A heerlijkheid (a Dutch word; pl. heerlijkheden ; also called heerschap ; Latin: Dominium ) was a landed estate that served as the lowest administrative and judicial unit in rural areas in the Dutch-speaking Low Countries before 1800. It originated as a unit of lordship under the feudal system during the Middle Ages . The English equivalents are manor , seigniory and lordship . The German equivalent is Herrschaft . The heerlijkheid system was the Dutch version of manorialism that prevailed in the Low Countries and was the precursor to the modern municipality system in the Netherlands and Flemish Belgium .
38-417: A typical heerlijkheid manor consisted of a village and the surrounding lands extending out for a kilometre or so. Taking 18th-century Wassenaar as an example of a large hoge heerlijkheid , it was 3,612 morgens in size and had 297 houses. Nearby Voorschoten was 1,538 morgens in size and had 201 houses. Nootdorp was an ambachtsheerlijkheid of 196 morgens and 58 houses. There were 517 heerlijkheden in
76-423: A count ( graaf ) or duke ( hertog )—thus exercised all or part of the sovereign's royal authority. In turn the crown vassal granted rights to the mesne lords of the heerlijkheden . Because a fief ( leen ) originated out of a bond between vassal and lord for military service, vassalage (Dutch manschap ) was personal not heritable. With the advent of professional armies, the vassalage bond fell into disuse or
114-471: A feudal relationship, they underwent the ceremony. The purpose of the commendation was to make a chosen person a vassal of a lord. The commendation ceremony is composed of two elements, one to perform the act of homage and the other an oath of fealty . In some countries, such as the Kingdom of Sicily , the commendation ceremony came to be referred to as investiture . The word vassal ultimately comes from
152-461: A heerlijkheid did not result in loss of noble status. The nobility were recognised by all as having a special status not attached to wealth or ownership of a heerlijkheid . In the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium ) the financial character of a heerlijkheid was accentuated by the Royal Edict of 8 May 1664. From then on, a noble title was granted only if the following minimum payment
190-539: A "quasi-nobility". A heerlijkheid was also a source of income and an investment, but they were usually acquired for other reasons. In the Netherlands, acquiring the rights to heerlijkheden did not confer noble status. The regent families who purchased heerlijkheden were not a true nobility, but by the early 19th century the ranks of the nobility had become so depleted that the Dutch king elevated certain members of
228-400: A Bible, or a saint's relic, and swear he would never injure the lord in any way and to remain faithful. An example of an oath of fealty (German Lehneid , Dutch leenpligt ): "I promise on my faith that I will in the future be faithful to the lord, never cause him harm and will observe my homage to him completely against all persons in good faith and without deceit." Once the vassal had sworn
266-618: A Renaissance summer mansion. As the negotiator for the States of Holland, he played an important role in the 1648 Peace of Munster that ended the Eighty Year War with Spain. As a memorial to this, he replaced the wooden access bridge with the Vredesbrug or Pons Pacis ('Peace Bridge'). By 1811, the house had become dilapidated again, at which time it was demolished with the exception of the 1640 'Nederhuys' ('Lower House'), consisting of
304-420: A castle or manor house. In noble fashion, they then added the name of their heerlijkheid to their own surname, resulting in surnames like Deutz van Assendelft, Six van Oterleek, Pompe van Meerdervoort and Beelaerts van Blokland). (The word " van " in the surname meant "of". However, very few Dutch surnames with "van" have their origins in the ownership of a heerlijkheid .) They became what J.L. Price refers to as
342-438: A count ( graaf ), a viscount ( burggraaf ) or a baron ( baron ). Also, it was not uncommon for the lord to be ecclesiastical, e.g. a prince-bishop ( prins-bisschop ) or prince-abbot ( vorst-abt ). Originally, heerlijkheden were held exclusively by the nobility. However, starting around the 16th century, lordship over a heerlijkheid was not synonymous with nobility. A heerlijkheid could be bought and sold. Many ended up in
380-480: A gesture still used today in many Christian rituals. The gesture of homage (though without any feudal significance) survives in the ceremony for conferring degrees at the University of Cambridge . Eginhard records the solemn commendation ceremony made to Pippin by Tassilo, duke of Bavaria in 757, ("commending himself in vassalage between the hands" ( in vasatico se commendans per manus ), he swore—and
418-413: A set of manorial rights. The word heerlijkheid denotes an estate in which these limited rights were held and could be exercised. The rights exercised varied widely, and were more extensive and survived longer in the eastern provinces. A manorial lord was able to function as a minor potentate within "his" heerlijkheid . However, his manorial rights were limited and subject to numerous restrictions. The lord
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#1732790528611456-538: A sign of his submission to the will of the lord and knelt before him. The vassal would clasp his hands before him in the ultimate sign of submission, the typical Christian prayer pose, and would stretch his clasped hands outward to his lord. The lord in turn grasped the vassal's hands between his own, showing he was the superior in the relationship, a symbolic act known variously as the immixtio manuum (Latin), Handgang (German), or håndgang (Norwegian). The vassal would announce he wished to become "the man", and
494-463: A small and exclusive political class known as the regents . In all the provinces the military obligations associated with a fief gradually died out so that by the 16th and 17th centuries the heerlijkheid was increasingly seen by non-nobles as a status symbol. Successful merchants and regents from the large towns saw the heerlijkheid as a country residence and a means of giving the appearance of noble status. It often came with large tracts of land and
532-405: A symbolic payment ( leenverhef ) to his lord. The same ceremony was held when a heerlijkheid manor was sold. If there was no direct descendant, other blood relatives could exercise their right of laudatio parentum (Du naderschap ), which grants them a right of first refusal and explains how heerlijkheden were able to be kept in the same families for centuries. The tenancy of a heerlijkheid
570-495: Is a formal ceremony that evolved during the Early Medieval period to create a bond between a lord and his fighting man, called his vassal . The first recorded ceremony of commendatio was in 7th century France, but the relationship of vassalage was older, and predated even the medieval formulations of a noble class. The lord's "man", might be born unfree, but the commendatio freed him. When two men entered into
608-500: Is not to be confused with land ownership. It was an estate in land , not land per se . Although lords of the manor generally owned property within a heerlijkheid (often substantial amounts), it was possible for a lord not to own any property at all within his own heerlijkheid . Also, when agricultural land was held by a lord in the Low Countries, the amount held was smaller in comparison to other countries. Lordship conferred
646-472: Is the Erf- en Vrijheer van Ameland, Heer van Borculo, Bredevoort, Lichtenvoorde, Het Loo, Geertruidenberg, Clundert, Zevenbergen, Hooge en Lage Zwaluwe, Naaldwijk, Polanen, Sint-Maartensdijk, Soest, Baarn, Ter Eem, Willemstad, Steenbergen, Montfort, Sankt Vith, Burgenbach, Daasburg, Niervaart, Turnhout en Besançon. Starting around 1500, nobles began selling the rights to heerlijkheden to non-nobles; however, losing
684-622: The PIE root *upo "under". Becoming in the Proto-Celtic language *wasso- "young man, squire," literally "one who stands under," thence into: Welsh gwas "youth, servant," Breton goaz "servant, vassal, man," and Irish foss "servant". The Celtic word was taken into medieval Latin vassallus "man-servant, domestic, retainer." In Old French it became vassal "subject, subordinate, servant" (12c.), and thus into English with this sense. The would-be vassal appeared bareheaded and weaponless as
722-455: The ridderschap (literally, the "knighthood"), the college of nobles that represented rural areas in the States of Holland. A seat in the ridderschap provided access to various financially interesting honorary positions and offices. It was not unusual for a noble to amass a number of heerlijkheden . King Willem-Alexander is a modern-day example of a nobleman who holds the titles to many heerlijkheden . In addition to his primary titles , he
760-481: The Vlaardingen area. The ambachtsheerlijkheid of Heemstede was enfeoffed to him by Count Floris V. From then on Dirk van Hoylede and his descendants used the surname 'van Heemstede'. The house was destroyed a couple of times and then rebuilt. In 1620 Amsterdam merchant (and later Grand Pensionary) Adriaen Pauw purchased the heerlijkheid, including its dilapidated castle. After restoration and embellishment, it became
798-435: The countryside and villages were governed by lords, whereas boroughs were self-governing. The heerlijkheden came into being as a result of the feudal system, in particular the sovereign's delegated judicial prerogative. The crown, as lord paramount, granted the right to govern and to exercise judicial authority to a crown vassal, often a confidante or as a reward for military service or political support. The crown vassal—e.g.
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#1732790528611836-777: The current Old Mansion, the Peace Bridge and the Dove Gate. The form and measurements (40x25 meter) of the island on which you now stand are identical to the plan for the 1645 mansion. Wassenaar Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 215002992 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 10:42:08 GMT Commendation ceremony A commendation ceremony ( commendatio )
874-408: The feudal system, a manorial lord typically was himself the vassal of a higher-ranking tenant-in-chief , usually a highborn noble, who was in turn the crown vassal of the king or emperor . However, sometimes there was no mesne tenancy ( tussenliggende heerschappij ), as was the case with knight's fees held in capite ( rijksonmiddellijke heerlijkheid ). The heerlijkheid was ruled directly by
912-560: The former regent class to noble status.) In the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium ) heerlijkheden and the associated rights were abolished after the French invasion of 1795. In the northern provinces (modern-day Netherlands ) they were declared abolished around the same time as part of the inauguration of the Batavian Republic . This was formalised in the 1798 Batavian Constitution (Bataafsche Staatsregeling). A distinction
950-407: The hands of wealthy merchants and a political class known as the regents . In addition, many were bought by boroughs ( burghs ). In the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, it was not unusual for a borough to purchase the heerlijkheden around it in order to gain control and ownership of the surrounding land and the resulting economic advantages. Boroughs were themselves not part of the manorial system:
988-503: The last heerlijkheid was seen over 200 years ago, many of the manor houses and castles have been rebuilt, or have been fully or partially demolished. A sign erected at the remaining parts of the Slot Heemstede (now in a park) describes what happened to this particular manor. The history and fate of this manor are typical: On this spot stood Heemstede House or Castle. It was first built by Dirk van Hoylede in 1280, who came from
1026-403: The lord would announce his acceptance. The act of homage was complete. The vassus thus entered into a new realm of protection and mutual services. Through the touching of hands the warrior chief caused to pass from this own body into the body of the vassal something like a sacred fluid, the hail . Made taboo , as it were, the vassal thereupon fell under the charismatic power, pagan in origin, of
1064-486: The lord: his mundeburdium , or mainbour , true power, at once possessive and protective. The physical position for Western Christian prayer that is thought of as typical today—kneeling, with hands clasped—may originate from the commendation ceremony. Before this time, European Christians prayed in the orans , which is the Latin, or "praying" position that people had used in antiquity: standing, with hands outstretched,
1102-563: The province of Holland in the 18th century. All fell into the last three categories in the list below (except for a few for which this information is unknown). Not all heerlijkheden were the same. They differed in size and composition. Also, a heerlijkheid should not be confused with a larger territory, like a county ( graafschap ) or viscounty ( burggraafschap ), nor with administrative regions on par with an English shire , Dutch gouw , German Gau , or Roman or Carolingian pagus . A Flemish castellany ( kasselrij or burggraafschap )
1140-474: The remaining rights disappeared in Belgium on the introduction of the 1830 constitution and in the Netherlands with the 1848 constitutional amendments. Most of the administrative functions of a heerlijkheid were transferred to the municipality and fell under the new Municipality Act ( Gemeentewet ). Responsibility for the manor courts and judicial system were taken over by the national government. After this,
1178-416: The surnames of noble families were often derived from a heerlijkheid (e.g. "van Wassenaer "), it was important for the prestige of the family to maintain ownership over it. However, the economic benefits of a heerlijkheid were not always certain, finances were not always well arranged, and some nobles were poor. In the province of Holland , possession of a heerlijkheid was a prerequisite for admission to
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1216-409: The use of the title "Lord of..." is based on the ownership of the remaining non-abolished rights. To this day there are people in the Netherlands who use the title "Lord of...". Unlike in the U.K., there is no trade today in 'lord of the manor' titles. What remains of the heerlijkheid system are many of the manors and castles . Most of them are now parts of estates, museums, parks, hotels, etc. Since
1254-504: The word used is " sacramenta "—, placing his hands on the relics of the saints, which had apparently been assembled at Compiègne for the solemn occasion, and promised fidelity to the king and to his sons: the relics touched were those of Saint Denis, Saint Rusticus and Saint Éleuthère, Saint Martin and Saint Germain, a daunting array of witnesses. And the men of high birth who accompanied him swore likewise "...and numerous others", Eginhard adds. The vassal would then place his hands on
1292-468: Was larger and different from a heerlijkheid , but they were similar in some ways. There were different kinds of heerlijkheid : The central figure was the lord of the heerlijkheid and effectively its owner—the manorial lord or lady . In Dutch, the lord was called heer and the lady vrouw(e) . The lord was also referred to by the Latin word dominus . A rarer English alternative is seigneur . There were different kinds of lord and lady: Under
1330-480: Was made between the feudal rights of appointment and patronage, which were completely abolished, and the income-related rights, which were more complicated. Some of these were feudal in nature and abolished. Others were similar to contractual or property rights and therefore their loss was compensable. Lordly claims for reparations flooded in. Some heerlijkheid rights were maintained or later restored as property rights and still exist today. The overwhelming majority of
1368-416: Was obtained from the income of the feudal estate. In the southern provinces, this edict ensured the financial stability of the most prominent heerlijkheden and resulted in the rise of a new nobility based on wealth. Starting around the 16th century, lordship over a heerlijkheid was not synonymous with nobility. A heerlijkheid could be bought and sold. Many ended up in the hands of wealthy merchants and
1406-457: Was replaced by scutage ; however, vassalage remained personal. One of the consequences of this was that, on the death of the vassal ( leenman or vazal ), the fief escheated to the lord ( leenheer ). The vassal's heir was able to retain the heerlijkheid through the commendation ceremony ( leenhulde ), the process of paying homage and swearing fealty officiated at the head manor court ( souveraine leenhof or leenkammer ). The new vassal made
1444-481: Was required to conduct himself in accordance with local customary law. A lord was entitled to receive feudal incidents in the form of rents, levies, and other payments from various financial and property rights associated with a heerlijkheid : Originally heerlijkheden were in the hands of the nobility . Much of the wealth of a noble family came from their ownership. Many members of the nobility were heavily dependent on this source of power, income and status. Because
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