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86-562: Helenendorf may refer to the following places in Azerbaijan: Goygol (city) , named Helenendorf until 1931 Bibiheybət , a municipality in Baku, formerly known as Helenendorf [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

172-467: A crime against humanity . They are also often described as Soviet ethnic cleansing . Terry Martin of Harvard University observes: ... the same principles that informed Soviet nation building could and did lead to ethnic cleansing and ethnic terror against a limited set of stigmatized nationalities, while leaving nation-building policies in place for the majority of nonstigmatized nationalities. Other academics and countries go further to call

258-605: A bill on additional assistance to representatives of repressed peoples to the State Duma. The bill's authors proposed allocating 23 billion rubles from the federal budget to help political prisoners. According to the authors, this money should be used for monthly payments and compensation for lost property in the amount of up to 35 thousand rubles. Several historians, including Russian historian Pavel Polian and Lithuanian Associate Research Scholar at Yale University Violeta Davoliūtė consider these mass deportations of civilians

344-578: A genocide perpetrated by Soviet dictator Stalin, designating 18 May to be a day of remembrance. The deportation of Chechens and Ingush was acknowledged by the European Parliament as an act of genocide in 2004: ...Believes that the deportation of the entire Chechen people to Central Asia on 23 February 1944 on the orders of Stalin constitutes an act of genocide within the meaning of the Fourth Hague Convention of 1907 and

430-597: A labor camp in Kazakhstan . By 1935, over 600 German families in the area had been convicted of "espionage" and sent to labor camps. In 1931 the town was renamed Yelenino, and in 1938 the town was renamed Khanlar, in honor of the Azerbaijani labor organizer Khanlar Safaraliyev , and the rayon also became Khanlar. In October 1941, the remaining German population was deported to Kazakhstan , Central Asia and Siberia on Joseph Stalin 's orders. In 2008, Khanlar

516-590: A music school was opened with pianoforte and stringed instrument classes. Various festivals, which gathered musical groups from all the Transcaucasian colonies, were often held in Helenendorf (by the 1930s there were 21 colonies). Traces of the German settlement can be seen in the school buildings and the parish church built in 1854. In the 1920 census there were 2,259 people registered. The city today

602-601: A number of historical monuments in Goygol including the Goygol Wine Factory's champagne and wine shop, Goygol Printing House, District Music School, and Koroglu Hotel dating to the 19th century, as well as the former buildings of the District Prosecutor's Office and District Police Department, which were built in the 19th century. The History-Ethnography Museum of Goygol is located in the building of

688-679: A series of deportations on a huge scale which profoundly affected the ethnic map of the Soviet Union. It is estimated that between 1941 and 1949 nearly 3.3 million were deported to Siberia and the Central Asian republics. By some estimates, up to 43% of the resettled population died of diseases and malnutrition . Lavrentiy Beria , the Chief of the NKVD , the Soviet secret police ,

774-680: A shadow of a doubt, thus 'necessitating' deportation from the border areas. Robert Conquest stated that these nationalities were transferred because "in Stalin's view, either welcomed or not opposed the Germans". In contrast, the views of J. Otto Pohl and Jon K. Chang affirm that the Soviet Union, its officials and everyday citizens produced and reproduced (from the Tsarist era) racialized ( primordialist ) views, policies and tropes regarding their non-Slavic peoples. Norman M. Naimark believed that

860-555: A shared consciousness and not racial-biological groups". In contrast to this view, Jon K. Chang contends that the deportations had been in fact based on ethnicity and that "social historians" in the West have failed to champion the rights of marginalized ethnicities in the Soviet Union. Harvard's Terry Martin suggested a concept of "Soviet xenophobia ", which he defines as the ideologically motivated "exaggerated Soviet fear of foreign influence and foreign contamination". This theory espouses

946-414: A signifier for the political ideology of the deported peoples. Amir Weiner's argument is similar to Martin's, substituting "territorial identity" for Martin's "xenophobia." The "Soviet xenophobia" argument also does not hold up semantically. Xenophobia is the fear by natives of invasion or loss of territory and influence to foreigners. The "Russians" and other Eastern Slavs are coming into the territory of

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1032-607: A strong "fifth column" behind them in the Caucasus." Volga Germans and seven (non- Slavic ) nationalities of the Crimea and the northern Caucasus were deported: the Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks , Chechens , Ingush , Balkars , Karachays , and Meskhetian Turks . All Crimean Tatars were deported en masse , in a form of collective punishment , on 18 May 1944 as special settlers to Uzbekistan and other distant parts of

1118-431: Is overwhelmingly populated by Azeris . Starting in 1915, the town became home to a small Assyrian community, originally from Turkey and Iran. The last resident of Goygol of German descent died in 2007. The Assyrian population consisted of three families as of 2016. A large wine machinery plant which aids in the processing of grapes is located in Goygol, as was a state-owned cattle-breeding farm as of 1990. There are

1204-445: Is the coldest with an average temperature of 1.1 °C (34.0 °F). The wettest month is May with an average of 69 mm (2.7 in). There has been a settlement at Goygol since at least the tenth century. An extensive cemetery was excavated in the 1990s, with many bronze weapons (swords, daggers, axes), some jewelry (rings, bracelets, necklaces), and clay black dishes with the geometric designs, some of which are on display at

1290-751: The Baltic states , Poland, and territories occupied by Germans. A study published by the German government in 1974 estimated the number of German civilian victims of crimes during expulsion of Germans after World War II between 1945 and 1948 to be over 600,000, with about 400,000 deaths in the areas east of the Oder and Neisse (ca. 120,000 in acts of direct violence, mostly by Soviet troops but also by Poles, 60,000 in Polish and 40,000 in Soviet concentration camps or prisons mostly from hunger and disease, and 200,000 deaths among civilian deportees to forced labor of Germans in

1376-928: The Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR in October 1937. Looking at the entire period of Stalin's rule, one can list: Poles (1939–1941 and 1944–1945), Kola Norwegians (1940–1942), Romanians (1941 and 1944–1953), Estonians , Latvians and Lithuanians (1941 and 1945–1949), Volga Germans (1941–1945), Ingrian Finns (1929–1931 and 1935–1939), Finnish people in Karelia (1940–1941, 1944), Crimean Tatars , Crimean Greeks (1944) and Caucasus Greeks (1949–50), Kalmyks , Balkars , Italians of Crimea , Karachays , Meskhetian Turks , Karapapaks , Far East Koreans (1937), Chechens and Ingushs (1944). Shortly before, during and immediately after World War II , Stalin conducted

1462-587: The Prigorodny District , populated by Ossetians and transferred to the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic). However, a significant number of the repressed peoples (Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, Greeks, Koreans, etc.) had still received neither national autonomy nor the right to return to their historical homeland. On 29 August 1964, 23 years after the start of

1548-604: The Second Polish Republic , which then became the western parts of the Belarusian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR . From 1939–1941, 1.45 million people who inhabited the region were deported by the Soviet regime. According to Polish historians, 63.1% of these people were Poles and 7.4% of them were Jews . Previously, it was believed that about 1.0 million Polish citizens died at the hands of

1634-597: The University of Massachusetts Dartmouth Brian Glyn Williams , scholars Michael Fredholm and Fanny E. Bryan also considered the population transfers of the Chechens and Ingush as the crime of genocide . German investigative journalist Lutz Kleveman compared the deportations of Chechens and Ingush to a "slow genocide". On 12 December 2015, the Ukrainian Parliament issued a resolution recognizing

1720-723: The deportation of the Chechens and Ingush was declared as genocide by the European Parliament , respectively. On 26 April 1991 the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic, under its chairman Boris Yeltsin , passed the law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples with Article 2 denouncing all mass deportations as "Stalin's policy of defamation and genocide." The Soviet Union also practiced deportations in occupied territories, with over 50,000 perishing from

1806-469: The "punished peoples" was almost stopped. According to a secret Soviet Ministry of Interior report dated December 1965, for the period 1940–1953, 46,000 people were deported from Moldova, 61,000 from Belarus, 571,000 from Ukraine, 119,000 from Lithuania, 53,000 from Latvia, and 33,000 from Estonia. During the Soviet era, the problems which were experienced by people who were deported from their historic places of residence after they were accused of aiding

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1892-447: The 1940s; however, Nicolas Werth places overall deaths closer to some 1 to 1.5 million perishing as a result of the deportations. Contemporary historians classify these deportations as a crime against humanity and ethnic persecution . Two of these cases with the highest mortality rates have been described as genocides –the deportation of the Crimean Tatars was declared as genocide by Ukraine and three other countries, whereas

1978-469: The Baltic States and 300,000 to 360,000 perishing during the expulsion of Germans from Eastern Europe due to Soviet deportation, massacres, and internment and labour camps. Many Soviet farmers, regardless of their actual income or property, were labeled " Kulaks " for resisting collectivization. This term historically referred to relatively affluent farmers since the later Russian Empire . Kulak

2064-558: The Baltic in 1940–1953. In addition, at least 75,000 were sent to the Gulag . 10% of the entire adult Baltic population was deported or sent to labor camps. In 1989, native Latvians represented only 52% of the population of their own country. In Estonia, the figure was 62%. In Lithuania, the situation was better because the migrants sent to that country actually moved to the former area of Eastern Prussia (now Kaliningrad ) which, contrary to

2150-547: The Central Asian republics. According to the Soviets, of approximately 183,000 Crimean Tatars, 20,000 or 10% of the entire population served in German battalions, though the figure in question is derived from a single SS report on how many individuals were expected to be willing to collaborate and is contradicted by official statistical records, which suggest the number was actually around 3,000, with only 800 being volunteers. Consequently, Tatars too were transferred en masse by

2236-464: The Chechens, Ingush, and Karachais (all without the right to return to their homeland). In February 1956, Nikita Khrushchev , in his speech " On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences ", condemned the deportations as a violation of Leninist principles: All the more monstrous are the acts whose initiator was Stalin and which are violations of the basic Leninist principles of the national policy of

2322-746: The Convention for the Prevention and Repression of the Crime of Genocide adopted by the UN General Assembly on 9 December 1948. Experts of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum cited the events of 1944 for a reason of placing Chechnya on their genocide watch list for its potential for genocide. The separatist government of Chechnya also recognized it as genocide. Some academics disagree with

2408-490: The Helenendorf colony were 127 Swabian families (ca. 600 people), who came mainly from Reutlingen under the leadership of Gottlieb Koch, Duke Shiman, Jakov Krause and Johannes Wuhrer. Initially, the colonists had to live in dugouts. For several years they lived in very difficult and even dangerous conditions; after the first winter (1818–1819) only 118 families survived. During the Russian-Persian War of 1826–1828,

2494-609: The Lutheran church built in 1856 and has operated as a museum since 1982. The State Flag Square was inaugurated in 2014 with the Flag of Azerbaijan flying at a height of 50 m (160 ft). There is also a Museum of Azerbaijan State Symbols in the square. Population transfer in the Soviet Union From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union , on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and under

2580-550: The Moslem peoples, the Germans pursued a benign, almost paternalistic policy. The Karachai, Balkars, Ingush, Chechen, Kalmucks, and Tatars of the Crimea all displayed pro-German sympathies in some degree. It was only the hurried withdrawal of the Germans from the Caucasus after the battle of Stalingrad that prevented their organizing the Moslem people for effective anti-Soviet action. The Germans boasted loudly, however, that they had left

2666-783: The PoWs (226,127 out of 1,539,475 total) transferred to the NKVD, i.e. the Gulag. On 17 January 1956, a Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet was issued on lifting restrictions on the Poles evicted in 1936; on 17 March 1956 for the Kalmyks; 27 March for the Greeks , Bulgarians , and Armenians ; 18 April for the Crimean Tatars, Balkars , Meskhetian Turks , Kurds , and Hemshins ; 16 July for

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2752-785: The Russian Emperor Alexander I signed a petition of 700 Swabian families for resettlement in Transcaucasia. The city of Ulm was appointed the assembly point, from which the settlers were sent on ships down the Danube to Izmail. After the quarantine, they were resettled for wintering in the already extant Black Sea German colonies Peterstal, Josefstal, Karlstal and other Swabian villages. The settlers arrived in Transcaucasus in August 1819, accompanied by Cossacks. Of

2838-630: The Russian language. In 1907, at the Elendendorf school, a boarding school was opened to accommodate children from other Swabian settlements of the Transcaucasus who studied there. In the 1920s, teachers from Germany were invited to work at the school. So, for example, Alois Melichar (Alois Melichar), future conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic , conducted music lessons at Elendendorf school. The cultural life in Helenendorf began with

2924-554: The Soviet Union led to a massive escalation in Soviet ethnic cleansing. The Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union , originally conceived in 1926, initiated in 1930, and carried through in 1937, was the first mass transfer of an entire nationality in the Soviet Union . Almost the entire Soviet population of ethnic Koreans (171,781 people) were forcibly moved from the Russian Far East to unpopulated areas of

3010-612: The Soviet Union ), 130,000 in Czechoslovakia (thereof 100,000 in camps) and 80,000 in Yugoslavia (thereof 15,000 to 20,000 from violence outside of and in camps and 59,000 deaths from hunger and disease in camps). By January 1953, there were 988,373 special settlers residing in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic , including 444,005 Germans, 244,674 Chechens, 95,241 Koreans, 80,844 Ingush, and

3096-1009: The Soviet Union millions of former residents of the USSR (some of whom collaborated with the Germans ), including numerous people who had left Russia and established different citizenships for up to decades prior. The forced repatriation operations took place from 1945 to 1947. At the end of World War II, more than 5 million " displaced people " from the Soviet Union survived in German captivity. About 3 million had been forced laborers ( Ostarbeiter ) in Germany and occupied territories. Surviving POWs, about 1.5 million, repatriated Ostarbeiter , and other displaced people, totalling more than 4,000,000 people were sent to special NKVD filtration camps (not Gulag ). By 1946, 80% civilians and 20% of PoWs were freed, 5% of civilians, and 43% of PoWs re-drafted, 10% of civilians and 22% of PoWs were sent to labor battalions , and 2% of civilians and 15% of

3182-478: The Soviet Union. According to NKVD data, nearly 20% died in exile during the following year and a half. Crimean Tatar activists have reported this figure to be nearly 46%. (See Deportation of Crimean Tatars .) Other minorities evicted from the Black Sea coastal region included Bulgarians , Crimean Greeks , Romanians and Armenians . The Soviet Union also deported people from occupied territories such as

3268-649: The Soviet border regions in Crimea and the Transcaucasus. Poland and Soviet Ukraine conducted population exchanges; Poles who resided east of the established Poland–Soviet border were deported to Poland (c.a. 2,100,000 people) and Ukrainians that resided west of the established Poland-Soviet Union border were deported to Soviet Ukraine. Population transfer to Soviet Ukraine occurred from September 1944 to April 1946 (ca. 450,000 people). Some Ukrainians (ca. 200,000 people) left southeast Poland more or less voluntarily (between 1944 and 1945). There were several notable campaigns of targeted non-penal workforce transfer. When

3354-439: The Soviet penal system, combined with its resettlement policies, should count as genocidal since the sentences were borne most heavily specifically on certain ethnic groups, and that a relocation of these ethnic groups, whose survival depended on ties to their particular homeland, "had a genocidal effect remediable only by restoration of the group to its homeland". Soviet dissidents Ilya Gabay and Pyotr Grigorenko both classified

3440-402: The Soviet state in the 1930s regarded nationality (ethnicity) and political loyalty (ideology) as a primordial equivalents. Thus, it was no surprise that the regime would choose "deportation." Martin's different interpretation is that the Soviet regime was not deporting the various diaspora peoples because of their nationality. Rather, nationality (ethnicity or phenotype) served as a referent or

3526-462: The Soviet state. We refer to the mass deportations from their native places of whole nations... This deportation action was not dictated by any military considerations. Thus, already at the end of 1943, when there occurred a permanent breakthrough at the fronts... a decision was taken and executed concerning the deportation of all the Karachay from the lands on which they lived. In the same period, at

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3612-444: The Soviets after the war. Vyacheslav Molotov justified this decision saying "The fact is that during the war we received reports about mass treason. Battalions of Caucasians opposed us at the fronts and attacked us from the rear. It was a matter of life and death; there was no time to investigate the details. Of course innocents suffered. But I hold that given the circumstances, we acted correctly." Historian Ian Grey writes "Towards

3698-406: The Soviets, but recently, Polish historians, mostly based upon their study of Soviet archives, estimate that about 350,000 people who were deported from 1939–1945 died. The same policy was implemented in the Baltic republics of Latvia , Lithuania and Estonia (see Soviet deportations from Estonia , Latvia and Lithuania ). More than 200,000 people are estimated to have been deported from

3784-549: The Stalinist "nationalities deportations" were forms of national-cultural genocide. The deportations at the very least changed the cultures, way of life and world views of the deported peoples as the majority were sent to Soviet Central Asia and Siberia. "Primordialism" is simply another way of saying ethnic chauvinism or racism because the said "primordial" peoples or ethnic groups are seen as possessing "permanent" traits and characteristics, which they pass on, one generation to

3870-538: The Swabians twice had to flee to Elizavetpol and Tiflis from the advancing Persians; both times Helenendorf was burned by the Persians. In 1829–1830, mortality due to diseases (including plague and cholera) was two times higher than the birth rate. Only in the 1930s did the colonists manage to gradually regain their lives. In 1843, the population of Helendorf was 609 people, and in 1926 2,157 people (but by this time

3956-560: The appointed place in the winter of 1818, so they were forced to winter in Elizavetpole. In the spring of 1819, during the Easter holidays, government officials determined the exact place of construction of Elenendorf – the former "Tatar settlement" Hanahlar, where "besides the half-buried canal and the pits in the ground, nothing reminded of the former inhabitants." The plots for the yards were distributed along two streets. The founders of

4042-531: The belief that the Soviet Union ethnically cleansed the border peoples of the USSR from 1937 to 1951 (including the Caucasus and the Crimea) to remove Soviet nationalities whose political allegiances were allegedly suspect or inimical to Soviet socialism . In this view, the USSR did not practice direct negative ethnic animus or discrimination ("In neither case did the Soviet state itself conceive of these deportations as ethnic.") Political ideology of all Soviet peoples

4128-482: The classification of deportation as genocide. Professor Alexander Statiev argues that Stalin's administration did not have a conscious genocidal intent to exterminate the various deported peoples, but that Soviet "political culture, poor planning, haste, and wartime shortages were responsible for the genocidal death rate among them." He rather considers these deportations an example of Soviet assimilation of "unwanted nations." According to Professor Amir Weiner, "...It

4214-524: The colony numbered eight workshops for the production of horse carts (also supplied to the Russian army), six for barrels, nine forges, nine carpentry and six carpentry workshops, four sewing masters, four painters and four stoves, three locksmith workshops, and one shoe master. The Schwabs who settled in the Russian Empire were Lutherans but belonged to the Pietistic movement, which, in fact,

4300-486: The deportation many people died, but the full number is not known. During the 1930s, categorisation of so-called enemies of the people shifted from the usual Marxist–Leninist , class-based terms, such as kulak , to ethnic-based ones. The partial removal of potentially trouble-making ethnic groups was a technique used consistently by Joseph Stalin during his government; between 1935 and 1938 alone, at least ten different nationalities were deported. Germany's invasion of

4386-472: The deportation of Crimean Tatars as genocide and established 18 May as the "Day of Remembrance for the victims of the Crimean Tatar genocide." The parliament of Latvia recognized the event as an act of genocide on 9 May 2019. The Parliament of Lithuania did the same on 6 June 2019. Canadian Parliament passed a motion on 10 June 2019, recognizing the Crimean Tatar deportation of 1944 (Sürgünlik) as

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4472-528: The deportation, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, by its Decree of 29 August 1964 No. 2820-VI, abolished sweeping accusations against the German population living in the Volga region. A decree that completely lifted restrictions on freedom of movement and confirmed the right of Germans to return to the places they were expelled was adopted in 1972. In the mid-1960s, the process of rehabilitation of

4558-472: The deportations of the Crimean Tatars, Chechens and Ingushs genocide . Raphael Lemkin , a lawyer of Polish - Jewish descent who initiated the Genocide Convention and coined the term genocide himself, assumed that genocide was perpetrated in the context of the mass deportation of the Chechens, Ingush, Volga Germans, Crimean Tatars, Kalmyks and Karachay. Professor Lyman H. Legters argued that

4644-429: The destination. Deportations on a smaller scale continued after 1931. The reported number of kulaks and their relatives who died in labour colonies from 1932 to 1940 was 389,521. The total number of the deported people is disputed. Conservative estimates assume that 1,679,528-1,803,392 people were deported, while the highest estimates are that 15 million kulaks and their families were deported by 1937, and that during

4730-461: The direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria , forcibly transferred populations of various groups. These actions may be classified into the following broad categories: deportations of " anti-Soviet " categories of population (often classified as " enemies of the people "), deportations of entire nationalities, labor force transfer, and organized migrations in opposite directions to fill ethnically cleansed territories. Dekulakization marked

4816-891: The end of December 1943, the same lot befell whole population of the Autonomous Kalmyk Republic . In March all the Chechen and Ingush peoples were deported and the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Republic was liquidated. In April 1944, all Balkars were deported to faraway places from the territory of the Kalbino-Balkar Autonomous Republic and the Republic itself was renamed the Autonomous Kabardin Republic . In 1957 and 1958,

4902-516: The enemies of the Soviet state did not become the subject of public attention until the years of perestroika . One of the first steps towards the restoration of historic justice in relation to repressed peoples was the publication of the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 14 November 1989 "On recognizing illegal and criminal repressive acts against peoples subjected to forced resettlement and ensuring their rights". In accordance with this decree, all repressed peoples were rehabilitated, and at

4988-404: The fact that there was also a teacher among the arrivals, the children of the colonists had the opportunity to study reading, writing, and arithmetic, and later geography and history. In 1823 the first school was built, in which children were educated in two classes. As the population grew, the school expanded, and the number of subjects offered expanded. From the 1890s, it became compulsory to study

5074-894: The first time that an entire class was deported, whereas the deportation of Soviet Koreans in 1937 marked the precedent of a specific ethnic deportation of an entire nationality. In most cases, their destinations were underpopulated remote areas (see Forced settlements in the Soviet Union ). This includes deportations to the Soviet Union of non-Soviet citizens from countries outside the USSR. It has been estimated that, in their entirety, internal forced migrations affected at least 6 million people. Of this total, 1.8 million kulaks were deported in 1930–31, 1.0 million peasants and ethnic minorities in 1932–39, whereas about 3.5 million ethnic minorities were further resettled during 1940–52. Soviet archives documented 390,000 deaths during kulak forced resettlement and up to 400,000 deaths of people deported to forced settlements during

5160-437: The foothills of the Murovdag of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains . It is in the Kura River Basin , and the Gyandzha River ( Gandzha-chay ) runs through the city. A spur to Ganja connects it to the Baku-Kazakh railway, and there is a highway into Ganja. Goygol has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 24.2 °C (75.6 °F) and January

5246-418: The formation in 1893 of the German Society ( Deutscher Verein ), originally a male club with a library, a reading room, and a bowling alley. Later on, the amateur wind and string orchestras and theater studio were organized, which held concerts and performances in the society's hall, where up to 400 spectators could be accommodated at various festive events, including in the public garden of Helendorf. In 1930,

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5332-538: The government credit (2000 rubles per family), which they received in 1818 for the relocation and arrangement of the farm. By this time, the colonists' main occupation was the cultivation of grapes and the production of spirits – various varieties of vintage and table wine, cognac, and champagne. The products produced in Elenendorf were sold by the local firms Brothers Hummel, Brothers Forehrer and Concordia not only in Russia – in particular in Moscow and St. Petersburg , but also in Europe. Crafts were also developed. By 1908,

5418-443: The law "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples", several legislative acts were adopted, including the resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 16 July 1992 "On the rehabilitation of the Cossacks"; the Resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 1 April 1993 "On the rehabilitation of Russian Koreans"; the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of 24 January 1992 "On priority measures for

5504-471: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helenendorf&oldid=1108418039 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Goygol (city) Goygol is situated in northwestern Azerbaijan 10 km (6 mi) south of Ganja city in

5590-446: The local museum. Under the Ganja Khanate a Tatar town on the site was known as Hanahlar. Subsequently, in 1795 it was conquered by the Qajar dynasty . It was abandoned during the Russian occupation of the area which began in 1804 and was formalised by the Treaty of Gulistan (Gyulistan Peace Treaty) in 1813. Helenendorf was founded on the site in 1819 by Germans from Württemberg , as ordered by Czar Alexander to help settle

5676-424: The national autonomies of Kalmyks, Chechens, Ingush, Karachais, and Balkars were restored; these peoples were allowed to return to their historical territories. The return of repressed peoples was not carried out without difficulties, which both then and subsequently led to national conflicts (thus, clashes began between returning Chechens and the Russians who settled during their exile in the Grozny Oblast ; Ingush in

5762-550: The national hatred of non-Russians." His theory entitled "Soviet xenophobia" paints the USSR and the Stalinist regime as having practiced and carried out in politics, education and Soviet society relatively pure socialism and Marxist practices. This view has been supported by many of the major historians of the USSR, those in Russian and even Korean studies such as Fitzpatrick, Suny, F. Hirsch, A. Weiner and A. Park. A. Park, in her archival work, found very little evidence that Koreans had proven or were able to prove their loyalties beyond

5848-484: The natives (the deported peoples) who were simply Soviet national minorities. They were not foreign elements. The Russian empire was not the "native" state, polity or government in the Asian Far East, the Caucasus and many other regions of the deported peoples. Koguryo followed by Parhae /Balhae/Bohai were the first states of the Russian Far East. John J. Stephan called the "erasure" of Chinese and Korean history (state-formation, cultural contributions, peoples) to

5934-423: The natives of Elenendorf had founded two more colonies – Georgsfeld [936 inhabitants] and Traubenfeld [393 inhabitants]). They also moved to other subsidiary colonies, formed at the beginning of the 20th century. In October 1941, during the forced eviction of German colonists from Transcaucasia, the number of Germans living in Elenendorf and subject to eviction was 2,675 people. By 1875, the colonists had fully paid

6020-406: The next. Both Chang and Martin agree that the Stalinist regime took a turn towards primordializing nationality in the 1930s. After the "primordialist turn" by the Stalinist regime in the mid-1930s, the Soviet Greeks , Finns , Poles , Chinese , Koreans, Germans , Crimean Tatars and the other deported peoples were seen to have loyalties to their titular nations (or to non-Soviet polities) as

6106-400: The original plans, never became part of Lithuania. Likewise, Romanians from Chernivtsi Oblast and Moldavia had been deported in great numbers which range from 200,000 to 400,000. (See Soviet deportations from Bessarabia .) During World War II, particularly in 1943–44, the Soviet government conducted a series of deportations . Some 1.9 million people were deported to Siberia and

6192-642: The others. As a consequence of these deportations, Kazakhs comprised only 30% of their native Republic's population. After World War II, the German population of the Kaliningrad Oblast , formerly East Prussia , was expelled and the depopulated area resettled by Soviet citizens, mainly by Russians . Between 1944 and 1953 a variety of groups from the Black Sea region — Kurds, Iranians, Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, and Hemshins were deported away from

6278-412: The population transfers of the Crimean Tatars as genocide. Historian Timothy Snyder included it in a list of Soviet policies that "meet the standard of genocide". French historian and expert on communist studies Nicolas Werth , German historian Philipp Ther, Professor Anthony James Joes, American journalist Eric Margolis , Canadian political scientist Adam Jones , professor of Islamic History at

6364-840: The practical restoration of the legal rights of the repressed peoples of the Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"; the Resolution of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation of 29 June 1993 "On the rehabilitation of Russian Finns", etc. 15 years after recognition in the USSR, in February 2004, the European Parliament also recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush in 1944 as an act of genocide. On 24 September 2012, deputies from United Russia introduced

6450-487: The region. The region was known as Narimanov under the czar. In 1930 the rayon (district) was established with Helenendorf as its administrative centre . Expropriation of the colonists property and collectivization in Helenendorf began in 1926 with the show trial of three community leaders, Gottlob Hummel, Heinrich Vohrer and Fritz Reitenbach, on charges of counter-revolutionary and nationalist activities. They were convicted, their property confiscated and they were sent to

6536-602: The seven hundred families that left Ulm, only about four hundred reached their destination. Some of the settlers died on the way from illnesses, while others stayed in the Black Sea region. At the same time, about one hundred families from the Black Sea colonies joined the settlers. Six settlements in Georgia and two (Annenfeld and Elenendorf) in Azerbaijan were founded in the Transcaucasus . The colonists arrived at

6622-467: The state level, repressive acts against them which were in the form of a policy of slander , genocide , forced relocation, the abolition of national-state entities, and the establishment of a regime of terror and violence in places of special settlements were all recognized as illegal and criminal measures. On 26 April 1991, the RSFSR Law No. 1107-I "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples"

6708-427: The state. Mukharbek Didigov called this law a triumph of historical justice. In his opinion, the fact that the state recognizes repression as illegal, inhumane actions directed against innocent people is an indicator of the development of democratic institutions, which has a special moral significance for deported peoples. According to him, the law gives confidence that this will not happen again. In furtherance of

6794-706: The war ended in May 1945, thousands of Soviet citizens were forcefully repatriated (against their will) into the USSR. On 11 February 1945, at the conclusion of the Yalta Conference , the United States and United Kingdom signed a Repatriation Agreement with the USSR. The interpretation of this Agreement resulted in the forcible repatriation of all Soviet citizens regardless of their wishes. Allied authorities ordered their military forces in Europe to deport to

6880-406: Was adopted, which recognized the deportation of peoples as a "policy of slander and genocide" (Article 2). Among other things, the law recognized the right of repressed peoples to restore the territorial integrity that existed before the unconstitutional policy of forcibly redrawing borders, to restore national-state formations that existed before their abolition, and to compensate for damage caused by

6966-462: Was one of the reasons for their resettlement to the Caucasus. In 1832 a pastor arrived from Hannover to the colony, and before that, from the time of the founding of Elenendorf, divine services, the sacraments, and rituals were conducted by a local teacher. In 1857 the stone church of St. John was built and consecrated in the village. In the 1930s, two newspapers were published in the German language , Bauer und Arbeiter and Lenins Weg . Due to

7052-571: Was renamed Goygol after the nearby lake , and the rayon became Goygol District . Helenendorf (German Helenendorf) is a German settlement founded in 1819 by settlers from Swabia in Transcaucasia (now the territory of Azerbaijan). Named in honor of the Grand Duchess Elena Pavlovna, the daughter of the Russian Emperor Paul I . In 1938, its name was changed to Khanlar and in 2008 to Goygol. On May 10, 1817,

7138-580: Was responsible for organizing and executing numerous deportations of ethnic minorities during that time. After the Soviet invasion of Poland following the corresponding German invasion that marked the start of World War II in 1939, the Soviet Union annexed the eastern parts of Poland (known as Kresy in Poland or known as West Belarus and West Ukraine in the USSR as well as in Belarus and Ukraine) of

7224-772: Was the most common category of deported Soviet citizen. Resettlement of people officially designated as kulaks continued until early 1950, including several major waves: on 5 September 1951 the Soviet government ordered the deportation of kulaks from the Lithuanian SSR for "hostile actions against kolhozes ", which was one of the last resettlements of that social group. Large numbers of "kulaks", regardless of their nationality, were resettled in Siberia and Central Asia . According to data from Soviet archives, which were published in 1990, 1,803,392 people were sent to labor colonies and camps in 1930 and 1931, and 1,317,022 reached

7310-478: Was the primary consideration. Martin stated that the various deportations of the Soviet border peoples were simply the "culmination of a gradual shift from predominantly class-based terror", which began during collectivization (1932–33), to "national/ethnic" based terror (1937). Accordingly, Martin further claimed that the nationalities deportations were "ideological, not ethnic. It was spurred by an ideological hatred and suspicion of foreign capitalist governments, not

7396-454: Was their territorial identity and not their physical existence or even their distinct ethnic identity that the regime sought to eradicate." According to Professor Francine Hirsch, "although the Soviet regime practiced politics of discrimination and exclusion , it did not practice what contemporaries thought of as racial politics ." To her, these mass deportations were based on the concept that nationalities were "sociohistorical groups with

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