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38-599: Haswell CPUs are used in conjunction with the Intel ;8 Series chipsets , 9 Series chipsets , and C220 series chipsets . At least one Haswell-based processor was still being sold in 2022 —  the Pentium G3420. Windows 7 through Windows 10 were released for the Haswell microarchitecture. The Haswell architecture is specifically designed to optimize the power savings and performance benefits from

76-615: A water cooling system instead of many fans. Some small form factor computers and home theater PCs designed for quiet and energy-efficient operation boast fan-less designs. This typically requires the use of a low-power CPU, as well as a careful layout of the motherboard and other components to allow for heat sink placement. A 2003 study found that some spurious computer crashes and general reliability issues, ranging from screen image distortions to I/O read/write errors, can be attributed not to software or peripheral hardware but to aging capacitors on PC motherboards. Ultimately this

114-451: A BIOS update to support Haswell Refresh CPUs. The CPUs codenamed Devil's Canyon , covering the i5 and i7 K-series SKUs , employ a new and improved thermal interface material (TIM) called next-generation polymer thermal interface material ( NGPTIM ). This improved TIM reduces the CPU's operating temperatures and improves the overclocking potential, as something that had been problematic since

152-481: A HAL driver that allegedly fixes these issues; however, upon several tests it's been confirmed - it doesn't fix any of the issues. Windows XP and earlier, and all x86 versions and editions of Vista are unaffected by this bug. The following table lists available desktop processors. SKU suffixes to denote: The first digit of the model number designates the largest supported multi-socket configuration; thus, E5-26xx v3 models support up to dual-socket configurations, while

190-703: A bug that was discovered in its implementation. While Ivy Bridge is the last Intel processor to fully support all versions of Windows XP, Haswell includes limited driver support for certain XP editions such as POSReady2009. People have modified the graphics driver for these versions to adapt to normal Windows XP to varying degrees of success. Windows Vista support is also dropped with this processor as well. People who have installed x64 version of Vista have reported various problems such as services not starting automatically. The KB4493471 update (officially intended only for Windows Server 2008 , but can be installed on Vista) contains

228-439: A card-cage case with components connected by a backplane containing a set of interconnected sockets into which the circuit boards are plugged. In very old designs, copper wires were the discrete connections between card connector pins, but printed circuit boards soon became the standard practice. The central processing unit (CPU), memory, and peripherals were housed on individually printed circuit boards, which were plugged into

266-873: A chipset, but relied instead on a collection of discrete TTL chips by Intel: To integrate the functions needed on a mainboard into a smaller number of ICs, Intel licensed the ZyMOS POACH chipset for its Intel 80286 and Intel 80386 SX processors (the 82230/82231 High Integration AT-Compatible Chip Set). The 82230 covers this combination of chips: 82C284 clock, 82288 bus controller, and dual 8259A interrupt controllers among with other components. The 82231 covers this combination of chips: 8254 interrupt timer, 74LS612 memory mapper and dual 8237A DMA controller among with other components. Both set were available US$ 60 for 10 MHz version and US$ 90 for 12 MHz version in quantities of 100. This chipset can be used with an 82335 High-integration Interface Device to provide support for

304-406: A different number of connections depending on its standard and form factor . A standard, modern ATX motherboard will typically have two or three PCI-Express x16 connection for a graphics card, one or two legacy PCI slots for various expansion cards, and one or two PCI-E x1 (which has superseded PCI ). A standard EATX motherboard will have two to four PCI-E x16 connection for graphics cards, and

342-423: A lifetime of 3 to 4 years can be expected. However, many manufacturers deliver substandard capacitors, which significantly reduce life expectancy. Inadequate case cooling and elevated temperatures around the CPU socket exacerbate this problem. With top blowers, the motherboard components can be kept under 95 °C (203 °F), effectively doubling the motherboard lifetime. Mid-range and high-end motherboards, on

380-534: A list of motherboard chipsets made by Intel , divided into three main categories: those that use the PCI bus for interconnection (the 4xx series), those that connect using specialized "hub links" (the 8xx series), and those that connect using PCI Express (the 9xx series). The chipsets are listed in chronological order. An earlier chipset support for Intel 8085 microprocessor can be found at MCS-85 family section. Early IBM XT -compatible mainboards did not yet have

418-555: A peripheral device. If no peripheral device containing an operating system was available, then the computer would perform tasks from other ROM stores or display an error message, depending on the model and design of the computer. For example, both the Apple II and the original IBM PC had Cassette BASIC (ROM BASIC) and would start that if no operating system could be loaded from the floppy disk or hard disk. The boot firmware in modern IBM PC compatible motherboard designs contains either

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456-448: A separate component. Business PCs, workstations, and servers were more likely to need expansion cards, either for more robust functions, or for higher speeds; those systems often had fewer embedded components. Laptop and notebook computers that were developed in the 1990s integrated the most common peripherals. This even included motherboards with no upgradeable components, a trend that would continue as smaller systems were introduced after

494-412: A set of low-speed peripherals: PS/2 keyboard and mouse , floppy disk drive , serial ports , and parallel ports . By the late 1990s, many personal computer motherboards included consumer-grade embedded audio, video, storage, and networking functions without the need for any expansion cards at all; higher-end systems for 3D gaming and computer graphics typically retained only the graphics card as

532-433: A variety of other custom components. Similarly, the term mainboard describes a device with a single board and no additional expansions or capability, such as controlling boards in laser printers, television sets, washing machines, mobile phones, and other embedded systems with limited expansion abilities. Prior to the invention of the microprocessor , the CPU of a digital computer consisted of multiple circuit boards in

570-704: A variety of sizes and shapes called form factors , some of which are specific to individual computer manufacturers. However, the motherboards used in IBM-compatible systems are designed to fit various case sizes. As of 2024 , most desktop computer motherboards use the ATX standard form factor — even those found in Macintosh and Sun computers, which have not been built from commodity components. A case's motherboard and power supply unit (PSU) form factor must all match, though some smaller form factor motherboards of

608-515: A varying number of PCI and PCI-E x1 slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E x4 slot (will vary between brands and models). Some motherboards have two or more PCI-E x16 slots, to allow more than 2 monitors without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for Nvidia ) and Crossfire (for AMD ). These allow 2 to 4 graphics cards to be linked together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing tasks, such as gaming, video editing, etc. In newer motherboards,

646-415: Is the main printed circuit board (PCB) in general-purpose computers and other expandable systems. It holds and allows communication between many of the crucial electronic components of a system, such as the central processing unit (CPU) and memory , and provides connectors for other peripherals . Unlike a backplane , a motherboard usually contains significant sub-systems, such as the central processor,

684-406: Is usually more expensive than a desktop motherboard. A CPU socket (central processing unit) or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a physical structure to support

722-704: The Apple II and IBM PC include only this minimal peripheral support on the motherboard. Occasionally video interface hardware was also integrated into the motherboard; for example, on the Apple II and rarely on IBM-compatible computers such as the IBM PCjr . Additional peripherals such as disk controllers and serial ports were provided as expansion cards. Given the high thermal design power of high-speed computer CPUs and components, modern motherboards nearly always include heat sinks and mounting points for fans to dissipate excess heat. Motherboards are produced in

760-477: The Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips mounted in sockets on the motherboard. At power-up, the central processor unit would load its program counter with the address of the Boot ROM and start executing instructions from the Boot ROM. These instructions initialized and tested the system hardware, displayed system information on the screen, performed RAM checks, and then attempts to boot an operating system from

798-429: The M.2 slots are for SSD and/or wireless network interface controller . Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on larger chips in modern motherboards. Insufficient or improper cooling can cause damage to the internal components of the computer, or cause it to crash . Passive cooling , or a single fan mounted on the power supply , was sufficient for many desktop computer CPU's until

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836-482: The chipset 's input/output and memory controllers, interface connectors, and other components integrated for general use. Motherboard means specifically a PCB with expansion capabilities. As the name suggests, this board is often referred to as the mother of all components attached to it, which often include peripherals, interface cards, and daughterboards : sound cards , video cards , network cards , host bus adapters , TV tuner cards , IEEE 1394 cards, and

874-420: The CPU series and speed. With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits , it is now possible to include support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB , the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly integrated motherboards are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers. A typical motherboard will have

912-522: The CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture. A CPU socket type and motherboard chipset must support

950-529: The E7-48xx v3 and E7-88xx v3 models support up to quad- and eight-socket configurations, respectively. Also, E5-16xx/26xx v3 and E7-48xx/88xx v3 models have no integrated GPU. Lists of launched server processors are below, split between Haswell E3-12xx v3, E5-16xx/26xx v3 and E7-48xx/88xx v3 models. SKU suffixes to denote: The following table lists available mobile processors. SKU suffixes to denote: Intel 8 Series chipsets This article provides

988-1179: The Intel 386SX. List of early Intel chipset includes: SZ868 SZ898 (IB) While not an actual Intel chipset bug, the Mercury and Neptune chipsets could be found paired with RZ1000 and CMD640 IDE controllers with data corruption bugs. L2 caches are direct-mapped with SRAM tag RAM, write-back for 430FX, HX, VX, and TX. SZ942 (LBX) SZ899 (LBX) SZ968 (A1) SZ969 SZ973 (A1) SZ975 (A1) SZ998 (A2) SZ999 SU037 (A1) SU069 (B0) SU102 (A2) SU115 SU116 (A2) SL28T (A2) SU024 (A2) SU025 (A1) SU026 (A1) SU027 (A2) SU028 (A2) SU029 (A1) SU030 (A2) SU039 (A1) SU040 (A1) SU041 (A2) SU042 (A2) SU043 (A1) SU044 (A2) SU061 (A3) SU062 (A4) SU064 (A4) SU055 (A1) SU056 (A3) SU057 (A3) SU058 (A4) SU059 (A4) SU063 (A4) SY050 (A4) SY051 (A5) SY052 (A6) SY053 (A4) SY054 (A6) Motherboard A motherboard (also called mainboard , main circuit board , MB , base board , system board , or, in Apple computers, logic board )

1026-574: The backplane. In older microprocessor-based systems, the CPU and some support circuitry would fit on a single CPU board, with memory and peripherals on additional boards, all plugged into the backplane. The ubiquitous S-100 bus of the 1970s is an example of this type of backplane system. The most popular computers of the 1980s such as the Apple II and IBM PC had published schematic diagrams and other documentation which permitted rapid reverse engineering and third-party replacement motherboards. Usually intended for building new computers compatible with

1064-414: The exemplars, many motherboards offered additional performance or other features and were used to upgrade the manufacturer's original equipment. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, it became economical to move an increasing number of peripheral functions onto the motherboard. In the late 1980s, personal computer motherboards began to include single ICs (also called Super I/O chips) capable of supporting

1102-534: The introduction of Ivy Bridge. Other changes for the Devil's Canyon CPUs include a TDP increase to 88 W, additional decoupling capacitors to help smooth out the outputs from the fully integrated voltage regulator (FIVR), and support for the VT-d that was previously limited to non-K-series SKUs. TSX was another feature brought over from the non-K-series SKUs, until August 2014 when a microcode update disabled TSX due to

1140-460: The late 1990s; since then, most have required CPU fans mounted on heat sinks , due to rising clock speeds and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional computer fans and integrated temperature sensors to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures and controllable fan connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan speed. Alternatively computers can use

1178-433: The motherboard cooling and monitoring solutions are usually based on a super I/O chip or an embedded controller . Motherboards contain a ROM (and later EPROM , EEPROM , NOR flash ) that stores firmware that initializes hardware devices and boots an operating system from a peripheral device . The terms bootstrapping and boot come from the phrase "lifting yourself by your bootstraps". Microcomputers such as

Haswell (microarchitecture) - Misplaced Pages Continue

1216-419: The motherboard. Other components such as external storage , controllers for video display and sound , and peripheral devices may be attached to the motherboard as plug-in cards or via cables; in modern microcomputers, it is increasingly common to integrate some of these peripherals into the motherboard itself. An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's supporting chipset , which provides

1254-604: The move to FinFET (non-planar, "3D") transistors on the improved 22 nm process node. Haswell has been launched in three major forms: Compared to Ivy Bridge : Around the middle of 2014, Intel released a refresh of Haswell, simply titled Haswell Refresh . When compared to the original Haswell CPUs lineup, Haswell Refresh CPUs offer a modest increase in clock frequencies, usually of 100 MHz. Haswell Refresh CPUs are supported by Intel's 9 Series chipsets (Z97 and H97, codenamed Wildcat Point ), while motherboards with 8 Series chipsets (codenamed Lynx Point ) usually require

1292-443: The other hand, use solid capacitors exclusively. For every 10 °C less, their average lifespan is multiplied approximately by three, resulting in a 6-times higher lifetime expectancy at 65 °C (149 °F). These capacitors may be rated for 5000, 10000 or 12000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), extending the projected lifetime in comparison with standard solid capacitors. In desktop PCs and notebook computers,

1330-406: The same family will fit larger cases. For example, an ATX case will usually accommodate a microATX motherboard. Laptop computers generally use highly integrated, miniaturized, and customized motherboards. This is one of the reasons that laptop computers are difficult to upgrade and expensive to repair. Often the failure of one laptop component requires the replacement of the entire motherboard, which

1368-405: The supporting interfaces between the CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard. Modern motherboards include: Additionally, nearly all motherboards include logic and connectors to support commonly used input devices, such as USB for mouse devices and keyboards . Early personal computers such as

1406-507: The turn of the century (like the tablet computer and the netbook ). Memory, processors, network controllers, power source, and storage would be integrated into some systems. A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components of the system communicate. Unlike a backplane, it also contains the central processing unit and hosts other subsystems and devices. A typical desktop computer has its microprocessor , main memory , and other essential components connected to

1444-679: Was shown to be the result of a faulty electrolyte formulation, an issue termed capacitor plague . Modern motherboards use electrolytic capacitors to filter the DC power distributed around the board. These capacitors age at a temperature-dependent rate, as their water based electrolytes slowly evaporate. This can lead to loss of capacitance and subsequent motherboard malfunctions due to voltage instabilities. While most capacitors are rated for 2000 hours of operation at 105 °C (221 °F), their expected design life roughly doubles for every 10 °C (18 °F) below this. At 65 °C (149 °F)

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