could read from the same sheet. The type was probably designed, cut, and cast by Francesco Griffo and Jacomo Ungaro, both of whom were in Venice at the time. The collection included music by some of the most famous composers of the time, including Johannes Ockeghem , Josquin des Prez , Antoine Brumel , Antoine Busnois , Alexander Agricola , Jacob Obrecht , Hayne van Ghizeghem . Many of
336-461: The triple-impression technique, in which first the musical staff was printed, then the text, and then the notes. Most of the 96 pieces, although they were written as songs, were not provided with the text, implying that instrumental performance was intended for many of them. Texts for most can be found in other manuscript sources or later publications. The first edition of the Odhecaton ( Harmonice Musices Odhecaton A ) does not survive complete, and
357-430: The works contained in it (as is often the case in manuscripts and early printed collections) are anonymous. The book was edited by Petrus Castellanus, a Dominican friar who was maestro di cappella of San Giovanni e Paolo . Inclusion of composers in this famous collection did much to enhance their notability, since the prints, and the technology, were to spread around Europe in the coming decades. The Odhecaton used
378-491: Was destroyed. The competitor who took Petrucci's printing privilege away from him in Rome, Andrea Antico , also took over his printing business in Venice in 1520. During the 1520s Petrucci seems to have made his living managing a paper mill. In 1536 he returned to Venice at the request of the civic authorities there, and assisted them in printing Greek and Latin texts. A total of 61 music publications by Petrucci are known. By far
399-688: Was interrupted by the war of the League of Cambrai against Venice ; he departed the city for Fossombrone, where he resumed his activities as a printer. Fossombrone being within the papal states, Petrucci applied for a patent with the Pope for the exclusive right to print music, which was granted for several years; however the Pope rescinded the patent when Petrucci failed to produce keyboard music, granting it instead to one of Petrucci's competitors at Rome. In 1516 papal troops ransacked Fossombrone, and Petrucci printed nothing for three years: most likely his equipment
420-723: Was signed in the Picard town of Cambrai . In its preamble , a stated pretext for the treaty is peace between the Holy Roman Emperor and the Duke of Guelders , mediated by Spanish and Papal ambassadors. The following was also remarked against the Venetian Republic: [...] to stop the losses, the abuses, the robberies, the harms which the Venetians have caused not only to the Holy Apostolic See, but also to
441-577: Was very probably granted, since no examples of printed music from other Venetian printers are known before 1520. In 1501 he produced his first book of music, 96 chansons, as the Harmonice musices odhecaton A (sometimes referred to as "the Odhecaton"), which is the earliest known example of printed polyphonic music. In the following years he continued to refine his technique, producing new editions and reprints every few months until 1509, when his activity
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