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80-438: The Lakota medicine man , Black Elk , described himself as a heyoka , saying he had been visited as a child by the thunder beings . The Heyókȟa is thought of as being in charge of above and below, or are more in charge of the dead, instead of the living. This manifests by their not always doing everything like the others. For example, if food is scarce, a heyókȟa may sit around and complain about how full he is; during

160-946: A silver medal at the Great American Beer Festival in October 2014. Members of the American Indian Movement and other Native American activists argued that giving the name of a sacred figure in Lakota spirituality to a beer constituted cultural appropriation . Half Acre renamed their beer Senita (perhaps after the Senita cactus found in the American Southwest that is depicted on the former Heyoka beer can). Medicine man A medicine man (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwinini ) or medicine woman (from Ojibwe mashkikiiwininiikwe )

240-467: A war bonnet , without having earned the right. Authentic Native American war bonnets are sacred ceremonial items earned by people of high status in a traditional tribal society, much like military medals. People from cultures who have this sacred regalia typically consider it disrespectful and offensive when someone who has not earned the right to wear one dons an authentic or imitation headdress, whether as part of pretending to be Native American or as

320-661: A Christian religious symbol. In 2018, Gucci designers were criticised for sending white models for a catwalk at Milan fashion week wearing a Sikh religious headpiece . Thousands of members from the Sikh community shared anger and disappointment that the brand had used Sikh sacred religious symbol for profit. Traditionally in Sikhism , a turban is worn by both men and women as a symbol of piety, honour, and spirituality, however, many people from Sikh community, including Avan Jogia , found it "offensive" and "irresponsible" for

400-440: A Day: Fantasies of Race and Empathy , said blackfishing allowed non-Black people to appropriate what is commonly considered "cool" about Blackness while still avoiding the negative consequences, such as "racism and state violence". According to Health.com , it is an "inverse form" of passing . Additionally, African Americans have been accused of cultural appropriation by people from Africa. This has been disputed, as members of

480-541: A Native person about religious beliefs or ceremonies is often viewed with suspicion." One example of this is the Apache medicine cord or Izze-kloth whose purpose and use by Apache medicine elders was a mystery to nineteenth century ethnologists because "the Apache look upon these cords as so sacred that strangers are not allowed to see them, much less handle them or talk about them." The term medicine man/woman , like

560-579: A baking hot heat wave, a heyókȟa might shiver with cold and put on gloves and cover himself with a thick blanket. Similarly, when it is freezing he might wander around naked, complaining that it is too hot. A unique example is the famous heyókȟa sacred clown called "the Straighten-Outer": He was always running around with a hammer trying to flatten round and curvy things (soup bowls, eggs, wagon wheels, etc.), thus making them straight. The heyókȟa symbolizes and portrays many aspects of

640-579: A costume or fashion statement. Copying iconography from another culture's history, such as Polynesian tribal tattoos, Chinese characters , or Celtic art , and wearing them without regard to their original cultural significance may also be considered appropriation. Critics of the practice of cultural appropriation contend that divorcing iconography from its cultural context or treating it as kitsch risks offending people who venerate and wish to preserve their cultural traditions. A term among Irish people for someone who imitates or misrepresents Irish culture

720-499: A decline in the popularity of garments like the Cambodian Sampot . However, Cambodia also grapples with ensuring the accuracy of its own cultural representations, as evidenced by efforts to regulate costume rentals at Angkor Wat. In June of 2019, Kim Kardashian launched a clothing line under the name of "Kimono". This clothing line was centered around shapewear lingerie, and the use of the word "kimono" seemed to largely be

800-433: A different culture or attempting to learn about a different culture can not be considered an instance of cultural appropriation. Others state that the act of cultural appropriation, usually defined, does not meaningfully constitute social harm or that the term lacks conceptual coherence. Additionally, the term can set arbitrary limits on intellectual freedom and artists' self-expression, reinforce group divisions, or promote

880-421: A feeling of enmity or grievance rather than of liberation. Cultural appropriation can involve the use of ideas, symbols, artifacts, or other aspects of human-made visual or non-visual culture. As a concept that is controversial in its applications, the propriety of cultural appropriation has been the subject of much debate. Opponents of cultural appropriation view many instances as wrongful appropriation when

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960-755: A form of cultural appropriation but encouraged fellow Muslims and progressively minded non-Muslim students to buy shemaghs made in the Herbawi factory to demonstrate solidarity with the Palestinian people and improve the economy of the West Bank . In 2017, Topshop caused controversy by selling Chinese-made playsuits that imitated the keffiyeh pattern. Several fashion designers and models have featured imitations of Native American warbonnets in their fashion shows, such as Victoria's Secret in 2012, when model Karlie Kloss wore one during her walk on

1040-570: A form of desecration. Cultural elements that may have deep meaning in the original culture may be reduced to " exotic " fashion or toys by those from the dominant culture. Kjerstin Johnson has written that, when this is done, the imitator, "who does not experience that oppression is able to 'play', temporarily, an 'exotic' other, without experiencing any of the daily discriminations faced by other cultures". The black American academic, musician, and journalist Greg Tate argued that appropriation and

1120-480: A hostile environment for education, in 2005, the NCAA initiated a policy against "hostile and abusive" names and mascots that led to the change of many derived from Native American culture, with the exception of those that established an agreement with particular tribes for the use of their specific names. Other schools retain their names because they were founded for the education of Native Americans and continue to have

1200-467: A minority culture by members of a dominant culture, and these elements are used outside of their original cultural context – sometimes even against the expressly stated wishes of members of the originating culture – the practice is often received negatively. Cultural appropriation can include the exploitation of another culture's religious and cultural traditions, customs, dance steps, fashion, symbols, language, history and music. Cultural appropriation

1280-857: A mirror and teacher at the same time, using extreme behaviors to mirror others, and forcing them to examine their own doubts, fears, hatreds, and weaknesses. Heyókȟa have the power to heal emotional pain; such power comes from the experience of shame—they sing of shameful events in their lives, beg for food, and live as clowns. They provoke laughter in distressing situations of despair, and provoke fear and chaos when people feel complacent and overly secure, to keep them from taking themselves too seriously or believing they are more powerful than they are. In addition, sacred clowns serve an important role in shaping tribal codes. Unbound by societal constraints, heyókȟa are able to violate cultural taboos freely and thus critique established customs. Paradoxically, however, by violating these norms and taboos, they help to define

1360-405: A party, that meaning is erased and disrespected, and Native peoples are reminded that our cultures are still seen as something of the past, as unimportant in contemporary society, and unworthy of respect. Both Victoria's Secret and Kloss issued apologies stating that they had no intentions of offending anyone. In 2016, pop star Beyoncé was widely criticised for wearing a sari and bindi in

1440-475: A pattern of cultural appropriation, one in which a form of African American music, such as jazz, is borrowed, and commodified by artists from outside communities, sometimes obscuring the original context and cultural signifigance. The phenomenon of white people adopting elements of black culture has been prevalent, at least since slavery was abolished in the Western world . The concept has been documented in

1520-605: A play on words for Kardashian's name. However, as noted to in Kalled's article, there was immediate outrage from the Japanese community, both located in the US and Japan itself. The controversy reached a point where the mayor of Kyoto at the time sent a letter to Kardashian asking her to reconsider the name, and the celebrity eventually relented. In August of the same year, Jes Kalled published an article for Savvy Tokyo. This article spoke on

1600-475: A referral. Usually one makes contact through a relative who knows the healer. Cultural appropriation Cultural appropriation is the adoption of an element or elements of one culture or identity by members of another culture or identity in a manner perceived as inappropriate or unacknowledged. This can be especially controversial when members of a dominant culture appropriate from minority cultures . When cultural elements are copied from

1680-759: A significant number of Indigenous students. The trend towards the elimination of Indigenous names and mascots in local schools has been steady, with two-thirds having been eliminated over the past 50 years, according to the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI). In contrast, the Seminole Tribe of Florida , in what the Washington Post called an unusual move, approved of the Florida State Seminoles use of their historical leader, Osceola , and his Appaloosa horse as

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1760-576: A white model wearing a turban. The popularity of the 2018 Thai period drama " Love Destiny ," which depicts the Ayutthaya Kingdom era, has sparked a trend of Cambodians adopting traditional Thai clothing, including the Sabai and Thai-style jewelry. This trend raises concerns about cultural appropriation. While this phenomenon might stem from admiration, critics argue that it overshadows unique Cambodian sartorial traditions, potentially leading to

1840-501: Is Plastic Paddy . The adoption of First Nations' art forms and strong geometric forms was in sympathy with the Arts and Crafts Society's commitment to modernist design but without serious consideration of the ethics of the appropriation of Aboriginal motifs by Western artists. During the 1920s the works of artists like Frances Derham , Allan Lowe, Olive Nock borrowed or copied Aboriginal motifs. In 1930, Margaret Preston advocated

1920-497: Is a traditional healer and spiritual leader who serves a community of Indigenous people of the Americas . Each culture has its own name in its language for spiritual healers and ceremonial leaders. In the ceremonial context of Indigenous North American communities , " medicine " usually refers to spiritual healing. Medicine people use many practices, including specialized knowledge of Native American ethnobotany . Herbal healing

2000-642: Is a common practice in many Indigenous households of the Americas; however, medicine people often have more in-depth knowledge of using plants for healing or other purposes. The terms medicine people or ceremonial people are sometimes used in Native American and First Nations communities, for example, when Arwen Nuttall ( Cherokee ) of the National Museum of the American Indian writes, "The knowledge possessed by medicine people

2080-714: Is considered harmful by various groups and individuals, including some Indigenous people working for cultural preservation, those who advocate for collective intellectual property rights of the originating cultures, and some of those who have lived or are living under colonial rule. According to American anthropologist Jason Jackson, cultural appropriation differs from other modes of cultural change such as acculturation , assimilation , or diffusion . Opponents of cultural appropriation see it as an exploitative means in which cultural elements are lost or distorted when they are removed from their originating cultural contexts. Such displays are disrespectful and can even be considered

2160-461: Is key to discussing the outcomes and implications of instances of appropriation as their meaning are often used interchangeably. Jackson offers his definition of appropriation as the "structural inversion of assimilation ", being that it is an instance in which "a powerful group takes aspects of the culture of a subordinated group, making them its own." In 2023, Jonas R. Kunst, Katharina Lefringhausen, and Hanna Zagefka set about to determine what were

2240-495: Is not preferred by Native American or First Nations communities. There are many fraudulent healers and scam artists , known as plastic shamans who pose as Native American "shamans", and the Cherokee Nation has had to speak out against these people, even forming a task force to handle the issue. In order to seek help from a medicine person, a person needs to know someone in the community who can vouch for them and provide

2320-416: Is privileged, and it often remains in particular families." Native Americans tend to be quite reluctant to discuss issues about medicine or medicine people with non-Indians. In some cultures, the people will not even discuss these matters with American Indians from other tribes. In most tribes, medicine elders are prohibited from advertising or introducing themselves as such. As Nuttall writes, "An inquiry to

2400-483: Is sad and cries when he is happy, cold makes him sweat and heat makes him shiver. In art, he is depicted as having two horns, which marks him as a hunting spirit. In some visions, he also appeared as a snow bird, a swallow, a horse, a dog, a night hawk, a frog, or a dragonfly. In 2013, Half Acre brewery in Chicago , Illinois , released what they called Heyoka IPA , which became one of their signature beers . It won

2480-471: Is still common in the United States and Canada and has persisted in some extent despite protests from Indigenous groups. Cornel Pewewardy, Professor and Director of Indigenous Nations Studies at Portland State University , cites Indigenous mascots as an example of dysconscious racism which, by placing images of Native American or First Nations people into an invented media context, continues to maintain

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2560-503: The Ottoman Empire and ancient Egypt argue that Ottoman and Egyptian architectural traditions have long been falsely claimed and praised as Persian or Arab. In 2017, Mehgan Gallagher spoke about what exactly does the debate concerning cultural appropriation entail within the modern age, specifically within the United States. She used contemporary examples of cultural appropriation to highlight cases of controversy. In particular,

2640-612: The Scottish national identity . This was spearheaded by writers such as Sir Walter Scott and James Logan , with Logan's romantic nationalist work The Scottish Gael (1831) leading the Scottish tartan industry to invent clan tartans with spurious association to specific Highland clans . Tartan rapidly became a desirable material for dresses, waistcoats, and cravats across the Western world as part of process known as " tartanry ". In

2720-567: The mestizo peasant class, was adapted from an earlier hat which was introduced by Spanish colonists during the 18th century. This, in turn, was adapted into the cowboy hat worn by American cowboys after the US Civil War . In 2016, the University of East Anglia prohibited the wearing of sombreros to parties on campus in the belief that these could offend Mexican students, a move that was widely criticised. American Western wear

2800-456: The tiki culture fad of the 1950s, white women frequently donned the qipao to give the impression that they had visited Hong Kong , although the dresses were frequently made by seamstresses in America using rayon rather than genuine silk. At the same time, teenage Teddy Girls wore Asian conical hats due to their exotic connotations. In Mexico, the sombrero , which was associated with

2880-429: The "fetishizing" of cultures, in fact, alienate those whose culture is being appropriated. The concept of cultural appropriation has also been subject to heavy criticism, debate, and nuance. Critics note that the concept is often misunderstood or misapplied by the general public and that charges of "cultural appropriation" are sometimes misapplied to situations. For example, some scholars conclude that trying food from

2960-779: The 1970s, and the hip hop of the 1980s and 1990s. In 1993, an article in the UK newspaper The Independent described the phenomenon of white, middle-class kids who were "wannabe Blacks". The year 2005 saw the publication of Why White Kids Love Hip Hop: Wangstas, Wiggers, Wannabes, and the New Reality of Race in America by Bakari Kitwana, "a culture critic who's been tracking American hip hop for years". Robert A. Clift's documentary Blacking Up: Hip-Hop's Remix of Race and Identity questions white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture. Clift's documentary examines "racial and cultural ownership and authenticity – a path that begins with

3040-465: The 21st century, practitioners have appropriated and combined Chinese, Japanese and Thai techniques with Western-style boxing, wrestling, and kickboxing. Some authors have expressed the opinion, that in many cases, the study of martial arts by members of other countries and nationalities is not a form of negative 'appropriation', but rather that of appreciation. In Okinawa for example, unlike in China,

3120-544: The British upper class. During the same period, the British comedian Tommy Cooper was known for wearing a Fez throughout his performances. When the keffiyeh became popular in the late 2000s , experts made a clear distinction between wearing a genuine scarf and wearing a cheaper, inauthentic one made in China. Palestinian independence activists and socialists denounced the wearing of scarves not made in Palestine as

3200-541: The Indian churidars into slim-fitting pantaloons and frequently wore turbans within their own houses. Subsequently, Victorian-era gentlemen wore smoking caps based on the Islamic fez , and fashionable turn-of-the-century ladies wore Orientalist Japanese-inspired kimono dresses. Moreover, this obsession with Orientalism was visible in how one company named its passenger shipping line "The Orient Line". During

3280-647: The Kun Khmer events under these rules. This prompted Thailand to boycott the SEA Games, further straining relations between the two countries. The popularity of Bokator has been partly influenced by international media, such as Tony Jaa's portrayal of martial arts in the " Tom Yum Goong " movie series. Tony Jaa , a renowned Thai martial artist, showcased traditional techniques that have inspired martial arts enthusiasts globally, including in Cambodia. This highlights

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3360-460: The South Asian community, the wearing of a bindi dot as a decorative item by a non- Hindu can be seen as cultural appropriation. Cultural appropriation is controversial in the fashion industry due to the belief that some trends commercialise and cheapen the ancient heritage of Indigenous cultures. There is debate about whether designers and fashion houses understand the history behind

3440-480: The United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia, and other white-majority countries. An early form of this was the white negro in the jazz and swing music scenes of the 1920s and 1930s, as examined in the 1957 Norman Mailer essay " The White Negro ". It was later seen in the zoot suiter of the 1930s and 1940s, the hipster of the 1940s, the beatnik of the 1950s–1960s, the blue-eyed soul of

3520-459: The United States, plaid flannel had become workwear by the time of America's westward expansion and was widely worn by white pioneers and cowboys in the Old West who were not of Scottish descent. In the 21st century, tartan remains ubiquitous in mainstream fashion. By the 19th century, the object of fascination among Europeans had shifted to Asian cultures. Regency-era dandies adapted

3600-609: The Universal Society of Hinduism. The collection included many items which contained leather, a violation of Hindu beliefs. Ex-Archbishop Justin Welby of the Anglican Church said that the crucifix is "now just a fashion statement and has lost its religious meaning". Crucifixes have been incorporated into Japanese lolita fashion by non-Christians in a cultural context that is distinct from its original meaning as

3680-578: The Washington Redskins of the Nation Football League provided an example that led into a broader conversation regarding the representation of Native Americans when it came to sports mascots. In 2021, Jason Baird Jackson , attempted to create a model by which instances of cultural appropriation could be understood systematically. He argues that understanding the modes of cultural change most similar to cultural appropriation

3760-512: The accepted boundaries, rules, and societal guidelines for ethical and moral behavior. They are the only ones who can ask "Why?" about sensitive topics; they use satire to question the specialists and carriers of sacred knowledge or those in positions of power and authority. For people who are as poor as us, who have lost everything, who had to endure so much death and sadness, laughter is a precious gift. When we were dying like flies from white man's disease, when we were driven into reservations, when

3840-590: The brightly coloured silk waistcoats popularised by Charles II of England were inspired by Ottoman, Indian, and Persian attire acquired by wealthy European travelers. During the Regency and Victorian eras , the Highland dress , most prominently tartan , was appropriated by Scottish Lowlanders (and people from other parts of the British Isles ) as a result of the influence of romantic nationalism on

3920-462: The clothing they are taking from different cultures, besides the ethical issues of using these cultures' shared intellectual property without consent, acknowledgement, or compensation. According to Minh-Ha T. Pham, writing for The Atlantic , accusations of cultural appropriation are often defended, instead, as cultural appreciation . The necktie or the cravat was derived from a scarf worn by Croatian mercenaries fighting for Louis XIII , and

4000-543: The context. As an Asian-American, K-Pop fans in America is more appreciation, as opposed to Koreaboos who just use Korean names for comedy are appropriating." A common example of cultural appropriation is the adoption of the iconography of another culture and its use for purposes that are unintended by the original culture or even offensive to that culture's mores . For example, the use of Native American tribal names or images as mascots . Author Kevin Bruyneel discuss

4080-440: The damage inflicted on indigenous communities from the overwhelming presence of these symbols, as they often reinforce colonial dynamics and perpetuate stereotypical, Euro- American perspectives. Other examples include people not from the originating culture wearing jewelry or fashion that incorporates religious symbols such as the medicine wheel , or wearing items of deep cultural significance and status that must be earned, such as

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4160-460: The diaspora have claimed a link to Africa, but those from Africa have disputed it. In China, there is longstanding resentment of the Japanese schools of karate for stealing, imitating, and claiming credit for the forms of kung fu . Before the 1970s, most sifu disapproved of teaching kung fu to non-Chinese students. In the mid-20th century, Japanese karate was itself appropriated by American soldiers. As mixed martial arts gained popularity in

4240-528: The differences between cultural appropriation and genuine cultural change. They detailed what they determined as the "dilemma of cultural ownership", a concept that challenges the idea that "cultures are [not] discrete entities owned by specific groups" and therefore do not have the ability to be stolen or appropriated, and instead offers the rationale that the "impact of power disparities" is too large to ignore in cases of cultural appropriation. In 2024, Angela Gracia B Cruz, Yuri Seo, and Daiane Scaraboto released

4320-431: The former being more concerned with conveying personal expression and community experiences while the latter is more focused on adherence to a typical musical structure. This "Eurological" perception of music, Lewis argues, often leads to the simplifying of black improvisational music, labeling it as "folk" or "pop" music, while the title of "high art" is saved for European forms of classical music. This distinction highlights

4400-475: The government rations did not arrive and we were starving, watching the pranks and capers of Heyókȟa were a blessing. Only those who have had visions of the thunder beings of the west can act as heyokas. They have sacred power and they share some of this with all the people, but they do it through funny actions. When a vision comes from the thunder beings of the West, it comes with terror like a thunder storm; but when

4480-502: The importance of artists being accountable within the Indigenous communities as the antidote to appropriation. Many Native Americans have criticized what they deem to be the cultural appropriation of their sweat lodge and vision quest ceremonies by non-Natives, and even by tribes who have not traditionally had these ceremonies. They contend that there are serious safety risks whenever these events are conducted by those who lack

4560-534: The issues of colonialism, context, and the difference between appropriation and mutual exchange as central to analysing cultural appropriation. They argue that mutual exchange happens on an "even playing field", whereas appropriation involves pieces of an oppressed culture being taken out of context by a people who have historically oppressed those they are taking from and who lack the cultural context to properly understand, respect, or utilise these elements. The Oxford English Dictionary ' s earliest citation for

4640-625: The locals considered the Chinese origins of Karate to be an honorable thing to mention, and not a form of cultural theft. During the 2023 Southeast Asian (SEA) Games in Cambodia, a controversy emerged when Cambodian martial arts competitions adopted Muay Thai rules, leading to allegations of cultural appropriation. Critics argued that this disrespected Thai cultural heritage and overshadowed Cambodian martial arts like Bokator. The International Federation of Muaythai Associations (IFMA) intervened, threatening fines and bans for countries participating in

4720-681: The many years of training and cultural immersion required to lead them safely, mentioning the deaths or injuries in 1996, 2002, 2004, and several high-profile deaths in 2009 . The modern New Age movement frequently adopts spiritual ideas and practices from non-Western cultures; according to York, these may include "Hawaiian Kahuna magic, Australian Aboriginal dream-working , South American Amerindian ayahuasca and San Pedro ceremonies, Hindu Ayurveda and yoga, Chinese Feng Shui, Qi Gong , and Tai Chi ." The movement has faced criticism for cultural imperialism exploiting intellectual and cultural property of Indigenous peoples. From 2020 to

4800-465: The mascots Osceola and Renegade . After the NCAA attempted to ban the use of Native American names and iconography in college sports in 2005, the Seminole Tribe of Florida passed a resolution offering explicit support for FSU's depiction of aspects of Florida Seminole culture and Osceola as a mascot. The university was granted a waiver, citing the close relationship with, and ongoing consultation between,

4880-631: The music video for the Coldplay song " Hymn for the Weekend ". The culturally significant Hindu festival, Holi , has been imitated and incorporated into fashion globally. For example, pop artist Pharrell Williams and Adidas collaborated in 2018 to create the Holi-inspired apparel and shoe line, "Hu Holi." The collection was stated to be a "trivialization of traditions-concepts-symbols-beliefs of Hinduism," according to Raja Zed, president of

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4960-424: The nature of the controversy and also featured interviews from Japanese citizens concerning the matter, with some feeling confusion and disappointment, while others seemed to dislike the notion of cultural appropriation at all. While the history of colonisation and marginalisation is not unique to the Americas, the practice of non-Native sports teams deriving team names, imagery, and mascots from Indigenous peoples

5040-492: The phrase was a 1945 essay by Arthur E. Christy, which discussed Orientalism . The term became widespread in the 1980s in discussions of post-colonial critiques of Western expansionism, though the concept of " cultural colonialism " had been explored earlier, such as in "Some General Observations on the Problems of Cultural Colonialism" by Kenneth Coutts‐Smith in 1976. Cultural and racial theorist George Lipsitz has used

5120-467: The present, there has been a persistent issue regarding the white adoption and convolution of Hindu (a religion originating from South Asia) religious practices, coining them with the umbrella term of "spirituality". These were practices, including the usage of the Evil Eye , Hamsa , etc., that people growing up as Hindus report being bullied for in their past, and even the present. For some members of

5200-517: The public school system, by college and university level and by professional sports teams". The history of jazz and improvisational music has been one of many misconstrued details. Many scholars argue that jazz music is rooted in African American culture, specifically the practice of " scatting" , or improvisational singing. Scholar George E. Lewis highlights the major differences between "Afrological" and "Eurological" perceptions of music,

5280-470: The results of a study that went about determining strategies consumers used to "self-authorize" how they consumed media that could be considered to be culturally appropriated. They performed a six-yearlong study on international K-Pop fans concerning how they felt when it came to determining what was cultural appreciation vs appropriation. One comment they chose to highlight from redditor named Sam said "Based on my experience, I've observed both. It depends on

5360-630: The rough tweed cloth clothing of the English, Irish and Scottish peasantry, including the flat cap and Irish hat were adopted by the upper classes as the British country clothing worn for sports such as hunting or fishing, in imitation of the Prince of Wales . The country clothing, in turn, was appropriated by the wealthy American Ivy League and later preppy subcultures during the 1950s and 1980s due to both its practicality and its association with

5440-482: The runway; a Navajo Nation spokesman called it a "mockery". Cherokee academic Adrienne Keene wrote in The New York Times : For the [Native American] communities that wear these headdresses, they represent respect, power, and responsibility. The headdress has to be earned, and gifted to a leader in whom the community has placed their trust. When it becomes a cheap commodity anyone can buy and wear to

5520-456: The sacred beings, the Wakíŋyaŋ . His satire presents important questions by fooling around. They ask difficult questions, and say things others are too afraid to say. Their behavior poses questions, as do Zen koans . By reading between the lines, the audience is able to think about things not usually thought about, or to look at things differently. Principally, the heyókȟa functions both as

5600-414: The specific socio-historical circumstances and significance of these cultural forms so as not to perpetuate the already existing majority vs. minority unequal power relations. Historically, some of the most hotly debated cases of cultural appropriation have occurred in places where cultural exchange is the highest, such as along the trade routes in southwestern Asia and southeastern Europe. Some scholars of

5680-479: The stolen blackness seen in the success of Stephen Foster , Al Jolson , Benny Goodman , Elvis Presley , the Rolling Stones  –  up to Vanilla Ice ... and Eminem ". A review of the documentary refers to the wiggers as "white poseurs ", and states that the term wigger "is used both proudly and derisively to describe white enthusiasts of black hip-hop culture". The term "blackfishing"

5760-415: The storm of vision has passed, the world is greener and happier; for wherever the truth of vision comes upon the world, it is like a rain. The world, you see, is happier after the terror of the storm. In Lakota mythology , Heyókȟa is also a spirit of thunder and lightning . He is said to use the wind as sticks to beat the drum of thunder. His emotions are portrayed opposite the norm; he laughs when he

5840-597: The subject culture is a minority culture or is subordinated in social, political, economic, or military status to the dominant culture or when there are other issues involved, such as a history of ethnic or racial conflict. Linda Martín Alcoff writes that this is often seen in cultural outsiders' use of an oppressed culture's symbols or other cultural elements, such as music, dance, spiritual ceremonies, modes of dress, speech, and social behaviour, when these elements are trivialised and used for fashion, rather than respected within their original cultural context. Opponents view

5920-464: The superiority of the dominant culture. It is argued that such practices maintain the power relationship between the dominant culture and the Indigenous culture and can be seen as a form of cultural imperialism . Such practices may be seen as particularly harmful in schools and universities that have a stated purpose of promoting ethnic diversity and inclusion. In recognition of the responsibility of higher education to eliminate behaviours that create

6000-673: The team and the Florida tribe. In 2013, the tribe's chairman objected to outsiders meddling in tribal approval, stating that the FSU mascot and use of Florida State Seminole iconography "represents the courage of the people who were here and are still here, known as the Unconquered Seminoles". Conversely, in 2013, the Seminole Nation of Oklahoma expressed disapproval of "the use of all American Indian sports-team mascots in

6080-461: The term shaman , has been criticized by Native Americans, as well as other specialists in the fields of religion and anthropology. While non-Native anthropologists often use the term shaman for Indigenous healers worldwide, including the Americas, shaman is the specific name for a spiritual mediator from the Tungusic peoples of Siberia , which has been adopted by some Inuit communities but

6160-452: The term "strategic anti-essentialism" to refer to the calculated use of a cultural form outside of one's own to define oneself or one's group. Strategic anti-essentialism can be seen in both minority and majority cultures and is not confined only to the use of the other. However, Lipsitz argues that when the majority culture attempts to strategically anti-essentialize itself by appropriating a minority culture, it must take great care to recognize

6240-472: The use of Indigenous Australian motifs in contemporary art. In 2017, Canadian visual artist Sue Coleman garnered negative attention for appropriating and amalgamating styles of Indigenous art into her work. Coleman, who has been accused of "copying and selling Indigenous-style artwork," has described herself as a "translator" of Indigenous art forms, which drew further criticism. In his open letter to Coleman, Kwakwak'awakw / Salish Artist Carey Newman stressed

6320-414: Was copied from the work attire of 19th-century Mexican Vaqueros , especially the pointed cowboy boots and the guayabera , which was adapted into the embroidered Western shirt . The China poblana dress associated with Mexican women was appropriated from the choli and lehenga worn by Indian maidservants like Catarina de San Juan , who arrived from Asia from the 17th century onwards. In Britain,

6400-469: Was popularised in 2018 by writer Wanna Thompson, describing female white social media influencers who adopt a look perceived to be associated with black people, including braided hair, dark skin from tanning or make-up, full lips, and large thighs. Critics argue they take attention and opportunities from black influencers by appropriating their aesthetics and have likened the trend to blackface . Florida State University's Alisha Gaines, author of Black for

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