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36-651: According to George Reisner (who published plates of the papyrus in 1905), the Hearst Papyrus was received in the spring of 1901 at the camp of the Hearst Expedition in Egypt from a peasant of the nearby village of Deir el-Ballas , as a thank-you for being allowed to take fertilizer from their dump-heaps. It was later named after Phoebe Hearst (the mother of William Randolph Hearst , the newspaper magnate) who funded much of that expedition carried out by

72-717: A daughter, also called Mary. In 1889, Reisner was head football coach at Purdue University , coaching for one season and compiling a record of 2–1. Reisner began his studies at Harvard University in 1885. There he gained a B.A. degree in 1889, followed by a M.A. in 1891 and a Ph.D in Semitic Languages in 1893. With the support of his advisor, assyriologist David Gordon Lyon , he became a traveling fellow and started postdoctoral work in Berlin for three years. In Germany, Reisner studied hieroglyphics with Kurt Sethe and turned towards Egyptology as his main field. Reisner

108-516: A section on incantations and magic spells that would be performed on the patient before, during, and after treatment. The Hearst Papyrus contains 260 paragraphs on 18 columns of medical prescriptions, written in hieratic Egyptian writing. The topics range from "a tooth which falls out" to "remedy for treatment of the lung", but concentrates on treatments for problems dealing with the urinary system , blood , hair , and bites (by human beings, pigs, and hippopotamuses ). One incantation deals with

144-496: A teacher. Her childhood consisted of helping her father with finances at his store, learning French , and playing the piano. In 1860, businessman George Hearst met Phoebe when he returned to St. Clair to care for his dying mother. When they married on June 15, 1862, George Hearst was 41 years old, and Phoebe was 19. Soon after their marriage, the couple left Missouri and moved to San Francisco, California , where Phoebe gave birth to their only child, William Randolph Hearst . As

180-606: A very successful miner who later became a U.S. senator, George often left Phoebe alone during his work. She and her son were close and had many similar interests, including art and design. After Phoebe's death in 1919, William inherited a $ 10 million fortune. In the 1880s, she became a major benefactor and director of the Golden Gate Kindergarten Association and the first president of the Century Club of California. In 1902, Hearst funded

216-598: The University of California . The papyrus has been dated to the 18th Dynasty of Egypt, around the time of pharaoh Tuthmosis III . The text is believed to have been composed earlier, during the Middle Kingdom , around 2000 BC . As of 2007, it is kept in the Bancroft Library , University of California, Berkeley . In later years, some doubts have been raised about its authenticity. The contents of

252-526: The University of Pennsylvania , who was also a medical doctor who treated her for a heart condition. In 1896, in her first major act of museum philanthropy, she donated more than two hundred objects to the Penn Museum , many of them items such as Anasazi ceramics excavated from the Cliff Palace site of Mesa Verde , Colorado. [1] Later, she also funded a Penn Museum expedition to Russia, and sent

288-667: The "Canaanite illness", "when the body is coal-black with charcoal spots", probably tularemia , one of the "plagues" that helped to unseat the Hyksos . George Andrew Reisner George Andrew Reisner Jr. (November 5, 1867 – June 6, 1942) was an American archeologist of Ancient Egypt , Nubia and Palestine . Reisner was born on November 5, 1867, in Indianapolis . His parents were George Andrew Reisner Sr. and Mary Elizabeth Mason. His father's parents were of German descent. He married Mary Putnam Bronson, with whom he had

324-726: The 1840s. In 1898 she declared her belief in the Baháʼí Faith , and helped play a key role in the spread of the religion in the United States. Hearst had already been an early investor in the initiative of Sarah Farmer using the Greenacre Inn as a summer center of cross-religion gatherings and cultural development shortly after the 1893 Parliament of Religions . In November 1898, Hearst, with Lua Getsinger and others, briefly stopped off in Paris, on their way to Palestine, and

360-525: The 25th dynasty of Egypt were buried. The chronology of the tombs that he developed and the interpretations that followed have been more recently disregarded as erroneous. Reisner found the skull of a Nubian female (who he thought was a king) which is in the collection of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard . Reisner believed that Kerma was originally the base of an Egyptian governor and that these Egyptian rulers evolved into

396-746: The Aztec specialist, Zelia Nuttall , to Moscow for this purpose. In 1901, Phoebe Hearst founded the University of California Museum of Anthropology, later called the Robert H. Lowie Museum of Anthropology and renamed the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology in 1992. The original collection comprised 230,000 objects representing cultures and civilizations throughout history. The museum now contains about 3.8 million objects. Throughout her lifetime and as provided in her will, Hearst donated over 60,000 objects to

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432-676: The Egyptian origins of the Kushite culture since they were considered somewhat closer to the Caucasian stock. Modern scholarship has recently disregarded these ideas, emphasizing the many links between Ancient Egypt and Ancient Nubia and even advancing the statement that Nubia had a strong influence over Egypt, especially during prehistoric and early historical times. # denotes interim head coach Phoebe Hearst Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson Hearst (December 3, 1842 – April 13, 1919)

468-746: The National Congress of Mothers, which evolved eventually into the National Parent-Teacher Association . In 1900, she co-founded the all-girls National Cathedral School in Washington, DC . A nearby public elementary school bears her name. Hearst funded the Hearst Library in Anaconda, Montana , in 1898. She maintained it until 1904. Hearst became a close friend of Dr. William Pepper , provost of

504-853: The Western cemetery in Giza was granted by Gaston Maspero , director of the Egyptian Antiquities Service . The area was divided into three sections, and chosen by lot. The southern section was given to the Italians under Ernesto Schiaparelli , the northern strip to the Germans under Ludwig Borchardt , and the middle section to Andrew Reisner. He met Queen Marie of Romania in Giza. During this first expedition, Reisner gathered and catalogued approximately 17.000 objects. In 1907, Reisner

540-485: The casts of insects." To settle the matter, the Bancroft Library has expressed its intention to have the papyrus examined at some point in the future to establish "whether it is indeed real or an almost perfect fake". The Hearst Papyrus is one of the medical papyri of ancient Egypt , which were used to record remedial methods for problems such as headaches and digestive problems. Most papyri also included

576-479: The construction of a building to provide teacher training and to house kindergarten classes and the association's offices. The association had 26 schools at the time of the San Francisco earthquake in 1906. Hearst was a major benefactor of the University of California, Berkeley , and its first woman regent , serving on the board from 1897 until her death. That year, she contributed to the establishment of

612-561: The importance of recording every discovery in order to provide comprehensive interpretations of a site, taking into account the debris and minor artifacts. In this sense, he distanced himself from the work of previous excavators, whose approaches were more similar to those of treasure hunters. Reisner advanced a theory of stratigraphy in an appendix of his manual Archaeological Fieldwork in Egypt: A Method of Historical Research, published posthumously. Reisner's views on Nubia were conditioned by

648-585: The independent monarchs of Kerma. He also created a list of Egyptian viceroys of Kush . He found the tomb of Queen Hetepheres I , the mother of King Khufu (Cheops in Greek ) who built the Great Pyramid at Giza . During this time he also explored mastabas . Arthur Merton (London Times) remarked in 1936 in the aftermath of the Abuwtiyuw discovery that Reisner "enjoys an unrivalled position not only as

684-414: The largest such collection west of Chicago. Hearst also realized the importance of preserving Native Californian culture. With her support, anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber and his students, including Robert F. Heizer , documented Native Californian culture in the form of photographs, audio recordings, texts, and artifacts. This research helped to preserve approximately 250,000 Native Californian artifacts,

720-591: The most extensive in the world. The museum collection is available to students and researchers for examination. A gallery located on the University of California Berkeley campus is available for public view. Hearst was named to the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association as the second vice-regent representing California. She held that position from 1889 to 1918, contributing much time and money to the restoration of George Washington 's home at Mount Vernon , furnishing it with Washington-owned objects and improving

756-572: The museum. She also funded expeditions such as the Pepper–Hearst expedition (1895–1897) on the coast of Florida , near Tarpon Springs . Most notable are the 1899 expeditions in Egypt by American archaeologist George A. Reisner and in Peru by German archaeologist Max Uhle . These ventures further contributed to the museum's collection. Among these are approximately 20,000 ancient Egyptian artifacts,

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792-700: The outstanding figure in present-day Egyptology , but also as a man whose soundness of judgement and extensive general knowledge are widely conceded." Although Reisner was not the first to acknowledge the importance of stratigraphy in archaeological excavations, he was one of the first archaeologists to apply it during his excavations in Egypt and develop the methodological principles. Previously, only Flinders Petrie had paid some serious attention to this technique in his book Methods and Aims in Archaeology. Reisner took care on identifying different stratigraphic deposits and removing them layer by layer. He insisted on

828-410: The papyrus have been studied extensively from the published plates, but the original papyrus had never been carefully examined. As its curator explained in 2003, "the papyrus is in surprisingly good condition. It is almost too good to be true." On the other hand, Reisner had no doubts, writing in 1905, "The roll had not been opened since antiquity as was manifest in the set of the turns, the fine dust, and

864-569: The right to vote "to protect homes and children." In 1895, when the Women's Congress resolved for the passage of a federal amendment, Hearst supported it "distantly". She officially declared herself in favor of suffrage in the summer of 1911, saying it would enable "the betterment of conditions affecting children and women particularly." Hearst was raised a member of the Christian Cumberland Presbyterian community in

900-581: The spring of 1901 Hearst also met with Sarah Farmer again, and invested again in Green Acre, as it came to be called, in 1902, and, further, an agent of Hearst acted for Sarah Farmer when she changed her will in 1909 to bequeath Green Acre to the Baháʼís in the event of Farmer's death. Hearst had also been a victim of an incident seeking to extort money from her, which had caused her estrangement from some Bahá'ís. In October 1912, she invited ʻAbdu'l-Bahá, who

936-568: The team leading the diggings there, Sir Wellcome . From 1919 to 1921, Reisner excavated the sites of Jebel Barkal (The Holy Mountain), el-Kurru and Meroe in Nubia . Upon his studies at Jebel Barkal, in he found the Nubian kings were not buried in the pyramids but outside of them. His studies in the Pyramid field of el-Kurru led him to reconsider the role of this royal cemetery, where kings of

972-569: The term "group B" has fallen into disuse). After a decade in Egypt, Reisner headed the Harvard excavation of Samaria , first in 1908 and Gottlieb Schumacher , and for a second time in 1910, when he discovered written documents testifying the presence of an Egyptian population in 8th century BCE Palestina. In 1910, he was appointed Curator of Egyptian Art at Boston Museum of Fine Arts and in 1911 Resiner and his family traveled back to America, where he reassumed teaching at Harvard. In 1913, Reisner

1008-423: The theoretical ideas of his own time, many of which were based on racist considerations about the progress and decline of cultures. From his perspective, the subsequent stages of Nubia civilization were the result of the influx of external peoples that migrated into the country. He deemed the local black populations incapable of the artistic or architectural achievements he faced during his excavations. He postulated

1044-514: The very first Westerners to make the pilgrimage and meet ʻAbdu'l-Bahá. Hearst later wrote, "Those three days were the most memorable days of my life." Yet after the first pilgrimage attempts at correspondence on behalf of Hearst by Lua Getsinger were leaked naming her involvement in the religion at a time of rising considerations of her son's political activities and so Hearst dismissed the Getsingers from their stay at her home in 1901. Still in

1080-659: The visitor experience. The William Randolph Hearst Foundation continues to fund projects at Mount Vernon in her memory. Hearst also donated money to the restoration of Pohick Church in Virginia, and donated a pipe organ to St. Stephen's Church in California, where she was also a parishoner. Hearst chose a "different way" than radical feminists. While she believed in women having financial freedom, in her support for women's suffrage she did not strongly believe in women gaining political power. She thought women should have

1116-574: Was an American philanthropist , feminist and suffragist . Hearst was the founder of the University of California Museum of Anthropology, now called the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology , and the co-founder of the National Parent-Teacher Association . She was born Phoebe Elizabeth Apperson in St. Clair, Missouri , in Franklin County , the daughter of Drucilla (Whitmire) and Randolph Walker Apperson. In her early years, Phoebe studied to be

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1152-716: Was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1914 and the American Philosophical Society in 1940. On his return from Germany in 1899, Reisner organized his first archaeological expedition to Egypt (1899-1905), funded by philanthropist Phoebe Hearst . In subsequent seasons, he excavated the Middle Kingdom sites of Deir el-Ballas and El-Ahaiwah, where he developed an archaeological methodology that characterized his work from that moment on. In 1902, permission to excavate

1188-534: Was hired by the British occupation government in Egypt to conduct an emergency survey in northern Nubia in response to potential damage of archaeological sites during the construction of the Aswan Low Dam . There, he developed a still-in-use chronology that divided the earliest history of Ancient Nubia according to four successive cultural groups that he named Group A, Group B, Group C, and Group X (although

1224-730: Was shocked to see May Bolles (later Maxwell), later a well known American member of the Baháʼí Faith, bedridden with the chronic malady with which she had been afflicted. Hearst invited Bolles to travel to Palestine with her, believing that the change of air would be conducive to her health. Getsinger disclosed to Bolles the purpose of the journey: a pilgrimage to visit the then head of the Baháʼí Faith: ʻAbdu'l-Bahá . The group travelled to Akka and Haifa in Ottoman Palestine on pilgrimage, arriving on December 14, 1898. They were

1260-412: Was tasked with training the young archaeologist O.G.S. Crawford in excavation techniques, Crawford was later to warmly recall that Reisner was "an excavator of the first rank". Soon after, he organized the joint expedition Harvard-Boston. Between 1913 and 1916 excavations were conducted in the ancient site of Kerma (Nubia). He also excavated two cemeteries at Jebel Moya , encouraged by the director of

1296-530: Was travelling throughout the United States, to stay at her home for a long weekend, even though at that time she had become estranged from the Bahá'í community. During his stay, ʻAbdu'l-Bahá mentioned that anyone who tried to extort money or goods from others should not be considered a true Bahá'í. She died at her home, Hacienda del Pozo de Verona , in Pleasanton, California , aged 76, on April 13, 1919, during

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