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33-517: Harvaqtuurmiut (alternate: Harvaqtormiut , or Ha'vaqtuurmiut ; translation: "whirlpools aplenty people") were a Caribou Inuit society in Nunavut , Canada. Predominantly, their inland existence was along the lower Kazan River section, by Thirty Mile Lake , that they called Harvaqtuuq . In 1995, the lower Kazan River area, an important crossing area for the Kaminuriak caribou herd as well as

66-673: A Christian missionary, made diary notes about peaceful relations between settled Kivallirmiut and migratory Dene that he met along the Kazan River in the late 19th century. Explorer Joseph Tyrrell estimated the "Caribou Eskimo" numbered nearly 2,000 when he led the Geological Survey of Canada 's Barren Lands expeditions of 1893 and 1894. Eugene Arima classifies the Hauniqtuurmiut, Ha'vaqtuurmiut, Paallirmiut, and Qairnirmiut as Kivallirmiut "southern, latter" bands: through

99-467: A patrilocal social unit . The male elder, the ihumataq ("group leader"), was the centralized authority. There was no other form of authority within subgroups or within the Kivallirmiut in general. Like other Inuit, Kivallirmiut practised an animist religion, including beliefs that everything had a soul or energy with a disposition or personality. The protector was Pinga , a female figure,

132-524: Is the band's historic summer camping site. By the 1980s, most lived in Eskimo Point (Arviat). Qaernermiut ("dwellers of the flat land"), or Qairnirmiut ("bedrock people"), or Kinipetu ( Franz Boas , 1901), Kenepetu, or Kenipitu, a northern group, were located from the sea coast between Chesterfield Inlet to Rankin Inlet across to their main area around Baker Lake and some even to Beverly Lake . By

165-699: Is unclear. There are three main theories: Kivallirmiut ancestors originally went back and forth between the Barrenlands to hunt the Beverly and the Qamanirjuaq ("Kaminuriak") caribou herds during seasonal migrations; and the Hudson Bay ( Tariurjuaq ) for whaling and to fish during the winters. The Chipewyan Sayisi Dene were caribou hunters also, but they stayed inland year-round. Because of waning caribou populations during extended periods, including

198-780: Is up to the individual and might include bending at the knee, moving in a circle, standing still, moving in a procession, moving back and forth, running, or jumping. According to Rasmussen (1927), the Harvaqtuurmiut believed in Pinga , an Inuit female spirit, who was watchful of people's conduct, rewarding and punishing them based on how they behaved. Harvaqtuurmiut followed five seasons: Upinraqhaaq (a time of snow melt), Upinraaq (July and early August), Aujahajuq or Aujaq (mid-August to September), Ukiaqhaq or Ukiaq (October to early November), and Ukiuq (mid-November to April). Caribou Inuit Kivallirmiut , also called

231-559: The ulu ("knife") and snow goggles ( Inuktitut : ilgaak or iggaak ) to prevent snow blindness . The hides were used for kamik (footwear) and clothing, including the anorak and amauti , using caribou sinew to piece the articles together, and worn in many layers. Mittens were lined with fur, down, and moss. While spring-gathered caribou skins were thin, sleek, and handsome, summer-gathered caribou skins were stronger and warmer. Hides were used also for tents, tools, and containers. Kivallirmiut lived within

264-808: The Caribou Inuit ( Inuktitut : Kivallirmiut /ᑭᕙᓪᓕᕐᒥᐅᑦ), barren-ground caribou hunters, are Inuit who live west of Hudson Bay in Kivalliq Region , Nunavut , between 61° and 65° N and 90° and 102° W in Northern Canada . The Danish Fifth Thule Expedition of 1921–1924 led by Knud Rasmussen called them the Caribou Eskimo . Kivallirmiut are the southernmost subgroup of the Central Inuit . Ahiarmiut (Ahialmiut) relied on caribou year-round. They spent summers on

297-609: The Kivalliq dialect , and that is further divided into the sub dialects, Ahiarmiut, Hauniqturmiut, Paallirmiut, and Qairnirmiut. The Utkuhiksalingmiut's dialect, Utkuhiksalingmiutut , is similar to but distinct from their neighbours' Natsilingmiutut . Like other central Canadian Arctic people, Kivallirmiut participated in nipaquhiit ("games done with sounds or with noises"). The Kivallirmiut genre lacked typical katajjaq ("throat sounds") but added narration missing amongst other Inuit groups. There are several books written on

330-586: The 18th century, the Dene moved away from the area, and the Kivallirmiut began to live inland year-round harvesting enough caribou to get through winters without reliance on coastal life. Regular contact between the Kivallirmiut and European explorers and missionaries began around 1717 after the establishment of a permanent settlement in Churchill, Manitoba . The contact included access to guns, along with an introduction to trapping and whaling. Father Alphonse Gasté,

363-554: The Arctic spring of 1922, explorer/anthropologist Kaj Birket-Smith and Rasmussen encountered and reported on the lives of Harvaqtuurmiut and Paallirmiut. Some hunting years were better than others as resident caribou and migratory herds grew or declined, but Kivallirmiut populations dwindled through the decades. Starvation was not uncommon. During a bleak period in the 1920s, some of the Kivallirmiut made their way to Hudson's Bay Company outposts and small, scattered villages on their own. In

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396-832: The Harvaqtuurmiut and the Qairnirmiut were known to live inland and to the north. While according to Vallee (1962), they were known to rarely visit the coast and on those occasions, they came to trade but did not hunt sea mammals, Kuoljok (1969) stated that sea mammals held some importance during the summer for the Harvaqtuurmiut. While they engaged in the fur trade , their primary focus was the Barren-ground Caribou as they relied on it for subsistence and it determined where they built their homes. They specialized in hunting at autumn river-crossings. They used kayaks characterized as being sleek and of well made design. The Harvaqtuurmiut society had its own traditions. Niqaptaq

429-577: The Hauniqtuurmiut and Harvaqtuurmiut bands. Paallirmiut were split into a coast-visiting (Arviat) subgroup who spent the hunting season on the lower Maguse River , and an interior subgroup who stayed year-round in the Yathkyed Lake to Dubawnt Lake area. After Hudson's Bay Company ships discontinued trading the Keewatin coast in 1790, Paallirmiut travelled to Prince of Wales Fort for trade. The Arvia'juaq and Qikiqtaarjuk National Historic Site

462-479: The Ihalmiut in the 1940s and 1950s, writing extensively about the Ihalmiut. Kivallirmiut were nomadic and summers were time of relocation to reach different game and to trade. In addition to hunting, they fished in local lakes and rivers ( kuuk ). Kivallirmiut northern bands from as far away as Dubawnt River travelled on trading trips to Churchill via Thlewiaza River for extra supplies. The nomadic nature made

495-714: The Qamanirjuaq calving grounds at Qamanirjuaq Lake ("huge lake adjoining a river at both ends") and spent winters following the herd to the north. Akilinirmiut were located in the Thelon River area by the Akiliniq Hills ( A-ki , meaning "the other side") to the north of Beverly Lake and also visible above Aberdeen Lake. Some lived northwest of Baker Lake ( Qamani'tuuaq ), along with Qairnirmiut and Hauniqturmiut. Many relocated to Aberdeen Lake because of starvation or education opportunities. Hanningajurmiut , or Hanningaruqmiut, or Hanningajulinmiut {"the people of

528-671: The Thelon Game Sanctuary was established in 1927, renamed the Thelon Wildlife Sanctuary in 1956. In 1927(?) the Norwegian explorer and writer Helge Ingstad went by dog sled to the headwaters of the Thelon (Lynx Lake) together with native peoples from the east end of Great Slave Lake . This he detailed in his book The Land of Feast and Famine . In 1990 the lower 545 kilometres (339 mi) of

561-405: The Thelon and its surroundings are entirely pristine wilderness. It has been described as Canada's remotest river. The river has a width of up to a kilometre (0.6 mi) along much of its lower section, widening into Beverly , Aberdeen , and Schultz Lakes about 100 kilometres (62 mi) upstream from its mouth at Baker Lake. Approximately 100 moose and more than 2,000 muskoxen forage on

594-406: The Thelon while exploring Canada's northern interior. James William Tyrrell led an expedition through the area in 1900. Over the winter of 1926–27 John Hornby starved to death on the Thelon along with two other men. They had planned to hunt migrating caribou , but failed to find the herd. Nevertheless, on the basis of Hornby's earlier explorations with James Charles Critchell Bullock in 1923,

627-699: The acquisition of English, native language loss is the primary threat to their cultural survival, while neither language is being mastered. Artisan skills evolved and Kivallirmiut, such as Jessie Oonark , are notable for their figurines of animal life. Another Inuit art medium associated with religious beliefs, also considered a game, involves string figures ( ajaraaq / ajaqaat [plural]). About 3,000 Kivallirmiut exist today, located in Chesterfield Inlet , Rankin Inlet , Whale Cove , Arviat , and Baker Lake . Thelon River The Thelon River ( Inuktitut : Akilinik , lit. "on

660-616: The banks of the Kazan River , Ennadai Lake , Little Dubawnt Lake ( Kamilikuak ), and north of Thlewiaza ( Kugjuaq ; "Big River"). Relocation’s in the 1950s included to Henik Lake , Whale Cove , and by the 1980s, most were in Eskimo Point , now Arviat. Paallirmiut ("people of the willow"), or Padlermiut ("people from the Padlei River region"), or Padleimiut were the most populous band. They were located south of

693-566: The early 1950s the Canadian media reported the starvation deaths of 60 Kivallirmiut. The government was slow to act but in 1959 moved the surviving 60, of around the 120 that were alive in 1950, to settlements such as Baker Lake and Eskimo Point. This set off an Arctic settlement push by the Canadian government where those Inuit living in the north were encouraged to abandon their traditional way of life and settle in villages and outposts of Northern Canada . Author/explorer Farley Mowat visited

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726-485: The early 1980s, most lived at Baker Lake . Hauneqtormiut , or Hauniqtuurmiut, or Kangiqliniqmiut, ("dwellers where bones abound") were a smaller band who lived near the coast, south of Qairnirmiuts, around the Wilson River and Ferguson River . By the 1980s, they were absorbed into subgroups at Whale Cove and Rankin Inlet . Ahiarmiut ("people from beyond" or "the out-of-the-way dwellers") were located at

759-585: The early 1980s, most lived at Baker Lake. Utkuhiksalingmiut ("people who have cooking pots"), were located in the Chantrey Inlet area around the Back River , near Baker Lake. They made their pots ( utkusik ) from soapstone of the area, therefore their name. Their dialect is a variant of Natsilingmiutut , spoken by the Netsilik . Lacking an early written language, Kivallirmiut pre-history

792-428: The end of the 19th century, they were primarily coastal saltwater hunters, but with firearm ammunition from commercial whalers, they were able to live inland year-round hunting caribou without augmenting their diet on sea life. (Arima 1975) Regular trade dates to the early 20th century and missionaries arrived soon thereafter, developing a written language, challenged by a variety of pronunciations and naming rules. In

825-512: The hardships and the 1950s federal government re-settlement of Kivallirmiut. With re-settlement to coastal communities, the nomadic nuunamiut ("people of the land") ways ended and Kivallirmiut joined tareumiut ("people of the sea"), the maritime Inuit being a more stable group. Even with federal assistance, adapting to displacement in fewer and larger towns proved difficult, resulting in high unemployment, domestic violence, sexual abuse, substance addiction, suicide, and parental neglect. With

858-399: The land around the Thelon. 300,000 migrating Barren-ground Caribou cross the river every fall and spring. Inuit – including Caribou Inuit and Copper Inuit – have long occupied the sparsely-populated lands around the Thelon. Artifacts of Inuit hunting and travel (including inukshuk guide stones) are readily observed near the river. In 1770–71 English explorer Samuel Hearne crossed

891-459: The land of the Harvaqtuurmiut was also a gathering place for people from other places because the Kazan River is a fall caribou crossing area. Population estimates in 1918 were 186, but down to 71 in 1922. By the early 1980s, most had moved to Baker Lake . Their cultural and linguistic traditions were shared with the Ahiarmiut, Hauniqtuurmiut, Paallirmiut, and Qairnirmiut. By the 19th century,

924-572: The object of taboos, who brings the dead to Adlivun . The supreme force was Hila ("air"), a male figure and the source of misfortune. Christian missionaries established posts in the Barren Lands between 1910 and 1930, converting ( siqqitiq ) most Inuit from the traditional Inuit religion to Christianity, though some, nonetheless, maintain remnants of their traditional shamanistic beliefs. Kivallirmiut are Inuktitut speakers. Inuktitut has six dialects, of which Kivallirmiut speak

957-556: The other side") stretches 900 kilometres (560 mi) across northern Canada. Its source is Whitefish Lake in the Northwest Territories , and it flows east to Baker Lake in Nunavut . The Thelon ultimately drains into Hudson Bay at Chesterfield Inlet . The drainage basin of the Thelon River encompasses some 142,400 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi). Located far from almost all human development,

990-454: The people and their dogs into strong walkers and sledders who carried loads of implements, bedding, and tents. Kayaks portaged people and baggage in rivers and lakes. Kayaks were also used for hunting at water crossings during annual migration. Wounded animals were tied together, brought ashore, and killed there to avoid the struggle of dragging dead animals. Every part of the caribou was important. The antlers were used for tools, such as

1023-501: The place that lies across"} lived at Garry Lake , south of the Utkuhiksalingmiut. Many Hanningajurmiut starved in 1958 when the caribou bypassed their traditional hunting grounds, but the 31 who survived were relocated to Baker. Most never returned permanently to Garry Lake. Harvaqtuurmiut were a northern group located in the region of Kazan River, Yathkyed Lake , Kunwak River , Beverly Lake , and Dubawnt River . By

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1056-592: The traditional territory and ancestral home of Harvaqtuurmiut, was designated the Fall Caribou Crossing National Historic Site . In the 19th and 20th centuries, Harvaqtuurmiut and others lived in the interior west of Hudson Bay . In addition to the lower Kazan River area, they also occupied areas below Yathkyed Lake , below the Kunwak River , and inland to Beverly Lake and the lower Dubawnt River . Historically,

1089-400: Was a goose hunting ritual involving strings with bones ties at the ends that were spun overhead and when they wrapped around a goose's neck, the goose fell to the ground. They used moss smoke in their tents as a mosquito repellent. Dried moss, collected in the summer, was used as a fuel lighting mechanism. Drum dances might be incorporated into asking questions of Shamans. Drum dancing movement

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