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62-681: Mia Milia is recorded as early as the early 13th century in papal documents. In 1973, Mia Milia had an all- Greek Cypriot population of 1,381. As of 2011, it had a population of 4,204, comprising Turkish Cypriots and Turkish nationals. Migrant workers have set up a shanty town near the industrial area. This Cyprus location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Greek Cypriot Greek diaspora Constantinople and Asia Minor : Africa : Other regions : Other groups : Other languages Greek Cypriots ( Greek : Ελληνοκύπριοι , romanized :  Ellinokýprioi , Turkish : Kıbrıs Rumları ) are

124-452: A final resolution, definitely relinquishing the crown in May 1192. The kingship was put to a vote among the barons of the kingdom: Conrad was elected unanimously, and Guy accepted defeat. Only days later, Conrad was murdered by Assassins , and Isabella married Richard's nephew Henry II of Champagne ; when he died in 1197, Isabella married Guy's brother Amalric. Meanwhile, Guy was compensated for

186-638: A main leading character in a tale of Decameron by Giovanni Boccaccio , where the censure of a Gascon lady rouses the King of Cyprus from lethargy to take responsibility for his realm. Sir Walter Scott , in Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border (1802–1803), recounts the legend of Melusina , a supernatural creature who married Guy de Lusignan, Count of Poitou, under condition that he should never attempt to intrude upon her privacy.... She bore

248-660: A pilgrim or Crusader. He may have arrived with the French Crusaders of 1179. In 1174, his older brother Aimery had married the daughter of Baldwin of Ibelin and entered court circles. Amalric had also obtained the patronage of King Baldwin IV and of his mother Agnes of Courtenay who held the County of Jaffa and Ascalon and was married to Reginald of Sidon . He was appointed Agnes's Constable in Jaffa and later Constable of

310-466: A rallying point for the Third Crusade , led by Philip II of France and Richard I of England . Guy entered a bitter row with Conrad over the kingship of Jerusalem; despite Richard's support for the widower king, Conrad married Sibylla's half-sister Isabella and was elected king by the kingdom's nobility. Conrad was killed by Assassins days after the election; Richard's and Guy's involvement in

372-667: A scheming, incompetent and selfish as well as religiously fanatical villain accelerating the loss of the Holy Land to Saladin ; in The Sir Balian d'Ibelin Trilogy by Helena P. Schrader; in Templar Silks by Elizabeth Chadwick , Zofia Kossak-Szczucka 's Król trędowaty ("The Leper King"), Graham Shelby 's The Knights of Dark Renown , Cecelia Holland 's Jerusalem , Knight Crusader by Ronald Welch , The Heart of

434-470: A single pre-Ottoman local gene pool. The frequency of total haplotypes shared between Greek and Turkish Cypriots is 7-8%, with analysis showing that none of these being found in Turkey, thus not supporting a Turkish origin for the shared haplotypes. No shared haplotypes were observed between Greek Cypriots and mainland Turkish populations, while total haplotypes shared between Turkish Cypriots and mainland Turks

496-414: A son from her first marriage to William of Montferrat . The mid-thirteenth century Old French Continuation of William of Tyre (attributed to Ernoul ) claims that Agnes advised her son to marry Sibylla to Guy and that Amalric had brought Guy to Jerusalem specifically for him to marry Sibylla. However, this is improbable: given the speed with which the marriage was arranged, Guy must have already been in

558-552: Is Cypriot Greek , a dialect of Modern Greek . It shares certain characteristics with varieties of Crete , the Dodecanese and Chios , as well as those of Asia Minor . Greek Cypriots are generally educated in Standard Modern Greek, though they tend to speak it with an accent and preserve some Greek Cypriot grammar. A 2017 study, found that Cypriots belong to a wide and homogeneous genetic domain, along with

620-541: Is the low frequency of haplogroups I, R1a among Greek Cypriots because the mainland Greek population has received considerable migrations during the Byzantine era and the Middle Ages from other Balkanic populations, such as Slavs, Aromanians (Vlachs), and Albanians (Arvanites), while the biggest differentiating characteristic between Greek Cypriots and Middle Easterners is the much lower frequency of haplogroup J1 among

682-750: The 1974 coup , which prompted the Turkish invasion and occupation of the northern part of the island. Cyprus remains divided today, with the two communities almost completely separated. Many of those whom lost their homes, lands and possessions during the Turkish invasion, emigrated mainly to the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, South Africa and Europe, although most left Cyprus before 1974. There are today estimated to be 335,000 Greek Cypriot emigrants living in Great Britain. The majority of

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744-728: The European Union in 2004, officially representing the entire island, but suspended for the time being in Turkish-occupied northern Cyprus . Greeks in Cyprus number 659,115, according to the 2011 Cypriot census. There is a notable community of Cypriots and people of Cypriot descent in Greece. In Athens, the Greek Cypriot community numbers ca. 55,000 people. There is also a large Greek Cypriot diaspora, particularly in

806-655: The Haute Cour altered the succession, placing Baldwin V , Sibylla's son from her first marriage, in precedence over Sibylla, and decreeing a process to choose the monarch afterwards between Sibylla and Isabella (whom Baldwin and the Haute Cour thus recognized as at least equally entitled to succession as Sibylla). However, she was not excluded from the succession herself. Guy kept a low profile from 1183 until his wife became Queen in 1186. When Baldwin IV finally succumbed to his leprosy in 1185, Baldwin V became king, but he

868-464: The Holy Land (where his brother Aimery of Lusignan was already prominent) at an unknown date, Guy was hastily married to Sibylla in 1180 to prevent a political incident within the kingdom. As the health of his brother-in-law, Baldwin IV of Jerusalem , deteriorated, Sibylla appointed Guy as regent for his stepson, Baldwin V . Baldwin IV died in 1185, followed shortly by Baldwin V in 1186, leading to

930-654: The Second Crusade . In 1168, Guy and his brothers, in an attempt to capture Eleanor of Aquitaine, ambushed and killed Patrick of Salisbury, 1st Earl of Salisbury , governor of Poitou , who was returning from a pilgrimage to Santiago of Compostela . They ransomed Salisbury’s nephew William the Marshal , then a knight-errant serving in his uncle’s household, but were banished from Poitou by their overlord, Richard I, then (acting) Duke of Aquitaine . Guy went to Jerusalem at some date between 1173 and 1180, initially as

992-548: The United Kingdom . Cypriot cuisine , as with other Greek cuisine , was imprinted with the spices and herbs made common as a result of extensive trade links within the Ottoman Empire. Names of many dishes came to reflect the sources of the ingredients from the many lands . Coffee houses pervasively spread throughout the island into all major towns and countless villages. The everyday language of Greek Cypriots

1054-464: The siege of Kerak disillusioned the king with him. Throughout late 1183 and 1184, Baldwin IV tried to have his sister's marriage to Guy annulled, showing that Baldwin still held his sister in some favour. Baldwin IV wanted a loyal brother-in-law and was frustrated by Guy's disobedience. Sibylla was in Ascalon with her husband. Unsuccessful in prying his sister and close heir away from Guy, the king, and

1116-542: The 2005 movie Kingdom of Heaven . The film distorts his relationship with Sibylla, which seems to have been one of mutual loyalty; it also implies that he was her only husband, though this is clarified in the director's cut of the film. A character named Guy appears in Ironclad , played by Aneurin Barnard ; he serves as squire to William d'Aubigny ( Brian Cox )—in the sequel Battle for Blood , set five years after

1178-700: The Greek Cypriots in Great Britain currently live in England ; there is an estimate of around 3,000 in Wales and 1,000 in Scotland . By the early 1990s, Greek Cypriot society enjoyed a high standard of living. Economic modernization created a more flexible and open society and caused Greek Cypriots to share the concerns and hopes of other secularized West European societies. The Republic of Cyprus joined

1240-572: The Greek Cypriots. Greek Cypriots are also differentiated by Turkish Cypriots in some aspects; namely Turkish Cypriots have 5.6% Eastern Eurasian (likely Central Asian/Turkic) and 2.1% North African patrilineal ancestry, while Greek Cypriots have 0.6% Eastern Eurasian and no North African patrilineal ancestry. Guy of Lusignan Guy of Lusignan (c. 1150 – 18 July 1194) was a French Poitevin knight who reigned as King of Jerusalem from 1186 to 1192 by right of marriage to Queen Sibylla , and King of Cyprus from 1192 to 1194. Having arrived in

1302-663: The Greek Orthodox Christian bishops of Cyprus, in Vasilis Michaelides epic poem "The 9th of July of 1821 in Nicosia, Cyprus", written in 1884–1895. The poem is considered a key literary expression of Greek Cypriot Enosis sentiment. During the period of British colonial rule (1878–1960), an efficient colonial administration was established, but government and education were administered along ethnic lines, accentuating differences. For example,

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1364-665: The Greek or Turkish communities and voted to join the former due to a shared religion. Cyprus was part of the Mycenaean civilization with local production of Mycenaean vases dating to the Late Helladic III (1400–1050 BC). The quantity of this pottery concludes that there were numerous Mycenaean settlers, if not settlements, on the island. Archaeological evidence shows that Greek settlement began unsystematically in c. 1400 BC, then steadied (possibly due to Dorian invaders on

1426-614: The Kingdom. Later, hostile rumours alleged he was Agnes's lover, but this is questionable. It is likely that his promotions were aimed at weaning him away from the political orbit of the Ibelin family , who were associated with Raymond III of Tripoli , Amalric I 's cousin and the former bailli or regent . Amalric of Lusignan's success likely facilitated Guy's social and political advancement whenever he arrived. Raymond of Tripoli and his ally Bohemond III of Antioch were preparing to invade

1488-567: The Lion by Jean Plaidy ( Eleanor Hibbert ) and also Sharon Kay Penman 's The Land Beyond The Sea . Guy is portrayed as a peace-loving elderly man, goaded into war by Raynald of Châtillon , in Egyptian director Youssef Chahine 's 1963 film Saladin the Victorious . Another fictionalised version of him—as an arrogant, scheming villain (and a Templar)—is portrayed by Marton Csokas in

1550-607: The Mycenaean Greeks and the Minoans were genetically closely related, and that both are closely related, but not identical, to modern Greek populations. The F ST between the sampled Bronze Age populations and present-day West Eurasians was estimated, finding that Mycenaeans are least differentiated from the populations of Greece, Cyprus, Albania, and Italy. A 2017 study, found that both Greek Cypriots' and Turkish Cypriots' patrilineal ancestry derives primarily from

1612-642: The Neolithic (early farmers), the Iron Age (Phoenicians), and the Middle Ages (Maronites and other Levantine settlers during the Frankish era). The authors note however that the Calabrian samples used in the analysis were relatively small (n = 30 comparative dataset, n = 74 YHRD) and thus these results should be interpreted with caution. Furthermore, from the Greek sub-populations, Cretan Greeks were found to be

1674-562: The Ottoman Empire in 1821. A movement for the realization of enosis gradually formed, in which the Church of Cyprus played a dominant role during the Cyprus dispute . "Hellenism is a race as aged as the world, Nobody could be found to eliminate it, Nobody, for it is protected from above by my God, Hellenism will be lost, only when the world is gone." Archbishop Kyprianos' fictional response to Kucuk Mehmet's threat to execute

1736-412: The arrival of the vanguard of the Third Crusade . The queen followed him but died during an epidemic in the summer of 1190, along with their young daughters. According to the surviving members of the Haute Cour , Guy lost the authority he held as her husband with Sibylla's death, and the crown passed to Isabella. The Ibelins hastily divorced Isabella from Humphrey and married her to Conrad, who now claimed

1798-559: The closest to Cypriots. In terms of Rst pairwise genetic differences, which indicate deeper shared paternal ancestry than shared haplotypes, Greeks appear genetically close to Cypriots, and equidistant from Greek and Turkish Cypriots. Both Greek and Turkish Cypriots have similar frequencies for their major patrilineal haplogroups, with the main subclades for both being J2a-M410 (23.8% and 20.3% resp.), E-M78 (12.8% and 13.9% resp.) and G2-P287 (12.5% and 13.7% resp.). The biggest differentiating characteristic between Greek Cypriots and mainland Greeks

1860-402: The count many children, and erected for him a magnificent castle by her magical art. Their harmony was uninterrupted until the prying husband broke the conditions of their union, by concealing himself to behold his wife make use of her enchanted bath. Hardly had Melusina discovered the indiscreet intruder, than, transforming herself into a dragon , she departed with a loud yell of lamentation, and

1922-542: The crown matrimonial". Sibylla's half-sister Isabella and her husband Humphrey IV of Toron were Raymond III and the Ibelins ' choice for the throne. As Sibylla's parents' marriage had been annulled and the church had legitimized both her and Baldwin, Isabella was seen by many as the legal heiress. However, Humphrey would not assert his wife's claim, and he disassociated himself from them, swearing fealty instead to Sibylla. Humphrey would become one of Guy's closest allies in

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1984-519: The development of two distinct nationalities with antagonistic loyalties. The importance of religion within the Greek Cypriot community was reinforced when the Archbishop of the Church of Cyprus, Makarios III , was elected the first president of the Republic of Cyprus in 1960. For the next decade and a half, enosis was a key issue for Greek Cypriots, and a key cause of events leading up to

2046-609: The domination of whichever power was dominant in the eastern Mediterranean , destroying its civilization was never a military objective or necessity. The Greek Cypriots did however endure the oppressive rule of first the Lusignans and then the Venetians from the 1190s through to 1570. King Amaury , who succeeded his brother Guy de Lusignan in 1194, was particularly intolerant of the Orthodox Church. Greek Cypriot land

2108-440: The education system was organized with two Boards of Education, one Greek and one Turkish, controlled by Athens and Istanbul , respectively. The resulting Greco-Turkish educational systems emphasized linguistic, religious, cultural, and ethnic differences and downplayed traditional ties between the two Cypriot communities. The two groups were encouraged to view themselves as extensions of their respective motherlands, leading to

2170-474: The ethnic Greek population of Cyprus , forming the island's largest ethnolinguistic community. According to the 2011 census, 659,115 respondents recorded their ethnicity as Greek, forming almost 99% of the 667,398 Cypriot citizens and over 78% of the 840,407 total residents of the area controlled by the Republic of Cyprus. These figures do not include the 29,321 citizens of Greece residing in Cyprus, ethnic Greeks recorded as citizens of other countries, or

2232-544: The events of the first film, he is played by Tom Austen —and his name is revealed to be Guy De Lusignan—it is unlikely that he is the historical Guy, who lived in the mid- to late 12th century. The first film is set during the First Baron's War (1215–1217)—at the end of Battle for Blood , it states that Guy went on to fight in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453). This is impossible, as that war began in 1337—and

2294-644: The incident is suspected but unproven. Nevertheless, Guy was compensated for the dispossession of his crown by being given lordship of Cyprus in 1192, which Richard had taken from the Byzantine Empire en route to the Levant. Guy ruled the Kingdom of Cyprus until he died in 1194 when he was succeeded by his brother Aimery . Guy was a member of the House of Lusignan . The family's holdings were in Poitou , which

2356-452: The kingdom to force the king to give his older sister Sibylla in marriage to Baldwin of Ibelin , Amalric's father-in-law. Guy and Sibylla were hastily married at Eastertide in April 1180 to prevent this coup. By his marriage, Guy also became Count of Jaffa and Ascalon in April 1180, and bailiff of Jerusalem . He and Sibylla had two daughters, Alix and Maria. Sibylla already had one child,

2418-703: The kingdom when the decision was made. With the new king of France, Philip II , a minor, the chief hope of external aid was Baldwin's first cousin Henry II, who owed the pope a penitential pilgrimage on account of the Thomas Becket affair. Guy was a vassal of Richard and Henry II, and as a formerly rebellious vassal, it was in their interests to keep him overseas. Early in 1182, as his health markedly declined, Baldwin IV named Guy regent. However, he and Raynald of Châtillon made provocations against Saladin during two years of truce. But his military hesitance at

2480-417: The kingdom. Immediately after, the chief concern in the kingdom was checking Saladin's advance. In 1187, Guy, under pressure and surrounded by conflicting advice, attempted to relieve Saladin's siege of Tiberias . Guy's army left the springs of Sepphora and marched towards Tiberias to give a pitched battle. Stationary, it was surrounded and cut off from a supply of water, and on 4 July, the army of Jerusalem

2542-518: The kingship. However, Guy continued to demand recognition as king. In 1191, Guy left Acre with a small fleet and landed at Limassol to seek support from Richard I of England , whose vassal he had been in Poitou. He swore allegiance to King Richard and attended his wedding to Berengaria of Navarre . He participated in the campaign against Isaac Comnenus of Cyprus . In return for this, when Richard arrived at Acre, he supported Guy against Conrad, who had

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2604-508: The land they had been working on for centuries. Although religiously tolerant, Ottoman rule was generally harsh and inefficient. The patriarch serving the Ottoman sultan acted as ethnarch , or leader of the Greek nation, and gained secular powers as a result of the gradual dysfunction of Ottoman rule, for instance in adjudicating justice and in the collection of taxes. Turkish settlers suffered alongside their Greek Cypriot neighbors, and

2666-467: The loss of his kingdom by purchasing Cyprus from the Templars in 1192, who had themselves bought it from Richard, who had wrested it from Isaac Comnenus en route to Palestine. Technically, Guy was Lord of Cyprus, not yet a kingdom, and used the royal title (if at all) as a remnant from Jerusalem, which was not held fully legally. During his reign in Cyprus, the famous traveling philosopher Altheides

2728-805: The mainland) with definite settlements established in c. 1200 BC. The close connection between the Arcadian dialect and those of Pamphylia and Cyprus indicates that the migration came from Achaea . The Achaean tribe may have been an original population of the Peloponnese, Pamphylia, and Cyprus, living in the latter prior to the Dorian invasion , and not a subsequent immigrant group; the Doric elements in Arcadian are lacking in Cypriot. Achaeans settled among

2790-422: The old population, and founded Salamis . The epic Cypria , dating to the 7th century BC, may have originated in Cyprus. The Byzantine era profoundly molded Greek Cypriot culture. The Greek Orthodox Christian legacy bestowed on Greek Cypriots in this period would live on during the succeeding centuries of foreign domination. Because Cyprus was never the final goal of any external ambition, but simply fell under

2852-596: The people of the Aegean Islands (including Crete ), Sicily , and southern Italy (including the Greek-speaking minorities of Apulia and Calabria), while the continental part of Greece, including Peloponnesus, appears as slightly differentiated, by clustering with the other Southern Balkan populations of Albania and Kosovo. The study calls this distinct genetic domain, the "Mediterranean genetic continuum". A 2017 archaeogenetics study, concluded that both

2914-481: The period of Ottoman rule (1570–1878) had a limited impact on Greek Cypriot culture. The Ottomans tended to administer their multicultural empire with the help of their subject millets , or religious communities. The millet system allowed the Greek Cypriot community to survive, administered on behalf of Constantinople by the Archbishop of the Church of Cyprus. Cypriot Greeks were now able to take control of

2976-521: The population of Northern Cyprus . The majority of Greek Cypriots are members of the Church of Cyprus , an autocephalous Greek Orthodox Church within the wider communion of Orthodox Christianity . In regard to the 1960 Constitution of Cyprus , the term also includes Maronites , Armenians , and Catholics of the Latin Church ("Latins"), who were given the option of being included in either

3038-751: The succession of Sibylla and Guy to the throne. Guy's reign was marked by increased hostilities with the Ayyubids ruled by Saladin , culminating in the Battle of Hattin in July 1187—during which Guy was captured—and the fall of Jerusalem itself three months later. Following a year of imprisonment in Damascus , Guy was released by Saladin. After being denied entry to Tyre , one of the last crusader strongholds, by Conrad of Montferrat , Guy besieged Acre in 1189. The siege, during which Guy's wife died, developed into

3100-455: The support of his kinsmen Philip II of France and Leopold V of Austria . The conflict continued throughout the siege of Acre, although it did not deter Guy from gallantly saving Conrad's life when the enemy surrounded him. A temporary settlement was then reached, by which Guy was to remain king in his lifetime but be succeeded by Conrad and Isabella or their heirs. However, in April 1192, Richard finally realised he could not return home without

3162-399: The two groups together endured centuries of oppressive governance from Constantinople . A minority of Greek Cypriots converted to Islam during this period, and are sometimes referred to as "neo-Muslims" by historians. Politically, the concept of enosis – unification with the Greek "motherland" – became important to literate Greek Cypriots after Greece declared its independence from

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3224-432: Was "li plus apareissanz et plus dreis heis dou rouame" ("the most evident and rightful heir of the kingdom"). With the explicit support of the church, Sibylla was undisputed sovereign. However, before she was crowned, she agreed with oppositional court members that she would annul her marriage with Guy to please them, as long as she was given free choice in her next husband. The leaders of the Haute Cour agreed, and Sibylla

3286-400: Was 3%. Both Cypriot groups show close genetic affinity to Calabrian (southern Italy) and Lebanese patrilineages. The study states that the genetic affinity between Calabrians and Cypriots can be explained as a result of a common ancient Greek ( Achaean ) genetic contribution, while Lebanese affinity can be explained through several migrations that took place from coastal Levant to Cyprus from

3348-651: Was a part of King Henry II of England 's territories within the Kingdom of France . Guy was the son of Hugh VIII of Lusignan and Bourgogne of Rancon. Both the Lusignans and the Rancons had a long history of involvement in the crusades , starting with the participation of Guy's great-grandfather Hugh VI of Lusignan at the 1102 Battle of Ramla . Guy's father and maternal uncle Geoffrey the Poitevin both took part in

3410-475: Was a sickly child and died within a year. Guy went with Sibylla to Jerusalem for his stepson's funeral in 1186, along with an armed escort, with which he garrisoned the city. Raymond III, who wanted to protect his influence and his new political ally, the dowager queen Maria Comnena , was making arrangements to summon the Haute Cour when Sibylla was crowned queen by Patriarch Eraclius . Raynald of Châtillon gained widespread support for Sibylla by affirming that she

3472-466: Was appropriated for the Latin churches after they were established in the major towns on the island. In addition, tax collection was also part of the heavy oppressive attitude of the occupiers to the locals of the island, in that it was now being conducted by the Latin churches themselves. The Ottoman conquest of Cyprus in 1571 replaced Venetian rule. Despite the inherent oppression of foreign subjugation,

3534-576: Was born (1193). Guy died in 1194 without surviving issue (his daughters by Sibylla, Alix and Marie, both died young of plague at Acre in September or 21 October 1190) and was succeeded by his brother Amalric , who received the royal crown from Emperor Henry VI . The House of Lusignan ruled the Kingdom of Cyprus until 1474. Guy was buried at the Church of the Templars in Nicosia . Guy appears as

3596-408: Was brought in, he fell to his knees at the sight of Raynald's corpse. Saladin bade him to rise, saying, "A king does not kill a king." Guy was imprisoned in Damascus , while Sibylla, together with Balian of Ibelin , brother of Baldwin of Ibelin, remained behind to defend Jerusalem , which was handed over to Saladin on 2 October. Sibylla wrote to Saladin and begged for her husband's release, and Guy

3658-404: Was crowned queen regnant. Taking her choice as husband, to the astonishment of the rival court faction, she remarried Guy, who became king in August 1186. The Queen removed the crown from her head and handed it to Guy, permitting him to crown himself at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem in September 1186. As Hamilton writes, "There could be no doubt after the ceremony that Guy only held

3720-417: Was finally granted release in 1188 and allowed to rejoin his wife. Guy and Sibylla sought refuge in Tyre , the only city remaining in Christian hands, thanks to the defence of Conrad of Montferrat (younger brother of Sibylla's first husband). Conrad denied sanctuary to Sibylla and Guy, who camped outside the city walls for months. Guy then took the initiative, beginning the siege of Acre in anticipation of

3782-417: Was never again visible to mortal eyes; although, even in the days of Brantome, she was supposed to be the protectress of her descendants, and was heard wailing as she sailed upon the blast round the turrets of the castle of Lusignan the night before it was demolished. Guy has also appeared in several historical novels , such as in the Crusades trilogy by the Swedish author Jan Guillou which depicts him as

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3844-712: Was utterly destroyed at the Battle of Hattin . Guy was one of the few captives the Saracens spared after the battle, along with his brother Geoffrey , Raynald, and Humphrey. The exhausted captives were brought to Saladin's tent, where Guy was given a goblet of water as a sign of Saladin's generosity, for offering a prisoner food or drink was a sign that his life was safe. When Guy offered the goblet to his fellow captive Raynald, Saladin chastised him, indicating his clemency did not extend to Raynald. Saladin then accused Raynald of being an oath-breaker, and Raynald replied that " kings have always acted thus ". Saladin proceeded to execute Raynald himself, beheading him with his sword. When Guy

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