Heimbach is a town in the district of Düren of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany . It is located on the river Rur , in the Eifel hills, approx. 20 km south of Düren . Heimbach has the smallest population of any town in North Rhine-Westphalia.
33-442: The districts of the city are Blens (290 residents), Düttling (80 residents), Hasenfeld (1200 residents), Hausen (290 residents), Hergarten (600 residents) and Vlatten (1000 residents), which prior to 1972 were villages with their own administration. Between Hausen and Hergarten lies the hamlet of Walbig, and between Hasenfeld and Schmidt (City of Nideggen) is the hamlet of Buschfelder Hof, which formerly belonged to Blens. Heimbach and
66-561: A count in the gau of Jülich in Lower Lorraine , is Gerhard I, in 1003; his grandson Gerhard III began to call himself Count of Jülich in 1081. William IV , who became count in 1219, significantly enlarged the territory and in 1234 granted Jülich town privileges . By 1240 his territorial expansion created conflict on the eastern side of his territory with the Archbishop of Cologne Konrad von Hochstaden , whose troops devastated
99-521: A nature conservancy area. One of the many campgrounds around Heimbach lies in the shadow of these rocks. Most residents of Heimbach are Roman Catholics, attending the churches in Heimbach (St. Clemens), Hausen (St. Nikolaus), Vlatten (St. Dinysius) and Hergarten (St. Martin) and chapels in Blens (St. Georg), Hasenfeld (St. Nepomuk), Düttling (St. Apollonia) and Vlatten (St. Michael). The Mayor of Heimbach
132-424: A new town regarded the original model as a Rechtsvorort , or roughly a legal sponsor of the newly chartered town. For instance, Magdeburg became the sponsor of towns using Magdeburg Rights, and its lay judges could rule in ambiguous legal cases in towns using such rights. Certain city rights became known under different names, although they originally came from the same source; the name of some city variants designates
165-690: A state within the Holy Roman Empire from the 11th to the 18th centuries. The duchy lay west of the Rhine river and was bordered by the Electorate of Cologne to the east and the Duchy of Limburg to the west. It had territories on both sides of the river Rur , around its capital Jülich – the former Roman Iuliacum – in the lower Rhineland . The duchy amalgamated with the County of Berg beyond
198-418: A tourist attraction by the city of Heimbach. The castle is located on a rocky outcrop in the middle of Heimbach. Today it is used as a restaurant and a location for public events. There are also castles in the villages of Blens, Hausen and Vlatten, now part of Heimbach. Heimbach is an important town for pilgrims who visit the monastery of Mariawald and the statue of Mary in the church of Heimbach. Heimbach
231-737: Is Jochen Weiler (CDU), elected in 2020. The Council of Heimbach contains 9 members of the Christian Democratic Union, 5 members of the SPD, one member of the Green Party, 2 members of the FDP, 2 members of the UWV and one member of the AfD. Duchy of J%C3%BClich The Duchy of Jülich ( German : Herzogtum Jülich ; Dutch : Hertogdom Gulik ; French : Duché de Juliers ) comprised
264-628: Is a local Polish variant of the Magdeburg rights, modelled after the town rights of Środa Śląska in Lower Silesia , granted in 1235 by Polish ruler Henry the Bearded of the Piast dynasty . The purpose of creating the Środa law was to conform the so-called German law to the interests of Polish authority. Major cities chartered with Środa law were Kalisz , Legnica and Radom . Resulting from
297-914: Is a popular town for tourists, particularly on day trips from the nearby cities of Cologne, Aachen and Düsseldorf but also from the Netherlands. The main attractions are the Eifel National Park, the Art Nouveau power station, the Rur dam, the monastery of Mariawald and the Hengebach castle. The renowned Spannungen chamber music concerts, founded by Lars Vogt , which take place in the power station are also popular and have attracted musicians such as Sharon Cam and Sabine Meyer . The villages of Hausen and Blens, located in northern Heimbach, provide great views of rocky outcrops which are now part of
330-715: The Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of 1803, almost all of the 51 reichsfrei cities of the Holy Roman Empire were mediatised by the territorial princes; the remaining imperial free cities of Frankfurt , Bremen , Hamburg , and Lübeck became sovereign city-states . The only remnants of medieval town rights (statutes) included in the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch of 1 January 1900 were single articles concerning family and inheritance laws. The cities of Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin are currently administered under Landesrechte , or laws of
363-578: The Battle of Göllheim in 1298, and in 1314 supported the coronation of Louis IV of Wittelsbach at the nearby City of Aachen , once more against the will of the Cologne bishop. Gerhard died in 1328. His eldest son succeeded him as Count William V . Gerhard's younger son Walram became Archbishop of Cologne in 1332. In 1336 Count William received the title of margrave from Emperor Louis IV, and in 1356 Emperor Charles IV of Luxembourg raised William V to
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#1732791586023396-569: The Rechtsvorort they became famous from, not necessarily that that specific style of rights originated from the Rechtsvorort . As territorial borders changed through the passage of time, changes to German city rights were inevitable. During the course of the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, the town laws of many places were modified with aspects of Roman law by legal experts. Ultimately, the older towns' laws, along with local autonomy and jurisdiction, gave way to landed territorial rulers. With
429-1854: The United Kingdom of the Netherlands . — 1393–1423 in Union with Guelders , from 1423 with Berg , from 1437 with Ravensberg — – from 1521 a part of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg – – in union with Berg and Palatinate-Neuburg , after 1690 also with the Electorate of the Palatinate , from 1777 also with Bavaria – Several cities and municipalities belonged to the Duchy of Jülich: - Jülich • Düren • Münstereifel • Euskirchen • Nideggen • Bergheim • Kaster • Grevenbroich • Mönchengladbach • Dahlen • Dülken • Linnich • Randerath • Brüggen • Süchteln • Aldenhoven • Heimbach • Monschau • Wassenberg • Heinsberg • Gangelt • Geilenkirchen • Waldfeucht • Sittard • Susteren • Sinzig • Tegelen • Remagen . Circles est. 1500: Bavarian , Swabian , Upper Rhenish , Lower Rhenish–Westphalian , Franconian , (Lower) Saxon 50°55′N 06°21′E / 50.917°N 6.350°E / 50.917; 6.350 German town law The German town law ( German : Deutsches Stadtrecht ) or German municipal concerns ( Deutsches Städtewesen )
462-478: The Westphalian towns of Soest , Dortmund , Minden , and Münster . As Germans began settling eastward, the colonists modelled their town laws on the pre-existing 12th century laws of Cologne in the west, Lübeck in the north ( Lübeck law ), Magdeburg in the east ( Magdeburg rights ), and either Nuremberg or Vienna in the south. The granting of German city rights modelled after an established town to
495-516: The federal states of Germany . Many towns granted German city rights had already existed for some time, but the granting of town law codified the legal status of the settlement. Many European localities date their foundation to their reception of a town charter, even though they had existed as a settlement beforehand. German town law was frequently applied during the Ostsiedlung of Central and Eastern Europe by German colonists beginning in
528-404: The 13th century. As Germans began establishing towns throughout northern Europe as early as the 10th century, they often received town privileges granting them autonomy from local secular or religious rulers. Such privileges often included the right to self-governance, economic autonomy, criminal courts, and militia . Town laws were more or less entirely copied from neighboring towns, such as
561-609: The 14th century. In the 15th century, many towns in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were chartered with the Środa town law used in much of Poland, although this was done through the duplication of Polish administrative methods instead of German colonization. In the 16th century Muscovy granted or reaffirmed Magdeburg rights to various towns along the Dnieper acquired from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . After
594-677: The Duchy of Jülich (Duché de Juliers), which became part of the French département of the Roer . The Treaty of Lunéville in 1801 officially acknowledged the cession of Jülich to France. In 1815, following the defeat of Napoleon , the duchy became part of the Prussian Province of Jülich-Cleves-Berg (after 1822 part of the Prussian Rhine Province ), except for the cities Sittard and Tegelen , which became part of
627-611: The Rhine in 1423, and from then on also became known as Jülich-Berg . Later it became part of the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg . Its territory lies in present-day Germany (part of North Rhine-Westphalia ) and in the present-day Netherlands (part of the Limburg province), its population sharing the same Limburgish dialect. In the 9th century a certain Matfried was count of Jülich (pagus Juliacensis). The first mention of
660-708: The Teutonic Order in Prussia and along the lower Vistula in Eastern Pomerania, and in the Duchy of Masovia . Other variants included Brandenburg, Litoměřice, and Olomouc law. Litoměřice law and codes based on that of Nuremberg , such as Old Prague and Cheb law, were introduced into Bohemia during the reign of King Wenceslaus I , while German colonists introduced Brünn (Brno) and Olmütz (Olomouc) law in Moravia . South German law, broadly referring to
693-723: The basis of Riga law in Riga , used for some towns in the lands of the Livonian Order in Livonia , Estonia , and Courland . Magdeburg law was popular around the March of Meissen and Upper Saxony and was the source of several variants, including Neumarkt law ( Środa Śląska ) in Poland, used extensively in central and southern Poland, and Kulm law (Chełmno law), used in the State of
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#1732791586023726-523: The city five years later. William IV's son Walram (Count from 1278 to 1297) remained a fierce opponent of the Bishopric, supporting Duke John I of Brabant at the 1288 Battle of Worringen against Archbishop Siegfried II of Westerburg . Walram was succeeded by his younger brother Count Gerhard V who had sided with German king Adolf of Nassau against his rival Albert I of Habsburg .Gerhard managed to retain his territories after Adolf of Nassau lost
759-464: The city's Hengebach Castle was the seat of the local noble family which inherited the County of Jülich in 1207, with Heimbach annexed to the County (later the Duchy ) since 1237. After the fire of 1687 the city of Heimbach was rebuilt to house the town's population; however, the castle of Hengebach was left a ruin until 1904 when restoration work began. Now restored, the castle is owned and operated as
792-686: The codes of Nuremberg and Vienna , was used in Bavaria , Austria , and Slovenia , and was introduced into the Kingdom of Hungary during the rule of King Béla IV . Jihlava law was a variant used frequently by mining communities in Bohemia, Moravia, the mountains of Upper Hungary , and Transylvania . Other town laws were only suitable for or were modified to fit local conditions, such as Głubczyce , Görlitz , Goslar, Lüneburg, Lwówek Śląski , Nysa , Spiš, and Székesfehérvár laws. The Środa/Neumarkt law
825-465: The daughter of Duke Reginald II of Guelders , and duchess herself after the death of her half-brother Reginald III of Guelders in 1371. William II settled the conflict with the Imperial House of Luxembourg and his son William III inherited both duchies, thereby becoming William I of Guelders and Jülich . In 1402, Duke William I Guelders and Jülich died without any legitimate offspring. He
858-550: The daughter of the last Duke, William IV. She inherited her father's estates: Jülich and Berg with the County of Ravensberg . From 1521 Jülich-Berg and Cleves formed the United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg in a personal union under Duke John III. When the last duke of Jülich-Cleves-Berg died without direct heirs in 1609, the War of the Jülich Succession broke out. It ended with the 1614 Treaty of Xanten , which divided
891-430: The early 13th century. Because many areas were considered underpopulated or underdeveloped, local rulers offered urban privileges to peasants from German lands to induce them to immigrate eastward. Some towns which received a German town law charter were based on pre-existing settlements, while others were constructed anew by colonists. Many towns were formed in conjunction with the settlement of nearby rural communities, but
924-538: The rank of duke . His son Duke William II , however, became entangled in a fierce feud with the Emperor's half-brother Wenceslaus of Luxembourg , Duke of Brabant , whom he defeated at the Battle of Baesweiler in 1371. Thereafter Jülich's history became closely intertwined with that of its neighbours: the Duchies of Cleves and Berg as well as Guelders and the County of Mark : Duke William II had married Mary,
957-557: The reign of King Casimir III of Poland , numerous towns were chartered with Środa town law throughout the Kingdom of Poland in the 14th century, especially in Masovia , Galicia , and Volhynia . By 1477, 132 towns and thousands of villages in Poland were granted Środa law. Many Transylvanian Saxon settlements in Transylvania, especially in the regions of Altland , Burzenland , and Nösnerland , received South German town law in
990-512: The separate duchies between Palatinate-Neuburg and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Jülich and Berg fell to Count Palatine Wolfgang William of Neuburg and after the last duke of Palatinate-Neuburg (also Elector of the Palatinate from 1685) Charles III Philip had died without issue in 1742, Count Charles Theodore of Palatinate-Sulzbach (after 1777 also Duke of Bavaria ) inherited Jülich and Berg. In 1794 Revolutionary France occupied
1023-490: The towns' urban rights were jealously guarded. Initially German town law was applied only to ethnic Germans, but gradually in most localities all town-dwellers were regarded as citizens, regardless of ethnic origin. Lübeck law spread rapidly among the maritime settlements along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea and was used in northern Mecklenburg , Western Pomerania , and parts of Pomerelia and Warmia . It formed
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1056-624: Was a set of early town privileges based on the Magdeburg rights developed by Otto I . The Magdeburg law became the inspiration for regional town charters not only in Germany, but also in Central and Eastern Europe who modified it during the Middle Ages . The German town law (based on the Magdeburg rights) was used in the founding of many German cities, towns, and villages beginning in
1089-472: Was succeeded by his younger brother Reinald IV, Duke of Guelders and Jülich , who also died without heirs in 1423. The Gelderland estates chose Arnold of Egmond as duke, while Jülich amalgamated with Berg and passed to Adolf, Duke of Jülich-Berg , who belonged to a younger branch, and who had obtained Berg by virtue of the marriage of one of his ancestors. In 1511 Duke John III of Cleves inherited Jülich and Berg through marriage with Maria of Jülich-Berg ,
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