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47-482: Abdominal thrusts , also known as the Heimlich maneuver or Heimlich manoeuvre , is a first-aid procedure used to treat upper-airway obstructions (or choking ) by foreign objects . American doctor Henry Heimlich is often credited for its discovery. To perform abdominal thrusts, a rescuer stands behind a choking victim and uses their hands to apply pressure to the bottom of the victim's diaphragm . This compresses
94-558: A medical emergency , with care provided to preserve life, prevent the condition from worsening, or to promote recovery until medical services arrive. First aid is generally performed by someone with basic medical or first response training. Mental health first aid is an extension of the concept of first aid to cover mental health, while psychological first aid is used as early treatment of people who are at risk for developing PTSD . Conflict first aid, focused on preservation and recovery of an individual's social or relationship well-being,
141-451: A completely different shape with no health concern, unlike an umbilical hernia. The navel (specifically abdominal wall) would be considered an umbilical hernia if the protrusion were 5 centimeters or more. The diameter of an umbilical hernia is usually 1/2-inch or more. Navels that are concave are nicknamed "innies". While the shape of the human navel may be affected by long term changes to diet and exercise, unexpected change in shape may be
188-527: A final resort. Some guidelines also recommend alternating between abdominal thrusts and back slaps. Thoracic surgeon and medical researcher Henry Heimlich , noted for promulgating abdominal thrusts, claimed that back slaps were proven to cause death by lodging foreign objects into the windpipe. A 1982 Yale study by Day, DuBois, and Crelin that persuaded the American Heart Association to stop recommending back blows for dealing with choking
235-405: A guide for most of cases. It mentions the following steps: Another European protocol, which appeared in the field of construction of Czech Republic to react to any emergence . Their steps (which have not any mnemonic) are: Certain skills are considered essential to the provision of first aid and are taught ubiquitously. If there are dangers around (such as fire, electric dangers or others)
282-568: A larger person, more force may be needed. The Mayo Clinic recommends the same placement of fist and hand, with upward thrusts as if the rescuer is attempting to lift the victim. If the victim cannot receive pressure on the abdomen (for example, in case of pregnancy or excessive obesity), chest thrusts are advised. These are applied on the lower half of the chest bone, but not in the very endpoint (the xiphoid process , which could be broken). For victims who are not in an upright position, The American National Institutes of Health recommends positioning
329-412: A navel, although it is generally more conspicuous in humans. The umbilicus is used to visually separate the abdomen into quadrants. The umbilicus is a prominent scar on the abdomen, with its position being relatively consistent among humans. The skin around the waist at the level of the umbilicus is supplied by the tenth thoracic spinal nerve (T10 dermatome ). The umbilicus itself typically lies at
376-538: A recommended site of incision for various surgeries, including transgastric appendicectomy , gall bladder surgery, and the umbilicoplasty procedure itself. The public exposure of the male and female midriff and bare navel was considered taboo at times in the past in Western cultures , being considered immodest or indecent . Female navel exposure was banned in some jurisdictions, but community perceptions have changed to this now being acceptable. The crop top
423-611: A system of practical medical help, starting with making a grant towards the establishment of the UK's first ambulance service. This was followed by creating its own wheeled transport litter in 1875 (the St John Ambulance), and in 1877 established the St John Ambulance Association (the forerunner of modern-day St John Ambulance ) "to train men and women for the benefit of the sick and wounded". Also in
470-400: A trained medical professional provides. First aid involves making common sense decisions in the best interest of an injured person. A first aid intervention would follow an order, which would try to attend in the best manner the main threats for the life and mobility of the victim. There are some first aid protocols (such as ATLS, BATLS and SAFE-POINT) that define which are the priorities and
517-460: A vertical level corresponding to the junction between the L3 and L4 vertebrae , with a normal variation among people between the L3 and L5 vertebrae. Parts of the adult navel include the "umbilical cord remnant" or "umbilical tip", which is the often protruding scar left by the detachment of the umbilical cord. This is located in the center of the navel, sometimes described as the belly button . Around
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#1732780761554564-513: Is ABCDE , or its improved version (cs)ABCDE (sometimes called xABCDE , the words in the mnemonic may vary): It is a simplified version of the previous cAsBCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and focuses in applying cardio-pulmonary resuscitation to a patient. The American Heart Association and the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation teach it as a reference. Its mnemonic is ABC or CABD (an improvement in
611-500: Is a shirt that often exposes the belly button and has become more common among young people. Exposure of the male navel has rarely been stigmatised and has become particularly popular in recent years, due to the strong resurgence of the male crop top and male navel piercing . The navel and midriff are often also displayed in bikinis , or when low-rise pants are worn. While the West was relatively resistant to navel-baring clothing until
658-505: Is an obstruction in the airway A hyperglycemia or hyperglycaemia is an excessive level of blood sugars. A hypoglycemia or hypoglycaemia is an excessive fall of blood sugars in a diabetic patient. It almost always occurs by a problem with a medication to reduce the sugar level in blood. A drowning is a suffocation into a liquid substance. First aid for drowning are very similar to those for cardiorespiratory arrest, but starting with 2 initial ventilations. A cardiac infarction
705-594: Is being piloted in Canada . There are many situations that may require first aid, and many countries have legislation, regulation, or guidance, which specifies a minimum level of first aid provision in certain circumstances. This can include specific training or equipment to be available in the workplace (such as an automated external defibrillator ), the provision of specialist first aid cover at public gatherings, or mandatory first aid training within schools. Generally, five steps are associated with first aid: Skills of what
752-516: Is now known as first aid have been recorded throughout history, especially in relation to warfare , where the care of both traumatic and medical cases is required in particularly large numbers. The bandaging of battle wounds is shown on Classical Greek pottery from c. 500 BC , whilst the parable of the Good Samaritan includes references to binding or dressing wounds. There are numerous references to first aid performed within
799-470: Is similar to the European protocol, because it also has a wider range than the common csABCDE (or ABCDE) protocol, and includes other tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. The order of the steps is changed, and the experience with it is lesser, but it adds the idea of a posterior 'aftermath' phase. The mnemonic AMEGA refers to: ATLS and BATLS protocols They are basically
846-400: Is the sudden lack of blood supply to the heart, normally because of a problem in one of its arteries. A stroke is a sudden lack of blood supply to the brain. The primary goal of first aid is to prevent death or serious injury from worsening. The key aims of first aid can be summarized with the acronym of 'the three Ps': First aid is not medical treatment, and cannot be compared with what
893-630: The ATLS (Advanced Trauma Life Support) version was developed by the American College of Surgeons, focusing in the particular needs of trauma and specifically in the spinal injuries. And the BATLS (Battlefield Advanced Trauma Life Support) version is an improvement for the British Army that added the concept of 'catastrophic bleeding'. As a result, the mnemonic of the steps of this protocol
940-692: The Franco-Prussian War on care for wounded comrades using pre-learnt bandaging and splinting skills, and making use of the Esmarch bandage which he designed. The bandage was issued as standard to the Prussian combatants, and also included aide-memoire pictures showing common uses. In 1872, the Order of Saint John of Jerusalem in England changed its focus from hospice care, and set out to start
987-527: The Holy Land . During the late 18th century, drowning as a cause of death was a major concern amongst the population. In 1767, a society for the preservation of life from accidents in water was started in Amsterdam , and in 1773, physician William Hawes began publicizing the power of artificial respiration as means of resuscitation of those who appeared drowned. This led to the formation, in 1774, of
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#17327807615541034-569: The Roman army , with a system of first aid supported by surgeons, field ambulances, and hospitals. Roman legions had the specific role of capsarii, who were responsible for first aid such as bandaging, and are the forerunners of the modern combat medic . Further examples occur through history, still mostly related to battle, with examples such as the Knights Hospitaller in the 11th century AD, providing care to pilgrims and knights in
1081-585: The Society for the Recovery of Persons Apparently Drowned , later the Royal Humane Society , who did much to promote resuscitation. Napoleon 's surgeon, Baron Dominique-Jean Larrey , is credited with creating an ambulance corps, the ambulance volantes , which included medical assistants, tasked to administer first aid in battle. In 1859, Swiss businessman Jean-Henri Dunant witnessed
1128-466: The xiphoid process or ribs . The NHS recommends that victims subjected to abdominal thrusts should seek medical attention after the event. Researchers at Royal Brompton Hospital have demonstrated that levels of intrathoracic pressures (50–60 cmH 2 O) exerted by inward abdominal thrusts are similar to those produced when the force is directed both inward and upward. The researchers argue that this may be easier to perform with less concern for injury to
1175-417: The 1980s, it has long been a fashion with Indian women, often displayed with saris or lehengas . The Japanese have long had a special regard for the navel. During the early Jōmon period in northern Japan, three small balls indicating the breasts and navel were pasted onto flat clay objects to represent the female body. The navel was exaggerated in size, informed by the belief that the navel symbolized
1222-529: The Heimlich maneuver to be used as a first aid measure for drowning victims. Heimlich's son, Peter M. Heimlich, alleges that in August 1974 his father published the first of a series of fraudulent case reports in order to promote the use of abdominal thrusts for near-drowning rescue. The 2005 drowning rescue guidelines of the American Heart Association did not include citations of Heimlich's work, and warned against
1269-714: The NHS, the European Resuscitation Council and the Mayo Clinic recommend a repeating cycle of five back slaps and five abdominal thrusts. They are not recommended on children below the age of one. In contrast to the prevailing American and European advice, the Australian Resuscitation Council recommends chest thrusts instead of abdominal thrusts. To perform abdominal thrusts, a rescuer stands behind an upright patient, using
1316-486: The UK, Surgeon-Major Peter Shepherd had seen the advantages of von Esmarch's new teaching of first aid, and introduced an equivalent programme for the British Army, and so being the first user of "first aid for the injured" in English, disseminating information through a series of lectures. Following this, in 1878, Shepherd and Colonel Francis Duncan took advantage of the newly charitable focus of St John, and established
1363-552: The United States took place in Jermyn, Pennsylvania in 1899. List of some situations that require specific first aid, and information about them (in alphabetical order): A bleeding or hemorrhage is the uncontrolled escape of blood from any vein or artery. In wounds that are caused by an external agent, there can be an additional risk of infection. A cardiac arrest is the complete stop of heart function. A choking
1410-588: The aftermath of the Battle of Solferino , and his work led to the formation of the Red Cross , with a key stated aim of "aid to sick and wounded soldiers in the field". The Red Cross and Red Crescent are still the largest provider of first aid worldwide. In 1870, Prussian military surgeon Friedrich von Esmarch introduced formalized first aid to the military, and first coined the term "erste hilfe" (translating to 'first aid'), including training for soldiers in
1457-481: The attention of others who might help. Both the American Red Cross and UK National Health Service (NHS) advise that for a first attempt, a rescuer should encourage the patient to expel the obstruction by coughing. As a second measure, the rescuer should deliver five slaps to the back after bending the patient forward. Abdominal thrusts are recommended only if these methods fail. The American Red Cross,
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1504-457: The center where life began. In Arabic- Levantine culture, belly dancing is a popular art form that consists of dance movements focused on the torso and navel. Buddhism and Hinduism refer to the chakra of the navel as the manipura . In qigong , the navel is seen as the main energy centre, or dantian . In Hinduism , the Kundalini energy is sometimes described as being located at
1551-400: The common ABCDE and csABCDE protocol , but focusing in particular aspects. The preference for one or the other among these protocols can depend on the context and the audience. It comes from Red Cross and, as the European protocol, has a wider range than the common csABCDE (ABCDE) method. So it could be seen as a simplification of the European protocol, and, especially, easier to remember as
1598-446: The common csABCDE (ABCDE) method or its simplified CABD (ABC) variant about cardio-pulmonary resuscitation . The European method has a wider range than them, and their steps include tasks that are previous to the first aid techniques themselves. These are its steps (with no official mnemonic that helps to remember them): Some other known protocols that could be mentioned in many contexts (in alphabetical order): AMEGA protocol It
1645-645: The concept of teaching first aid skills to civilians. The first classes were conducted in the hall of the Presbyterian school in Woolwich (near Woolwich barracks where Shepherd was based) using a comprehensive first aid curriculum. First aid training began to spread through the British Empire through organisations such as St John, often starting, as in the UK, with high risk activities such as ports and railways. The first recorded first aid training in
1692-514: The cord remnant is the "umbilical collar", formed by the dense fibrous umbilical ring . Surrounding the umbilical collar is the periumbilical skin. Directly behind the navel is a thick fibrous cord formed from the umbilical cord, called the urachus , which originates from the bladder . The belly button is unique to each individual due to it being a scar, and various general forms have been classified by medical practitioners. Outies are sometimes mistaken for umbilical hernias ; however, they are
1739-484: The correct execution of the steps for saving human life. A major benefit of the use of official protocols is that they require minimum resources, time and skills, and have a great degree of success. The ABCDE method is the general protocol of first aid and implies a quite general view. It was initially developed by Dr Peter Safar in the 1950s. But it has received some modifications, improvements and variations that were intended for more specific contexts. In this way,
1786-405: The hands to exert forceful pressure on the bottom of the diaphragm . As an example, WebMD recommends making a fist with one hand and grasping the fist with the other in order press with both just above the patient's navel . This compresses the lungs and exerts pressure on any object lodged in the trachea in an effort to expel it. The pressure amounts to an artificially induced cough . To assist
1833-411: The life of someone in a non-simulated choking situation. According to Heimlich's son, Peter M. Heimlich, "both 'rescues' were bogus." A choking victim is usually unable to speak, and may not be able to make much sound. A universal sign of choking has been designated as a silent indication from a person who is unable to breathe, and consists of placing both hands on one's own throat while trying to attract
1880-577: The lungs and exerts pressure on the object lodged in the trachea in an effort to expel it. Most modern protocols, including those of the American Heart Association , American Red Cross , and European Resuscitation Council , recommend that treatment of airway obstructions be performed in several stages designed to apply increasing levels of pressure. Most protocols recommend encouraging the victim to cough, followed by hard back slaps, and finally abdominal thrusts or chest thrusts as
1927-408: The patient has to be moved to a safe place, where providing the required first aid procedures is possible. Navel The navel (clinically known as the umbilicus ; pl. : umbilici or umbilicuses ; commonly known as the belly button or tummy button ) is a protruding, flat, or hollowed area on the abdomen at the attachment site of the umbilical cord . All placental mammals have
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1974-400: The result of ascites . In addition to change in shape being a possible side effect from ascites and umbilical hernias, the navel can be involved in umbilical sinus or fistula, which in rare cases can lead to menstrual or fecal discharge from the navel. Menstrual discharge from the umbilicus is a rare disorder associated with umbilical endometriosis . To minimize scarring, the navel is
2021-409: The rib cage or upper abdominal organs. Self-administered abdominal thrusts by study participants produced similar pressures to those generated by administers of first aid. The highest pressures were produced by participants performing an abdominal thrust by pressing onto the back of a chair (115 cmH 2 O). First aid First aid is the first and immediate assistance given to any person with
2068-406: The sequence for most of the cases): These are the protocols that do not only deal with direct care to the victim but they also mention other complementary tasks (before and later). This method has been studied and employed for a long time in many European countries, as France. It is a reference, of a certain reputation, that could be applied solely or to a certain degree, usually combining it with
2115-463: The use of the Heimlich maneuver for drowning rescue as unproven and dangerous, due to its risk of vomiting leading to aspiration . In May 2016, Henry Heimlich, then age 96, claimed to have personally used the maneuver to save the life of a fellow resident at his retirement home in Cincinnati. It was alleged to be either the first or second time Heimlich himself used his namesake maneuver to save
2162-410: The victim on the back, then straddling the torso and employing chest thrusts. It is possible for conscious choking victims to perform the procedure on themselves, without assistance. Because of the forceful nature of the procedure, even when performed correctly, abdominal thrusts can injure the victim. Bruising to the abdomen is highly likely and more serious injuries can occur, including fracture of
2209-628: Was partially funded by Heimlich's own foundation. According to Dr. Roger White of the Mayo Clinic and American Heart Association (AHA), "There was never any science here. Heimlich overpowered science all along the way with his slick tactics and intimidation, and everyone, including us at the AHA, caved in." Henry Heimlich also promoted abdominal thrusts as a treatment for drowning and asthma attacks. The Red Cross now contests those claims. The Heimlich Institute has stopped advocating on their website for
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