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45-645: Founded in 1927, the laboratory was constructed in the basement of Morgan Hall at the Harvard Business School in Boston , part of Harvard University . The lab was described as a unique research facility that focused on a holistic approach to physiology, rather than systems- or organ-oriented. The laboratory was shut down in 1947 after the Second World War , as university policies halted the research facility from seeking government funds and

90-584: A colleague from the Medical School, Arlie Bock, the clinical investigator at the Massachusetts General Hospital, and David Bruce Dill, who was a research fellow working with Bock at the time. Each individual added to the interdisciplinary culture of the laboratory, examining the broad nature of 'fatigue'. The interdisciplinary backgrounds of all the founding members meant that the laboratory focused on more than just ‘fatigue’ as

135-471: A new hall that was funded by a US$ 30 million donation by the family of the late Ruth Mulan Chu Chao , whose four daughters all attended Harvard Business School. The Executive Education quad currently includes McArthur, Baker, and Mellon Halls (residences), McCollum and Hawes (classrooms), Chao Center, and Glass (administration). Most of the HBS buildings are connected by a color-coded basement tunnel system which

180-411: A new shoe, the L.L Bean shoepac, a sturdier boot with rubber soles and sides and room for more socks. They concluded it had greater last and better heat retention, so recommended it to the army for use in service. The Fatigue Laboratory and its staff were not limited to studies involving human subjects. An investigation into the use of bats as vectors of incendiary devices was studied by a researcher at

225-417: A physiological phenomena – they also studied the psychological and sociological effects by which workers are subject to in the industry. In the beginnings of the twentieth century, industrial workload and fatigue drew the attention of Western science to maximise the productivity of workers for economic prosperity. It is due to this research that centred heavily around the cultural and political contexts of

270-576: A physiological steady state, whereby the blood was at chemical equilibrium even during strenuous exercise. This was taken as physiological evidence that fatigue was more psychological than physiological. It was later theorised by a scientist outside the laboratory, Walter Bradford Cannon , that the tendency of the human body was to move towards a steady-state – homeostasis – and fatigue research grew in its complexity. The laboratory's contribution to scientific literature extended further than just publications that originated from its field work. Funding bodies of

315-533: Is frequently performed by a medical technologist or medical laboratory scientist . Physicians specialized in hematology are known as hematologists or haematologists . Their routine work mainly includes the care and treatment of patients with hematological diseases, although some may also work at the hematology laboratory viewing blood films and bone marrow slides under the microscope , interpreting various hematological test results and blood clotting test results. In some institutions, hematologists also manage

360-410: Is one of the compounding factors that started the discipline. When the laboratory was closed in 1947, the researchers who gained experience under Henderson and Dill were employed in other institutions more equipped to propel exercise physiology as a discipline. The laboratory is noted as stimulating the birth of exercise physiology as a result of the staff forming and leading exercise laboratory's all over

405-721: Is open to pedestrian traffic. Tunnels open to maintenance workers only carry steam pipes to the rest of the campus, and connect Kresge with the Blackstone steam plant in Cambridge, via the Weeks Footbridge. Hematology Hematology ( spelled haematology in British English ) is the branch of medicine concerned with the study of the cause, prognosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases related to blood . It involves treating diseases that affect

450-563: Is the graduate business school of Harvard University , a private Ivy League research university . Located in Allston, Massachusetts , HBS owns Harvard Business Publishing , which publishes business books, leadership articles, case studies , and Harvard Business Review , a monthly academic business magazine. It is also home to the Baker Library/Bloomberg Center , the school's primary library. The school

495-406: The 1971-built Burden Hall with a 900-seat auditorium. In the fall of 2010, Tata related companies and charities donated $ 50 million for the construction of an executive center. The executive center was named as Tata Hall, after Ratan Tata (AMP, 1975), the chairman of Tata Sons . The total construction costs have been estimated at $ 100 million. Tata Hall is located in the northeast corner of

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540-401: The 300 peer-reviewed research studies originating from the laboratory, topics ranged from the general; work capacity and fatigue, to the more specific; cardiovascular and haemodynamic responses to exercise. This was a direct result of Henderson and Mayo's holistic approach to physiology as opposed to a systems- or organ-oriented approach, which was novel in their time. The Fatigue Laboratory

585-654: The CIP and the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory. The Fatigue Laboratory's commitment to standards and norms set by institutions of similar prestige was important in its relevance to scientific literature at the time. The lab placed an emphasis on proper calibration of instruments, protocol and standardisation of systemic management duties to set a foundation to all scientific work. This validated the lab's work to prestigious institutions and helped set its scientific relevance to contemporary exercise physiology. During

630-486: The HBS campus. The facility is devoted to the Harvard Business School's Executive Education programs. At seven stories tall with about 150,000 gross square feet, it contains about 180 bedrooms for education students, in addition to academic and multi-purpose spaces. Kresge Way was located by the base of the former Kresge Hall, and is named for Sebastian S. Kresge . In 2014, Kresge Hall was replaced by

675-474: The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, like the Committee for Industrial Physiology, provided financial support for a diverse research of human biology. The most notable of which is the study of the “ Hawthorne effect ” by George Elton Mayo, where subjects alter their behaviour as a response to being observed – a study that is noted as having the potential to have never been achieved if not for the funding and support of

720-456: The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory; as intel discovered that Japanese civilians would use straw in the roofs of their houses. The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory is one of the many institutions responsible for the organisation of exercise physiology as a legitimate academic discipline. 20% of the Academic material produced by the laboratory was specifically related to exercise physiology, and another 41%

765-612: The Hoover Dam with healthy work crew volunteers and ran physiological and biochemical studies on themselves and the subjects to investigate. As a result, Dill and Talbott concluded that cooler conditions to sleep and a salt-heavy diet would mitigate impacts of heat and exhaustion. Some of the laboratory's work centred around the development of biochemical methods to study the blood of exercising individuals. They carried out experiments on Olympian marathon runner Clarence De Mar from 1927 to 1932 and discovered that an individual could achieve

810-485: The International Economy; Entrepreneurial Management; Finance; General Management; Marketing; Negotiation, Organizations and Markets; Organizational Behavior; Strategy; and Technology and Operations Management. Older buildings include the 1927-built Morgan Hall, named for J.P. Morgan , and 1940-built Loeb house, named for John L. Loeb Sr. and his son, (both designed by McKim, Mead & White ), and

855-570: The President of Harvard no longer saw its worth. The Fatigue Laboratory was seen as an instigator of exercise physiology as an academic discipline in part due to the legacy of the researchers that were once employed at the facility – forming and leading other exercise laboratories around the country after its closure. Its academic output also contributed to this legacy, with researchers publishing over 300 peer-reviewed research studies during its 20 years of operation. Government funded projects during

900-482: The Second World War realigned the laboratory's scientific endeavours from industry related research to research that involved the physiological environment soldiers faced at war. Clothing was tested to understand the heat distribution in the body to mitigate the impacts of ' trench-foot ' and frostbite. Rations were also tested and recommendations of sufficient dietary requirements were sent to the army. Upon

945-462: The Second World War, the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory was used as one of the research facilities to examine conditions face by soldiers. Diets of soldiers were copied and analysed under similar environmental conditions, and new emergency rations to be sent to soldiers were tested for efficacy. The laboratory also contained extreme temperature rooms to investigate the physiological effects of different climates on soldier performance. A primary purpose of this

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990-483: The United Kingdom, delivering six-week Advanced Management Program courses alongside local staff at Durham in 1964, Bangor in 1965 and at Strathclyde in 1966. It also brought in professors from the newly founded British business schools to see how teaching was carried out at Harvard via an International Teachers Program. In 2012–2013, HBS administration implemented new programs and practices to improve

1035-580: The experience of female students and recruit more female professors. HBS established nine global research centers and four regional offices and functions through offices in Asia Pacific (Hong Kong, Shanghai, Singapore), United States (San Francisco Bay Area, CA), Europe (Paris, opened in 2003), South Asia (India), Middle East and North Africa (Dubai, Istanbul, Tel Aviv), Japan and Latin America (Montevideo, Mexico City, São Paulo). As of 2022, HBS

1080-479: The hematology laboratory. Physicians who work in hematology laboratories, and most commonly manage them, are pathologists specialized in the diagnosis of hematological diseases, referred to as hematopathologists or haematopathologists . Hematologists and hematopathologists generally work in conjunction to formulate a diagnosis and deliver the most appropriate therapy if needed. Hematology is a distinct subspecialty of internal medicine, separate from but overlapping with

1125-541: The inception of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory, physiology at Harvard University was organised into four departments: applied physiology, comparative physiology, physical chemistry and physiology. In the USA , exercise physiology wasn't understood as an academic discipline until around the end of the Second World War. The laboratory therefore didn't belong to any department - investigating a broad range of physiological experiences that humans encounter in “everyday life”. Additionally,

1170-532: The laboratory for study of the sociological and psychological impacts in the work place. Henderson and Mayo were pushed together by similar ideals on the nature of exercise physiology itself, as their approach was holistic rather than systems- or organ-oriented. Henderson had just moved from the Medical School to the Business School in 1926, and was in the process of reorganising his academic work from blood chemistry to human physiology. Henderson also involved

1215-686: The nation. In 1947, by the decree of the President of Harvard University, James B. Conant closed the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory. Conant wrote to the Dean of the Business school stating that either he finance the Fatigue Laboratory himself, or close it – sources at the time believed that Conant did not think it could have any functional use after the War, so didn't support it. Their model to understand ‘Fatigue’ as an industrial solution to productivity

1260-742: The one-year program (by then known as the Harvard-Radcliffe Program in Business Administration) were permitted to apply to join the HBS MBA program as second-years. In December 1962, the faculty voted to allow women to enter the MBA program directly. The first women to apply directly to the MBA program matriculated in September 1963. Harvard Business School played a role in the founding of the first business schools in

1305-493: The onset and progression of frostbite in tissues and ‘trench-foot’ were conducted to determine the adequate clothing required for servicemen and women. The laboratory mainly focused on the impact ambient temperatures can have in the slow death of foot tissue. One study showed that the standard leather military boot was not sufficient for cold weather service as they were not impermeable to wet grounds and also did not permit an extra layer of socks for heat control. The laboratory tested

1350-589: The period that the facility is used as evidence to suggest the impact sociocultural environments has on dictating scientific progression. The laboratory was named a ‘Fatigue laboratory’ in order to appeal to business leaders, engineers and the general public, whilst not constraining it to any departmental or narrow research activities due to the broad nature of the term 'fatigue'. In its 20 years of operation, 16 publications pertaining to fatigue were produced, whereas most others included hematology , comparative physiology, altitude physiology and temperature physiology. Of

1395-415: The production of blood and its components, such as blood cells , hemoglobin , blood proteins , bone marrow , platelets , blood vessels , spleen , and the mechanism of coagulation . Such diseases might include hemophilia , sickle cell anemia , blood clots ( thrombus ), other bleeding disorders, and blood cancers such as leukemia , multiple myeloma , and lymphoma . The laboratory analysis of blood

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1440-399: The progression of exercise physiology as a discipline. As no formal courses in exercise physiology were offered to undergraduates from the laboratory, the formation of the academic discipline was left to other institutions. However, the legacy of the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory as a facility that published an enormous amount of literature surrounding the topics of exercise and exercise physiology

1485-436: The prominent figures who contributed to its founding had academic backgrounds that were somewhat independent of what we now know as contemporary exercise physiology: Wallace Brett Donham (1877–1954), dean of Harvard's Business School; George Elton Mayo (1880–1949), psychologist and social theorist; and Lawrence J. Henderson (1878–1942), professor of biological chemistry at Harvard College. Before its opening, L.J. Henderson

1530-424: The role of the director, the post-war Harvard University policy that the facility should not seek government funds, the dispersion of staff to other laboratories and sites because of WWII, the belief of Conant that the laboratory should reduce its sociological activities and the lack of harmony between the Medical School dean and the dean that replaced Donham. Morgan Hall Harvard Business School ( HBS )

1575-404: The soldiers body to ensure maximal soldier performance. These findings were then sent to General Electric for the production and manufacturing of the suits which the soldiers used. Another use of the laboratory was to study the physiological impacts of suddenly breathing air with low levels of oxygen to replicate the physiological environment that pilots in the air force were subjected to. Study of

1620-596: The start the school enjoyed a close relationship with the corporate world. Within a few years of its founding many business leaders were its alumni and were hiring other alumni for starting positions in their firms. At its founding, the school accepted only male students. The Training Course in Personnel Administration , founded at Radcliffe College in 1937, was the beginning of business training for women at Harvard. HBS took over administration of that program from Radcliffe in 1954. In 1959, alumnae of

1665-505: The subspecialty of medical oncology . Hematologists may specialize further or have special interests, for example, in: Starting hematologists (in the US) complete a four-year medical degree followed by three or four more years in residency or internship programs. After completion, they further expand their knowledge by spending two or three more years learning how to experiment, diagnose, and treat blood disorders. Some exposure to hematopathology

1710-643: The top 5% of their year class. HBS students can join more than 90 different clubs and student organizations on campus. The Student Association (SA) is the main interface between the MBA student body and the faculty/administration. In addition, the HBS student body is represented at the university level by the Harvard Graduate Council . In 2015, executive education contributed $ 168 million to HBS's total revenue of $ 707 million. This included: The school's faculty are divided into 10 academic units: Accounting and Management; Business, Government and

1755-477: Was associated with exercise in some way. The formation of an academic discipline is outlined by Tipton (1998), and includes the argument that formal courses and PhD research must be undertaken in the field in order for the discipline to separate itself from others. Due to the structure of the Harvard fatigue laboratory, PhD students weren't able to complete research there, so this was described as an impediment to

1800-494: Was celebrated for its culture surrounding self-experimentation – the researchers would includes themselves as subjects and partake in the experiments. A prime example of this is Dill and his colleague, John Talbott, went to the Hoover Dam not long after its construction to investigate the working conditions of the employees. Workers at the dam were subject to extreme heat that led to exhaustion and death. Dill and Talbott went to

1845-439: Was doing some research on the physiology of daily work, which Mayo was interested in academically. Mayo was discouraged by his current academic path, and wrote to Donham that there wasn't a “competent investigation of the physiological changes induced in the human organism by the conditions of . . . daily work” at his current organisation. Donham's interest in the human side of business operations led him to encourage Mayo to initiate

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1890-687: Was established in 1908. Initially established by the humanities faculty, it received independent status in 1910, and became a separate administrative unit in 1913. The first dean was historian Edwin Francis Gay (1867–1946). Yogev (2001) explains the original concept: The business school pioneered the development of the case method of teaching, drawing inspiration from this approach to legal education at Harvard. Cases are typically descriptions of real events in organizations. Students are positioned as managers and are presented with problems which they need to analyze and provide recommendations on. From

1935-444: Was not thoroughly understood, and it looked as though fatigue was more complex than originally thought. On top of this, the mechanisation of industrial work alleviated the stress and fatigue workers faced during the period. Conant saw this as a reason to disband the scientific progression of the laboratory. A multitude of compounding factors also played into the closing of the laboratory. The death of L.J. Henderson in 1942 saw Dill take

1980-476: Was ranked fifth in the nation by U.S. News & World Report , third in the world by the Financial Times , and second in the world by QS World University Rankings . Most full-time students study for an MBA, although doctoral programs are also undertaken. Executive education is provided, and online courses. Baker Scholars are those MBA students with academic honors over the two year course in

2025-406: Was to understand the energy metabolism and heat flow from human subjects due to clothing – to optimise weight carried and energy output. The laboratory was also commissioned to examine the heat distribution of pilots flying at high altitudes. Electrically heated suits that were developed by Harwood Belding were tested by the Harvard Fatigue Laboratory to discover the optimal distribution of heat over

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