The Arabic script has numerous diacritics , which include consonant pointing known as iʻjām ( إِعْجَام ), and supplementary diacritics known as tashkīl ( تَشْكِيل ). The latter include the vowel marks termed ḥarakāt ( حَرَكَات ; sg. حَرَكَة , ḥarakah ).
95-511: Ancient North Arabian dialect Hasaitic Region Arabia Extinct marginalized by Classical Arabic from the 7th century Language family Afro-Asiatic Semitic West Semitic Central Semitic North Arabian ? Old Arabic Hasaitic Writing system Monumental South Arabian script Language codes ISO 639-3 – Glottolog hasa1249 Hasaitic
190-410: A maddah is placed on any other letter to denote the name of the letter, though some letters may take on a dagger alif . For example: ⟨ لٓمٓصٓ ⟩ ( lām - mīm - ṣād ) or ⟨ يـٰسٓ ⟩ ( yāʼ-sīn) The waṣlah ⟨ وَصْلَة ⟩ , alif waṣlah ⟨ أَلِف وَصْلَة ⟩ or hamzat waṣl ⟨ هَمْزَة وَصْل ⟩ looks like the head of
285-562: A military intervention in Yemen in March 2015. The civil war and subsequent military intervention and blockade caused a famine in Yemen . Arabic diacritics The Arabic script is a modified abjad , where all letters are consonants, leading it up to the reader to fill in for vowel sounds. Short consonants and long vowels are represented by letters but short vowels and consonant length are not generally indicated in writing. Tashkīl
380-422: A diacritic over or under an alif , wāw , or yā . Which letter is to be used to support the hamzah depends on the quality of the adjacent vowels and its location in the word; Consider the following words: ⟨ أَخ ⟩ /ʔax/ ("brother"), ⟨ إسْماعِيل ⟩ /ʔismaːʕiːl/ ("Ismael"), ⟨ أُمّ ⟩ /ʔumm/ ("mother"). All three of above words "begin" with
475-488: A letter is called a kasrah ⟨ كَسْرَة ⟩ and designates a short /i/ (as in "me", "be") and its allophones [i, ɪ, e, e̞, ɛ] (as in "Tim", "sit"). For example: ⟨ دِ ⟩ /di/ . When a kasrah is placed before a plain letter ⟨ ﻱ ⟩ ( yā’ ), it represents a long /iː/ (as in the English word "steed"). For example: ⟨ دِي ⟩ /diː/ . The kasrah
570-479: A long fatħah , was used for a contracted (assimilated) sin . Thus ⟨ ڛ سۣ سۡ سٚ ⟩ were all used to indicate that the letter in question was truly ⟨ س ⟩ and not ⟨ ش ⟩ . These signs, collectively known as ‘alāmātu-l-ihmāl , are still occasionally used in modern Arabic calligraphy , either for their original purpose (i.e. marking letters without i‘jām ), or often as purely decorative space-fillers. The small ک above
665-577: A phonetic aid; i.e. show the correct pronunciation for children who are learning to read or foreign learners. The bulk of Arabic script is written without ḥarakāt (or short vowels). However, they are commonly used in texts that demand strict adherence to exact pronunciation. This is true, primarily, of the Qur'an ⟨ ٱلْقُرْآن ⟩ ( al-Qurʾān ) and poetry . It is also quite common to add ḥarakāt to hadiths ⟨ ٱلْحَدِيث ⟩ ( al-ḥadīth ; plural: al-ḥādīth ) and
760-462: A red dot placed above, below, or beside the rasm , and later consonant pointing was introduced, as thin, short black single or multiple dashes placed above or below the rasm . These i‘jām became black dots about the same time as the ḥarakāt became small black letters or strokes. Typically, Egyptians do not use dots under final yā’ ( ي ), which looks exactly like alif maqṣūrah ( ى ) in handwriting and in print. This practice
855-457: A small ṣād on top of an alif ⟨ ٱ ⟩ (also indicated by an alif ⟨ ا ⟩ without a hamzah ). It means that the alif is not pronounced when its word does not begin a sentence. For example: ⟨ بِٱسْمِ ⟩ ( bismi ), but ⟨ ٱمْشُوا۟ ⟩ ( imshū not mshū ). This is because in Arabic, the first consonant in
950-782: A small number of urban trading settlements, such as Mecca and Medina , located in the Hejaz in the west of the peninsula. Archaeology has revealed the existence of many civilizations in pre-Islamic Arabia (such as the Thamud ), especially in South Arabia . South Arabian civilizations include the Himyarite Kingdom , the Kingdom of Awsan , the Kingdom of Ma'īn , and the Sabaean Kingdom (usually considered to be
1045-414: A superscript kaf or a small superscript hamza ( nabrah ), and lam with a superscript l-a-m ( lam-alif-mim ). Although normally it is sometimes not considered a letter of the alphabet, the hamza هَمْزة ( hamzah , glottal stop ), often stands as a separate letter in writing, is written in unpointed texts and is not considered a tashkīl . It may appear as a letter by itself or as
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#17327757584441140-431: A trend towards simplifying Arabic grammar. The sign ⟨ ـً ⟩ is most commonly written in combination with ⟨ ـًا ⟩ ( alif ), ⟨ ةً ⟩ ( tā’ marbūṭah ), ⟨ أً ⟩ (alif hamzah) or stand-alone ⟨ ءً ⟩ ( hamzah ). Alif should always be written (except for words ending in tā’ marbūṭah, hamzah or diptotes) even if an
1235-399: A vocalised text, they may be written even if they are not pronounced (see pausa ). See i‘rāb for more details. In many spoken Arabic dialects, the endings are absent. Many Arabic textbooks introduce standard Arabic without these endings. The grammatical endings may not be written in some vocalized Arabic texts, as knowledge of i‘rāb varies from country to country, and there is
1330-470: A vowel opening the syllable, and in each case, alif is used to designate the initial glottal stop (the actual beginning). But if we consider middle syllables "beginning" with a vowel: ⟨ نَشْأة ⟩ /naʃʔa/ ("origin"), ⟨ أَفْئِدة ⟩ /ʔafʔida/ ("hearts"—notice the /ʔi/ syllable; singular ⟨ فُؤاد ⟩ /fuʔaːd/ ), ⟨ رُؤُوس ⟩ /ruʔuːs/ ("heads", singular ⟨ رَأْس ⟩ /raʔs/ ),
1425-469: A word must always be followed by a vowel sound: If the second letter from the waṣlah has a kasrah, the alif-waslah makes the sound /i/. However, when the second letter from it has a dammah, it makes the sound /u/. It occurs only in the beginning of words, but it can occur after prepositions and the definite article. It is commonly found in imperative verbs, the perfective aspect of verb stems VII to X and their verbal nouns ( maṣdar ). The alif of
1520-793: Is Saudi Arabia. In the classical era, the Sinai Peninsula was also considered a part of Arabia. The Arabian Peninsula formed as a result of the rifting of the Red Sea between 56 and 23 million years ago, and is bordered by the Red Sea to the west and southwest, the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman to the northeast, the Levant and Mesopotamia to the north and the Arabian Sea and
1615-552: Is a large volcanic field that extends from northwestern Arabia into Jordan and southern Syria . The Peninsula's constituent countries are (clockwise from north to south) Kuwait, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) on the east, Oman on the southeast, Yemen on the south, and Saudi Arabia at the center. The island country of Bahrain lies just off the east coast of the Peninsula. Due to Yemen's jurisdiction over
1710-450: Is a small curl-like diacritic placed above a letter to represent a short /u/ (as in "duke", shorter "you") and its allophones [u, ʊ, o, o̞, ɔ] (as in "put", or "bull"). For example: ⟨ دُ ⟩ /du/ . When a ḍammah is placed before a plain letter ⟨ و ⟩ ( wāw ), it represents a long /uː/ (like the 'oo' sound in the English word "swoop"). For example: ⟨ دُو ⟩ /duː/ . The ḍammah
1805-520: Is also used in copies of the muṣḥaf ( Qurʾān ) scribed by ‘Uthman Ṭāhā . The same unification of yā and alif maqṣūrā has happened in Persian , resulting in what the Unicode Standard calls " Arabic Letter Farsi Yeh ", that looks exactly the same as yā in initial and medial forms, but exactly the same as alif maqṣūrah in final and isolated forms. At
1900-729: Is an Ancient North Arabian dialect attested in inscriptions in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia at Thaj, Hinna, Qatif , Ras Tanura , Abqaiq in the al-Hasa region, Ayn Jawan, Mileiha and at Uruk . It is written in the Monumental South Arabian script and dates from the 5th to 2nd centuries BC. Notes [ edit ] ^ William Facey, The Story of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia , 1994, ISBN 1-900988-18-6 ^ Macdonald, M. C. A. (2000). "Reflections on
1995-625: Is considered aesthetically pleasing. An example of a fully vocalised ( vowelised or vowelled ) Arabic from the Bismillah : بِسْمِ ٱللَّٰهِ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ ٱلرَّحِيمِ bismi l-lāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīm In the name of God, the All-Merciful, the Especially-Merciful. Some Arabic textbooks for foreigners now use ḥarakāt as a phonetic guide to make learning reading Arabic easier. The other method used in textbooks
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#17327757584442090-614: Is known for its rich oil, i.e. petroleum production due to its geographical location. According to NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) satellite data (2003–2013) analysed in a University of California, Irvine (UCI) -led study published in Water Resources Research on 16 June 2015, the most over-stressed aquifer system in the world is the Arabian Aquifer System , upon which more than 60 million people depend for water. Twenty-one of
2185-766: Is located in the continent of Asia and is bounded by (clockwise) the Persian Gulf on the northeast, the Strait of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman on the east, the Arabian Sea on the southeast, the Gulf of Aden , and the Guardafui Channel on the south, and the Bab-el-Mandeb strait on the southwest and the Red Sea, which is located on the southwest and west. The northern portion of the peninsula merges with
2280-443: Is not usually written in such cases. When a fathah is placed before the letter ⟨ ﻱ ⟩ (yā’), it creates an /aj/ (as in "l ie "); and when placed before the letter ⟨ و ⟩ (wāw), it creates an /aw/ (as in "c ow "). Although paired with a plain letter creates an open front vowel (/a/), often realized as near-open (/ æ /), the standard also allows for variations, especially under certain surrounding conditions. Usually, in order to have
2375-417: Is not. Grammatical cases and tanwīn endings in indefinite triptote forms: The shadda or shaddah ⟨ شَدَّة ⟩ ( shaddah ), or tashdid ⟨ تَشْدِيد ⟩ ( tashdīd ), is a diacritic shaped like a small written Latin " w ". It is used to indicate gemination (consonant doubling or extra length), which is phonemic in Arabic. It is written above the consonant which
2470-480: Is optional to represent missing vowels and consonant length. Modern Arabic is always written with the i‘jām —consonant pointing, but only religious texts, children's books and works for learners are written with the full tashkīl —vowel guides and consonant length. It is however not uncommon for authors to add diacritics to a word or letter when the grammatical case or the meaning is deemed otherwise ambiguous. In addition, classical works and historic documents rendered to
2565-413: Is phonetic romanisation of unvocalised texts. Fully vocalised Arabic texts (i.e. Arabic texts with ḥarakāt /diacritics) are sought after by learners of Arabic. Some online bilingual dictionaries also provide ḥarakāt as a phonetic guide similarly to English dictionaries providing transcription. The ḥarakāt حَرَكَات , which literally means 'motions', are the short vowel marks. There
2660-409: Is some ambiguity as to which tashkīl are also ḥarakāt ; the tanwīn , for example, are markers for both vowels and consonants. The fatḥah ⟨ فَتْحَة ⟩ is a small diagonal line placed above a letter, and represents a short /a/ (like the /a/ sound in the English word "cat"). The word fatḥah itself ( فَتْحَة ) means opening and refers to the opening of
2755-669: Is the location of the Kaaba , Islam's holiest site, and the Masjid al-Nabawi (the Prophet's Mosque) in Medina is the location of Muhammad 's grave; as a result, from the 7th century, Mecca and Medina became the pilgrimage destinations for large numbers of Muslims from across the Islamic world . Despite its spiritual importance, in political terms Arabia soon became a peripheral region of
2850-745: Is to be doubled. It is the only ḥarakah that is commonly used in ordinary spelling to avoid ambiguity . For example: ⟨ دّ ⟩ /dd/ ; madrasah ⟨ مَدْرَسَة ⟩ ('school') vs. mudarrisah ⟨ مُدَرِّسَة ⟩ ('teacher', female). Note that when the doubled letter bears a vowel, it is the shaddah that the vowel is attached to, not the letter itself: ⟨ دَّ ⟩ /dda/ , ⟨ دِّ ⟩ /ddi/ . Shaddah s are encoded U+0651 ّ ARABIC SHADDA , U+FE7C ﹼ ARABIC SHADDA ISOLATED FORM , or U+FE7D ﹽ ARABIC SHADDA MEDIAL FORM . The i‘jām ( إِعْجَام ; sometimes also called nuqaṭ ) are
2945-407: Is unsuited to agriculture, making irrigation and land reclamation projects essential. The narrow coastal plain and isolated oases, amounting to less than 1% of the land area, are used to cultivate grains, coffee and tropical fruits . Goat, sheep, and camel husbandry is widespread elsewhere throughout the rest of the Peninsula. Some areas have a summer humid tropical monsoon climate , in particular
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3040-504: Is usually not written in such cases, but if yā’ is pronounced as a diphthong /aj/ , fatḥah should be written on the preceding letter to avoid mispronunciation. The word kasrah means 'breaking'. Kasrah s are encoded U+061A ؚ ARABIC SMALL KASRA , U+0650 ِ ARABIC KASRA , U+FE7A ﹺ ARABIC KASRA ISOLATED FORM , or U+FE7B ﹻ ARABIC KASRA MEDIAL FORM . The ḍammah ⟨ ضَمَّة ⟩
3135-663: Is usually not written in such cases, but if wāw is pronounced as a diphthong /aw/ , fatḥah should be written on the preceding consonant to avoid mispronunciation. The word ḍammah (ضَمَّة) in this context means rounding , since it is the only rounded vowel in the vowel inventory of Arabic. Ḍammah s are encoded U+0619 ؙ ARABIC SMALL DAMMA , U+064F ُ ARABIC DAMMA , U+FE78 ﹸ ARABIC DAMMA ISOLATED FORM , or U+FE79 ﹹ ARABIC DAMMA MEDIAL FORM . The superscript (or dagger) alif ⟨ أَلِف خَنْجَرِيَّة ⟩ ( alif khanjarīyah ),
3230-422: Is usually produced automatically by entering alif lām lām hāʾ . The word consists of alif + ligature of doubled lām with a shaddah and a dagger alif above lām , followed by ha' . The maddah ⟨ مَدَّة ⟩ is a tilde -shaped diacritic, which can only appear on top of an alif (آ) and indicates a glottal stop /ʔ/ followed by a long /aː/ . In theory,
3325-498: Is written as short vertical stroke on top of a letter. It indicates a long /aː/ sound for which alif is normally not written. For example: ⟨ هَٰذَا ⟩ ( hādhā ) or ⟨ رَحْمَٰن ⟩ ( raḥmān ). The dagger alif occurs in only a few words, but they include some common ones; it is seldom written, however, even in fully vocalised texts. Most keyboards do not have dagger alif . The word Allah ⟨ الله ⟩ ( Allāh )
3420-409: The kāf in its final and isolated forms ⟨ ك ـك ⟩ was originally an ‘alāmatu-l-ihmāl that became a permanent part of the letter. Previously this sign could also appear above the medial form of kāf , when that letter was written without the stroke on its ascender . When kaf was written without that stroke, it could be mistaken for lam , thus kaf was distinguished with
3515-739: The Al Saud , began in Najd in central Arabia in 1744, when Muhammad bin Saud , founder of the dynasty, joined forces with the religious leader Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab , founder of the Wahhabi movement , a strict puritanical form of Sunni Islam. The Emirate of Diriyah established in the area around Riyadh rapidly expanded and briefly controlled most of the present-day territory of Saudi Arabia, sacking Karbala in 1802, and capturing Mecca in 1803. The Damascus Protocol of 1914 provides an illustration of
3610-788: The Arabs ' ), or Arabia , is a peninsula in West Asia , situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate . At 3,237,500 km (1,250,000 sq mi), comparable in size to India , the Arabian Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the world. Geographically, the Arabian Peninsula includes Bahrain , Kuwait , Oman , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Yemen , as well as southern Iraq and Jordan . The largest of these
3705-474: The Bible . Another use is in children's literature. Moreover, ḥarakāt are used in ordinary texts in individual words when an ambiguity of pronunciation cannot easily be resolved from context alone. Arabic dictionaries with vowel marks provide information about the correct pronunciation to both native and foreign Arabic speakers. In art and calligraphy , ḥarakāt might be used simply because their writing
3800-455: The Dhofar and Al Mahrah areas of Oman and Yemen. These areas allow for large scale coconut plantations. Much of Yemen has a tropical monsoon rain influenced mountain climate. The plains usually have either a tropical or subtropical arid desert climate or arid steppe climate . The sea surrounding the Arabian Peninsula is generally tropical sea with a very rich tropical sea life and some of
3895-597: The First Islamic State - a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula. Under the subsequent Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates , rapid expansion of Arab power well beyond the Arabian peninsula formed a vast Muslim Arab Empire with an area of influence that stretched from the northwest Indian subcontinent , across Central Asia , the Middle East , North Africa , southern Italy , and
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3990-585: The Hejaz ( Tihamah for the western coast), as described by Ibn al-Faqih . In antiquity, the term "Arabia" encompassed a larger area than the current term "Arabian Peninsula" and included the Arabian desert and large parts of the Syrian-Arabian desert . During the Hellenistic period , the area was known as Arabia ( Ancient Greek : Ἀραβία ). The Romans named three regions "Arabia": One of
4085-721: The Iberian Peninsula , to the Pyrenees . With Muhammad's death in 632, disagreement broke out over who would succeed him as leader of the Muslim community. Umar ibn al-Khattab , a prominent companion of Muhammad, nominated Abu Bakr , who was Muhammad's intimate friend and collaborator. Others added their support and Abu Bakr was made the first caliph . This choice was disputed by some of Muhammad's companions, who held that Ali ibn Abi Talib , his cousin and son-in-law, had been designated his successor. Abu Bakr's immediate task
4180-581: The Indian Ocean to the southeast. The peninsula plays a critical geopolitical role in the Arab world and globally due to its vast reserves of oil and natural gas . Before the modern era, the region was divided into primarily four distinct regions: the Central Plateau ( Najd and Al-Yamama ), South Arabia ( Yemen , Hadhramaut and Oman ), Al-Bahrain (Eastern Arabia or Al-Hassa ), and
4275-497: The Islamic world , in which the most important medieval Islamic states were based at various times in such far away cities as Damascus , Baghdad , and Cairo . However, from the 10th century (and, in fact, until the 20th century) the Hashemite Sharifs of Mecca maintained a state in the most developed part of the region, the Hejaz . Their domain originally comprised only the holy cities of Mecca and Medina but in
4370-637: The Nefud Desert dates to approximately 90,000 years ago and is the oldest human fossil discovered outside of Africa and the Levant. This indicates human migrations from Africa to Arabia occurred around this time. The Arabian Peninsula may have been the homeland of a ' Basal Eurasian ' population, which diverged from other Eurasians soon after the Out-of-Africa migration, and subsequently became isolated, until it started to mix with other populations in
4465-759: The Rashidun or "rightly guided" Caliphate . Under the Rashidun Caliphs, and, from 661, their Umayyad successors , the Arabs rapidly expanded the territory under Muslim control outside of Arabia. In a matter of decades Muslim armies decisively defeated the Byzantine army and destroyed the Persian Empire , conquering huge swathes of territory from the Iberian peninsula to India. The political focus of
4560-742: The Socotra Archipelago , the Peninsula's geopolitical outline faces the Guardafui Channel and the Somali Sea to the south. The six countries of Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE form the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia covers the greater part of the Peninsula. The majority of the population of the Peninsula lives in Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The Peninsula contains
4655-466: The Syrian Desert with no clear borderline, although the northern boundary of the peninsula is generally considered to be the northern borders of Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, also southern regions of Iraq and Jordan. The most prominent feature of the peninsula is desert , but in the southwest, there are mountain ranges, which receive greater rainfall than the rest of the peninsula. Harrat ash Shaam
4750-513: The Tuwayr , Shammar and Dhofar generally do not exceed 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in height. Not all mountains in the peninsula are visibly within ranges. Jebel Hafeet in particular, on the border of the UAE and Oman, measuring between 1,100 and 1,300 m (3,600 and 4,300 ft), is not within the Hajar range, but may be considered an outlier of that range. Most of the Arabian Peninsula
4845-472: The United States –led 2003 invasion of Iraq . Despite its historically sparse population, political Arabia stands out for its rapid population growth, driven by both significant inflows of migrant labor and persistently high birth rates. The population is characterized by its relative youth and a heavily skewed gender ratio favoring males. In several states, the number of South Asians surpasses that of
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#17327757584444940-464: The nomes of Ptolemaic Egypt was named Arabia . Arabians used a north–south division of Arabia: ash-Sham vs. al-Yaman , or Arabia Deserta vs. Arabia Felix . Arabia Felix had originally been used for the whole peninsula, and at other times only for the southern region. Because its use became limited to the south, the whole peninsula was simply called Arabia. Arabia Deserta was the entire desert region extending north from Arabia Felix to Palmyra and
5035-655: The 13th century it was extended to include the rest of the Hejaz . Although, the Sharifs exercised at most times independent authority in the Hejaz , they were usually subject to the suzerainty of one of the major Islamic empires of the time. In the Middle Ages, these included the Abbasids of Baghdad , and the Fatimids , Ayyubids , and Mamluks of Egypt . The provincial Ottoman Army for Arabia (Arabistan Ordusu)
5130-638: The Euphrates, including all the area between Pelusium on the Nile and Babylon. This area was also called Arabia and not sharply distinguished from the peninsula. The Arabs and the Ottoman Empire considered the west of the Arabian Peninsula region where the Arabs lived 'the land of the Arabs' – Bilad al-'Arab ( Arabia ), and its major divisions were the bilad al-Sham ( Levant ), bilad al-Yaman ( Yemen ), and Bilad al-'Iraq ( Iraq ). The Ottomans used
5225-575: The Gulf Cooperation Council's mediation. He eventually handed power to Vice President Hadi, who was sworn in as President of Yemen on 25 February 2012. Hadi launched a national dialogue to address new constitutional, political and social issues. The Houthi movement , dissatisfied with the outcomes of the national dialogue, launched an offensive and stormed the Yemeni capital Sanaa on 21 September 2014. In response, Saudi Arabia launched
5320-547: The Middle East since around 25,000 years ago. These different Middle Eastern populations would later spread Basal Eurasian ancestry via the Neolithic Revolution to all of Western Eurasia. There is evidence that human habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 106,000 to 130,000 years ago. The harsh climate historically prevented much settlement in the pre-Islamic Arabian Peninsula, apart from
5415-623: The Muslim world then shifted to the newly conquered territories. Nevertheless, Mecca and Medina remained the spiritually most important places in the Muslim world . The Qur'an requires every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it, as one of the five pillars of Islam , to make a pilgrimage, or Hajj , to Mecca during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah at least once in his or her lifetime. The Masjid al-Haram (the Grand Mosque) in Mecca
5510-527: The Saudi Arabian border and rallied popular support. The royalist side received support from Saudi Arabia, while the republicans were supported by Egypt and the Soviet Union. Both foreign irregular and conventional forces were also involved. The Egyptian President , Gamal Abdel Nasser , supported the republicans with as many as 70,000 troops. Despite several military moves and peace conferences,
5605-573: The biblical land of Sheba ). From 106 AD to 630 AD northwestern Arabia was under the control of the Roman Empire , which renamed it Arabia Petraea . Central Arabia was the location of the Kingdom of Kinda in the 4th, 5th and early 6th centuries. Eastern Arabia was home to the Dilmun civilization . The earliest known events in Arabian history are migrations from the peninsula into neighbouring areas. The Arabian Peninsula has long been accepted as
5700-409: The biggest ongoing threat believed to be coastal construction activity altering the marine environment. The fertile soils of Yemen have encouraged settlement of almost all of the land from sea level up to the mountains at 10,000 feet (3,000 m). In the higher elevations, elaborate terraces have been constructed to facilitate grain, fruit, coffee, ginger and khat cultivation. The Arabian peninsula
5795-411: The definite article is considered a waṣlah . It occurs in phrases and sentences (connected speech, not isolated/dictionary forms): Like the superscript alif, it is not written in fully vocalized scripts, except for sacred texts, like the Quran and Arabized Bible. The sukūn ⟨ سُكُونْ ⟩ is a circle-shaped diacritic placed above a letter ( ْ ). It indicates that
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#17327757584445890-414: The diacritic points that distinguish various consonants that have the same form ( rasm ), such as ⟨ ص ⟩ /sˤ/ , ⟨ ض ⟩ /dˤ/ . Typically i‘jām are not considered diacritics but part of the letter. Early manuscripts of the Quran did not use diacritics either for vowels or to distinguish the different values of the rasm . Vowel pointing was introduced first, as
5985-412: The diphthong ay ( IPA /aj/ ). A fatḥah , followed by the letter ⟨ ﻭ ⟩ ( wāw ) with a sukūn , ( ـَوْ ) indicates /aw/ . Sukūn s are encoded U+0652 ْ ARABIC SUKUN , U+FE7E ﹾ ARABIC SUKUN ISOLATED FORM , or U+FE7F ﹿ ARABIC SUKUN MEDIAL FORM . The sukūn may have also an alternative form of
6080-435: The east) constituting only a quarter of people aged between 20 and 40. The eleven most populous cities on the Arabian Peninsula are: The rocks exposed vary systematically across Arabia, with the oldest rocks exposed in the Arabian-Nubian Shield near the Red Sea, overlain by earlier sediments that become younger towards the Persian Gulf. Perhaps the best-preserved ophiolite on Earth, the Semail Ophiolite , lies exposed in
6175-421: The eastern Al-Qassim Province , which would indicate that many prehistoric sites, located along a network of rivers, had once existed in the area. Acheulean tools found in Saffaqah, Riyadh Region reveal that hominins lived in the Arabian Peninsula around 188,000 years ago. Human habitation in Arabia may have occurred as early as 130,000 years ago. A fossilized Homo sapiens finger bone found at Al Wusta in
6270-444: The eastern, southern and northwestern borders of the peninsula. Broadly, the ranges can be grouped as follows: From the Hejaz southwards, the mountains show a steady increase in altitude westward as they get nearer to Yemen, and the highest peaks and ranges are all located in Yemen. The highest, Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb or Jabal Hadhur of the Haraz subrange of the Sarawat range, is 3,666 metres (12,028 ft) high. By comparison,
6365-412: The general public are often rendered with the full tashkīl , to compensate for the gap in understanding resulting from stylistic changes over the centuries. The literal meaning of تَشْكِيل tashkīl is 'variation'. As the normal Arabic text does not provide enough information about the correct pronunciation, the main purpose of tashkīl (and ḥarakāt ) is to provide a phonetic guide or
6460-982: The language on their left. [REDACTED] Category Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hasaitic&oldid=1239810716 " Categories : Arabic languages History of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia Ancient North Arabian Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2024 Dialects of languages with ISO 639-3 code Languages without ISO 639-3 code but with Glottolog code Webarchive template wayback links Arabia The Arabian Peninsula ( / ə ˈ r eɪ b i ə n p ə n ɪ n sj u l ə / ; Arabic : شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة , shibhu l-jazīra l-ʿarabiyya , "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب , jazīratu l-ʿarab , lit. ' Island of
6555-434: The letter to which it is attached is not followed by a vowel, i.e., zero -vowel. It is a necessary symbol for writing consonant-vowel-consonant syllables, which are very common in Arabic. For example: ⟨ دَدْ ⟩ ( dad ). The sukūn may also be used to help represent a diphthong. A fatḥah followed by the letter ⟨ ﻱ ⟩ ( yā’ ) with a sukūn over it ( ـَيْ ) indicates
6650-4646: The linguistic map of pre-Islamic Arabia" . Arabian Archaeology and Epigraphy . Vol. 11. pp. 28–79 . Retrieved 28 July 2014 . External links [ edit ] http://www.uaeinteract.com/history/e_walk/con_3/con3_21.asp Archived 2012-02-07 at the Wayback Machine v t e Arabic language Overviews Language Alphabet History Romanization Numerology Influence on other languages Scripts Nabataean script Arabic script Ancient North Arabian Ancient South Arabian script Arabic numerals Eastern numerals Arabic Braille Algerian Braille Maltese Braille Diacritics i‘jām Tashkil Harakat Nunation (tanwin) Shaddah Hamza Dagger alif Maltese alphabet Letters ʾAlif Bāʾ Tāʾ Ṯāʾ Ǧīm Ḥāʾ Ḫāʾ Dāl Ḏāl Rāʾ Zāy Sīn Šīn Ṣād Ḍād Ṭāʾ Ẓāʾ ʿAyn Ġayn Fāʾ Qāf Kāf Lām Mīm Nūn Hāʾ Wāw Yāʾ Varieties Pre-Islamic Proto-Arabic Nabataean Arabic Old Arabic Old Hijazi Arabic Pre-classical Arabic Literary Classical Modern Standard Modern spoken Maghrebi Pre-Hilalian Andalusi Sicilian Maltese Australian Cottenera Gozitan Qormi Żejtun Żurrieqi Urban Tunis (North-Eastern Tunisian) Village Eastern Sahili (Sahel) Sfaxian Jijel (Lesser Kabylia) Western Traras-Msirda Jebli (Mountain) Judeo-Maghrebi Judeo-Moroccan Judeo-Tripolitanian Judeo-Tunisian Hilalian Central Hilal Algerian koiné Judeo-Algerian Algerian Saharan Eastern Algerian Eastern Hilal Tunisian koiné Maqil Fessi Hassaniya Nemadi Moroccan koiné Eastern Western Western Algerian Sulaym Libyan koiné Western Egyptian Bedawi Nile Valley Egyptian Saʽidi Sudanese Levantine North Cilician Lebanese Syrian Aleppine Damascene South Jordanian Palestinian Mesopotamian Gilit Baghdadi Khuzestani Shawi South North (Qeltu) Anatolian Cypriot Judeo-Iraqi Baghdadi Peninsular Bahrani Bareqi Bedawi Dhofari Gulf Bahraini Emirati Kuwaiti Hejazi Najdi Omani Shihhi Yemeni Hadhrami Sanʽani Taʽizzi-Adeni Tihami Judeo-Yemeni Others Central Asian Bakhtiari Bukhara Kashkadarya Khorasani Shirvani Chadian Nigerian Sociological Bedouin Arabic Judeo-Arabic Judeo-Algerian Judeo-Egyptian Judeo-Iraqi Baghdadi Judeo-Moroccan Kjal Wqal Judeo-Tripolitanian Judeo-Tunisian Tunisene Judeo-Yemeni Adeni Beda Habban Sanʽani Creoles and pidgins Bimbashi Gulf Pidgin Jordanian Bengali Pidgin Juba Maridi Nubi Pidgin madam Turku Bongor Academic Literature Names Linguistics Phonology Sun and moon letters Tajwid Imāla ʾIʿrāb (case) Grammar Triliteral root Mater lectionis IPA Quranic Arabic Corpus Calligraphy · Script Ajami script Diwani Hijazi script Jawi script Jeli Thuluth Kairouani Kufic Maghrebi Mashq Muhaqqaq Naskh (script) Nastaliq Rasm Ruqʿah script Shahmukhi Sini (script) Taliq script Tawqi Thuluth Technical Arabic keyboard Arabic script in Unicode ISO/IEC 8859-6 Windows-1256 MS-DOS codepages 708 709 710 711 720 864 MacArabic encoding Other Islam and Arabic language Italics indicate extinct languages Languages between parentheses are varieties of
6745-402: The modern era, the term bilad al-Yaman came to refer specifically to the southwestern parts of the peninsula. Arab geographers started to refer to the whole peninsula as 'jazirat al-Arab', or the peninsula of the Arabs. The railway was started in 1900 at the behest of the Ottoman Sultan Abdul Hamid II and was built largely by the Turks , with German advice and support. A public subscription
6840-491: The modern state of Saudi Arabia. The Saudis absorbed the Emirate of Asir , with their expansion only ending in 1934 after a war with Yemen . Two Saudi states were formed and controlled much of Arabia before Ibn Saud was even born. Ibn Saud, however, established the third Saudi state. The second major development has been the discovery of vast reserves of oil in the 1930s. Its production brought great wealth to all countries of
6935-590: The more central (/ ä /) or back (/ ɑ /) pronunciation, the word features a nearby back consonant, such as the emphatics, as well as qāf , or rā’ . A similar "back" quality is undergone by other vowels as well in the presence of such consonants, however not as drastically realized as in the case of fatḥah . Fatḥah s are encoded U+0618 ؘ ARABIC SMALL FATHA , U+064E َ ARABIC FATHA , U+FE76 ﹶ ARABIC FATHA ISOLATED FORM , or U+FE77 ﹷ ARABIC FATHA MEDIAL FORM . A similar diagonal line below
7030-472: The mountains of the UAE and northern Oman. The peninsula consists of: Arabia has few lakes or permanent rivers. Most areas are drained by ephemeral watercourses called wadis , which are dry except during the rainy season. Plentiful ancient aquifers exist beneath much of the peninsula, however, and where this water surfaces, oases form (e.g. Al-Hasa and Qatif , two of the world's largest oases ) and permit agriculture, especially palm trees , which allowed
7125-505: The mouth when producing an /a/ . For example, with dāl (henceforth, the base consonant in the following examples): ⟨ دَ ⟩ /da/ . When a fatḥah is placed before a plain letter ⟨ ا ⟩ ( alif ) (i.e. one having no hamza or vowel of its own), it represents a long /aː/ (close to the sound of "a" in the English word "dad", with an open front vowel /æː/, not back /ɑː/ as in "father"). For example: ⟨ دَا ⟩ /daː/ . The fatḥah
7220-436: The native population. The four smallest states (by area), with coastlines entirely bordering the Persian Gulf, showcase the world's most extreme population growth, nearly tripling every two decades. In 2014, the estimated population of the Arabian Peninsula was 77,983,936 (including expatriates). The Arabian Peninsula is known for having one of the most uneven adult sex ratios in the world, with females in some regions (especially
7315-510: The original Urheimat of the Semitic languages by most scholars. The seventh century saw the rise of Islam as the peninsula's dominant religion. The Islamic prophet Muhammad was born in Mecca in about 570 and first began preaching in the city in 610, but migrated to Medina in 622. From there he and his companions united the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created
7410-399: The peninsula to produce more dates than any other region in the world. In general, the climate is extremely hot and arid , although there are exceptions. Higher elevations are made temperate by their altitude, and the Arabian Sea coastline can receive cool, humid breezes in summer due to cold upwelling offshore. The peninsula has no thick forests. Desert-adapted wildlife is present throughout
7505-636: The region, with the exception of Yemen. The North Yemen Civil War was fought in North Yemen between royalists of the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen and factions of the Yemen Arab Republic from 1962 to 1970. The war began with a coup d'état carried out by the republican leader, Abdullah as-Sallal , which dethroned the newly crowned Muhammad al-Badr and declared Yemen a republic under his presidency. The Imam escaped to
7600-419: The region. A plateau more than 2,500 feet (760 m) high extends across much of the Arabian Peninsula. The plateau slopes eastwards from the massive, rifted escarpment along the coast of the Red Sea, to the shallow waters of the Persian Gulf. The interior is characterized by cuestas and valleys, drained by a system of wadis . A crescent of sand and gravel deserts lies to the east. There are mountains at
7695-613: The regional relationships. Arabs living in one of the existing districts of the Arabian peninsula, the Emirate of Hejaz , asked for a British guarantee of independence. Their proposal included all Arab lands south of a line roughly corresponding to the northern frontiers of present-day Syria and Iraq. They envisioned a new Arab state, or confederation of states, adjoining the southern Arabian Peninsula. It would have comprised Cilicia – İskenderun and Mersin , Iraq with Kuwait, Syria, Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate , Jordan, and Palestine . In
7790-786: The ruling Ottoman Empire and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen. During World War I, the Sharif Hussein entered into an alliance with the United Kingdom and France against the Ottomans in June 1916. These events were followed by the foundation of Saudi Arabia under King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud . In 1902, Ibn Saud had captured Riyadh . Continuing his conquests, Abdulaziz subdued Al-Hasa, Jabal Shammar , Hejaz between 1913 and 1926 founded
7885-524: The same sequence /ʔaː/ could also be represented by two alif s, as in * ⟨ أَا ⟩ , where a hamza above the first alif represents the /ʔ/ while the second alif represents the /aː/ . However, consecutive alif s are never used in the Arabic orthography. Instead, this sequence must always be written as a single alif with a maddah above it, the combination known as an alif maddah . For example: ⟨ قُرْآن ⟩ /qurˈʔaːn/ . In Quranic writings,
7980-779: The small high head of ḥāʾ ( U+06E1 ۡ ARABIC SMALL HIGH DOTLESS HEAD OF KHAH ), particularly in some Qurans. Other shapes may exist as well (for example, like a small comma above ⟨ʼ⟩ or like a circumflex ⟨ˆ⟩ in nastaʿlīq ). The three vowel diacritics may be doubled at the end of a word to indicate that the vowel is followed by the consonant n . They may or may not be considered ḥarakāt and are known as tanwīn ⟨ تَنْوِين ⟩ , or nunation. The signs indicate, from left to right, -an, -in, -un . These endings are used as non-pausal grammatical indefinite case endings in Literary Arabic or classical Arabic ( triptotes only). In
8075-572: The term Arabistan in a broad sense for the region starting from Cilicia , where the Euphrates river makes its descent into Syria, through Palestine , and on through the remainder of the Sinai and Arabian peninsulas. The provinces of Arabia were: Al Tih, the Sinai peninsula, Hejaz, Asir, Yemen, Hadramaut, Mahra and Shilu, Oman, Hasa, Bahrain, Dahna, Nufud, the Hammad, which included the deserts of Syria, Mesopotamia and Babylonia. The Arabian Peninsula
8170-549: The thirty seven largest aquifers "have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted" and thirteen of them are "considered significantly distressed". Stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that hominins migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago. 200,000-year-old stone tools were discovered at Shuaib Al-Adgham in
8265-468: The time when the i‘jām was optional, unpointed letters were ambiguous. To clarify that a letter would lack i‘jām in pointed text, the letter could be marked with a small v- or seagull -shaped diacritic above, also a superscript semicircle (crescent), a subscript dot (except in the case of ⟨ ح ⟩ ; three dots were used with ⟨ س ⟩ ), or a subscript miniature of the letter itself. A superscript stroke known as jarrah , resembling
8360-511: The war in Yemen as analogous to the United States ' role in the Vietnam War . In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. The invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi forces led to the 1990–91 Gulf War . Egypt, Qatar, Syria, and Saudi Arabia joined a multinational coalition that opposed Iraq. Displays of support for Iraq by Jordan and Palestine resulted in strained relations between many of the Arab states. After
8455-484: The war sank into a stalemate. Egypt's commitment to the war is considered to have been detrimental to its performance in the Six-Day War of June 1967, after which Nasser found it increasingly difficult to maintain his army's involvement and began to pull his forces out of Yemen. By 1970, King Faisal of Saudi Arabia recognized the republic and a truce was signed. Egyptian military historians refer to Egypt's role in
8550-643: The war, a so-called "Damascus Declaration" formalized an alliance for future joint Arab defensive actions between Egypt, Syria, and the GCC member states. The Arab Spring reached Yemen in January 2011. People of Yemen took to the street demonstrating against three decades of rule by President Ali Abdullah Saleh . The demonstration led to cracks in the ruling General People's Congress (GPC) and Saleh's Sanhani clan. Saleh used tactics of concession and violence to save his presidency. After numerous attempts, Saleh accepted
8645-517: The world's largest reserves of oil. Saudi Arabia and the UAE are economically the wealthiest in the region. Qatar, the only peninsular country in the Persian Gulf on the larger peninsula, is home to the Arabic-language television station Al Jazeera and its English-language subsidiary Al Jazeera English . Kuwait, on the border with Iraq, is an important country strategically, forming one of the main staging grounds for coalition forces mounting
8740-578: The world's largest, undestroyed and most pristine coral reefs. In addition, the organisms living in symbiosis with the Red Sea coral, the protozoa and zooxanthellae , have a unique hot weather adaptation to sudden rise (and fall) in sea water temperature. Hence, these coral reefs are not affected by coral bleaching caused by rise in temperature as elsewhere in the indopacific coral sea. The reefs are also unaffected by mass tourism and diving or other large scale human interference. The Persian gulf has suffered significant loss and degradation of coral reefs with
8835-581: Was headquartered in Syria , which included Palestine, the Transjordan region in addition to Lebanon ( Mount Lebanon was, however, a semi-autonomous mutasarrifate ). It was put in charge of Syria, Cilicia, Iraq, and the remainder of the Arabian Peninsula. The Ottomans never had any control over central Arabia, also known as the Najd region. The emergence of what was to become the Saudi royal family, known as
8930-611: Was opened throughout the Islamic world to fund the construction. The railway was to be a waqf , an inalienable religious endowment or charitable trust. The major developments of the early 20th century were the Arab Revolt during World War I and the subsequent collapse and partitioning of the Ottoman Empire . The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from
9025-455: Was to avenge a recent defeat by Byzantine (or Eastern Roman Empire ) forces, although he first had to put down a rebellion by Arab tribes in an episode known as the Ridda wars , or "Wars of Apostasy". On his death in 634, he was succeeded by Umar as caliph, followed by Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib . The period of these first four caliphs is known as al-khulafā' ar-rāshidūn :
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