Heliaia or Heliaea ( Ancient Greek : Ἡλιαία ; Doric : Ἁλία Halia ) was the supreme court of ancient Athens . The view generally held among scholars is that the court drew its name from the ancient Greek verb ἡλιάζεσθαι , which means congregate . Another version is that the court took its name from the fact that the hearings were taking place outdoors, under the sun. Initially, this was the name of the place where the hearings were convoked, but later this appellation included the court as well.
80-494: The judges were called heliasts ( ἡλιασταί ) or dikastes ( δικασταί , ὀμωμοκότες = those who have sworn, namely the jurors ). The operation of judging was called ἡλιάζεσθαι ( δικάζειν ). It is not clear whether Heliaia was instituted by Cleisthenes or Solon , but it seems that the latter initiated a function of the Assembly to sit as an appeals court. The court had 6,001 members, chosen annually by lot among all
160-633: A breakage site in Rome, Testaccio , close to the Tiber , the fragments, later wetted with calcium hydroxide (calce viva), remained to create a hill now named Monte Testaccio , 45 m (148 ft) high and more than 1 kilometre in circumference. Amphora is a Greco-Roman word developed in ancient Greek during the Bronze Age . The Romans acquired it during the Hellenization that occurred in
240-438: A characteristic red fabric. It was very heavy, although also strong. Around the middle of the 1st century BC the so-called Dressel 2-4 starts to become widely used. This type of amphora presented some advantages in being lighter and with thinner walls. It has been calculated that while a ship could accommodate approximately 4500 Dressel 1, it was possible to fit 6000 Dressel 2–4 in the same space. Dressel 2-4 were often produced in
320-512: A fancy shape for high-quality decorative ceramics, and continued to be produced there long after they had ceased to be used further west. Besides coarse amphorae used for storage and transport, the vast majority, high-quality painted amphorae were produced in Ancient Greece in significant numbers for a variety of social and ceremonial purposes. Their design differs vastly from the more functional versions; they are typified by wide mouth and
400-697: A general analysis of the Western Mediterranean types see Panella, and Peacock and Williams. Ceramics of shapes and uses falling within the range of amphorae, with or without handles, are of prehistoric heritage across Eurasia, from the Caucasus to China. Amphorae dated to approximately 4800 BC have been found in Banpo , a Neolithic site of the Yangshao culture in China . Amphorae first appeared on
480-417: A neck amphora, the handles are attached to the neck, which is separated from the belly by an angular carination. There are two main types of neck amphorae: There are also some rarer special types of neck amphora, distinguished by specific features, for example: In contrast to the neck amphora, a belly amphora does not have a distinguished neck; instead, the belly reaches the mouth in a continuous curve. After
560-582: A pointed bottom and characteristic shape and size which fit tightly (and therefore safely) against each other in storage rooms and packages, tied together with rope and delivered by land or sea. The size and shape have been determined from at least as early as the Neolithic Period. Amphorae were used in vast numbers for the transport and storage of various products, both liquid and dry, but mostly for wine. They are most often ceramic , but examples in metals and other materials have been found. Versions of
640-480: A public suit each litigant had three hours to speak, whereas they had much less in private suits (though here it was in proportion to the amount of money at stake). In this way the judicial cases became a vehement fight of impressions, since the jurors did not constitute a little group of mature citizens, such as the Court of Areios Pagos, which was interested only in the correct application of the law. Additionally, before
720-401: A publication now in the public domain : Smith, William , ed. (1890). "Dicastes" . Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (3rd ed.). London: John Murray. Amphora An amphora ( / ˈ æ m f ər ə / ; Ancient Greek : ἀμφορεύς , romanized : amphoreús ; English pl. amphorae or amphoras ) is a type of container with
800-479: A ring base, with a glazed surface and decorated with figures or geometric shapes. They normally have a firm base on which they can stand. Panathenaic amphorae were used as prizes in the Panathenaic Festivals held between the 6th century BC to the 2nd century BC, filled with olive oil from a sacred grove. Surviving examples bear the inscription "I am one of the prizes from Athens", and usually depict
880-407: A rope harness, the amphora has two expansive handles joining the shoulder of the body and a long neck. The necks of pithoi are wide for scooping or bucket access. The necks of amphorae are narrow for pouring by a person holding it by the bottom and a handle. Some variants exist. The handles might not be present. The size may require two or three handlers to lift. For the most part, however, an amphora
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#1732764847750960-462: A tablet or ticket ( σύμβολον ). After the business of the court was over, the dikast, on going out, delivered his ticket to the prytaneis , and received his fee in return. Those who arrived too late had no claim to the triobolon . The annual amount of these fees is reckoned by Aristophanes at 150 talents , a sum which is very high and can perhaps only be applied to the most flourishing times of Athens. This article incorporates text from
1040-399: A ticket would be drawn simultaneously from each urn, and the result announced, that section B, for instance, was to sit in court F; if a thousand dikastes were required, two tablets would, in a similar manner, be drawn from the urn that represented the sections, while one was drawn from the other as above mentioned, and the announcement might run that sections A and B were to sit in court F, and
1120-410: Is based primarily on the study of modern amphora production in some areas of the eastern Mediterranean. Amphorae often were marked with a variety of stamps, sgraffito , and inscriptions. They provided information on the production, content, and subsequent marketing. A stamp usually was applied to the amphora at a partially dry stage. It indicates the name of the figlina (workshop) and/or the name of
1200-479: Is certain: the pay of the dikastes was not the same at all times, although it is improbable that it should ever have been two oboli. The payment was made after every assembly of a court of heliastae by the Kolakretai in the following manner. After a citizen had been appointed by lot to act as judge in a particular court, he received on entering the court together with the staff ( βακτήρια or ῥάβδος )
1280-459: Is generally supposed from Aristophanes , who makes his character Strepsiades say that for the first obolus he ever received as a dikast, he bought a toy for his son, that it was at first only one obolus. According to the Scholiast on Aristophanes the pay was subsequently increased to two oboli, but this seems to be merely an erroneous inference from the passage of his author. Three oboli or
1360-486: The Ath. Pol. , there is no other evidence that the heliaia was a court of appeal, and the scanty contemporary sources indicate that it was a court of first instance." δ. When certain chambers were merged. This was the case of Pericles ' trial. ε. The cases of private international law were initially judged by
1440-405: The thesmothetai ; in that one, which was when the magistrates and public officers rendered an account of their conduct at the expiration of their term of office, and defended themselves against all charges of corruption or inappropriate behavior (or euthyne ) in it, the logistae were the officiating personages. As soon as the allotment had taken place, each dikast received a staff, on which
1520-529: The Linear B Bronze Age records of Knossos , 𐀀𐀡𐀩𐀸 , a-po-re-we , at Mycenae, and the fragmentary ]-re-we at Pylos, designated by Ideogram 209 𐃨 , Bennett's AMPHORA, which has a number of scribal variants. The two spellings are transcriptions of amphiphorēwes (plural) and amphorēwe (dual) in Mycenaean Greek from which it may be seen that the short form prevailed on the mainland. Homer uses
1600-684: The Phoenician coast at approximately 3500 BC. In the Bronze and Iron Ages amphorae spread around the ancient Mediterranean world, being used by the ancient Greeks and Romans as the principal means for transporting and storing grapes , olive oil , wine , oil , olives , grain , fish , and other commodities . They were produced on an industrial scale until approximately the 7th century AD. Wooden and skin containers seem to have supplanted amphorae thereafter. They influenced Chinese ceramics and other East Asian ceramic cultures, especially as
1680-682: The Roman Republic . Cato is the first known literary person to use it. The Romans turned the Greek form into a standard -a declension noun, amphora , pl. amphorae . Undoubtedly, the word and the vase were introduced to Italy through the Greek settlements there, which traded extensively in Greek pottery. It is remarkable that even though the Etruscans imported, manufactured, and exported amphorae extensively in their wine industry, and other Greek vase names were Etruscanized, no Etruscan form of
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#17327648477501760-435: The triobolon ( τριώβολον ) occurs as early as 425 BC in the comedies of Aristophanes, and is afterwards mentioned frequently. The German classicist Philipp August Böckh inferred from these passages that the triobolon was introduced by Cleon about 421 BC, but this opinion is disputed, however, and some scholars think that the pay of three oboli for the dikasts existed before that time. However this may be, this much
1840-409: The "non-guilty" votes and one of wood for the "guilty" votes. The voting was secret, since each juror had to cover the vote with his fingers, so that nobody could see in which amphora he threw it. In the civil cases the voting procedure was different, because the amphoras were as many as the litigant parties and the jurors had to vindicate one of them by casting their vote. After the votes were counted,
1920-655: The 2nd and the 1st century BC due to the distribution of land to military veterans and the founding of new colonies. Spanish amphorae were widespread in the Mediterranean area during early imperial times. The most common types were all produced in Baetica and among these there were the Dressel 20, a typical olive oil container, the Dressel 7–13, for garum (fish sauce), and the Haltern 70, for defrutum (fruit sauce). In
2000-577: The Athenian Agora, published in 1995, the structure was referred to simply as the "Rectangular Peribolos," a neutral descriptive label that assumed no specific identification. A few years later, a thorough review of the question, prompted by new epigraphical evidence, led to the suggestion that the enclosure was in fact the Aiakeion, a shrine dedicated to the hero Aiakos of Aegina, and this identification has since been widely accepted. The location of
2080-501: The Chambers of Heliaia each citizen had to become an effective orator and to act solely in his capacity as citizen, in order to protect his interests and to enforce his views. Decisions were made by voting without any time set aside for deliberation. Nothing, however, stopped jurors from talking informally among themselves during the voting procedure and juries could be unruly, shouting out their disapproval or disbelief of things said by
2160-532: The Heliaia functioned as a court for litigation of public, criminal and private international law. Taking the jurisdiction over the so-called graphe paranomon , the Heliaia replaced the Areios Pagos in the execution of the legal control of the decisions of the ecclesia . Until Ephialtes' reforms the Areios Pagos had the duty of guarding the laws and to keep watch over the greatest and the most important of
2240-524: The Heliaia itself remains unknown. α. In Argos the place where its court was seated was also called ἁλιαία . β. Sun = ἥλιος and the verb ἡλιοῦσθαι (passive voice) = enjoy the sun. γ. According to Mogens Herman Hansen , The Athenian Ecclesia: A Collection of Articles 1983-1989, page 260 , "apart from Plutarch, who quotes
2320-576: The Maña C1 and C2, later renamed Van der Werff 1, 2, and 3. In the Aegean area the types from the island of Rhodes were quite popular starting from the 3rd century BC due to local wine production which flourished over a long period. These types developed into the Camulodunum 184, an amphora used for the transportation of Rhodian wine all over the empire. Imitations of the Dressel 2-4 were produced on
2400-723: The Tarraconensis region the Pascual 1 was the most common type, a wine amphora shaped on the Dressel 1, and imitations of Dressel 2–4. North-African production was based on an ancient tradition which may be traced back to the Phoenician colony of Carthage . Phoenician amphorae had characteristic small handles attached directly onto the upper body. This feature becomes the distinctive mark of late-Republican/early imperial productions, which are then called neo-Phoenician. The types produced in Tripolitania and Northern Tunisia are
2480-424: The affairs of state. The Heliaia was in session every normal day, except for the three last days of each month and for the days during which the ecclesia was in session. The sessions took place in the open within a marked-off area, since there was no specific building where they could be lodged. The location of the hearing was confined within a special hedge, outside of which the audience could stand. The details of
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2560-492: The alphabet as far as kappa and the jurors of each tribe were divided into ten sections, approximately an equal number under each letter. Moreover, each juror was given a color-coded staff that represented their court designation, which reinforced their status as a unique group responsible for voting on cases and making decisions. Initially, the Heliaia's jurisdiction was limited to judging the archons and, probably, some other similar accusations against public office-holders. It
2640-499: The altar of the goddess on the acropolis. This clause of the bill was however amended with the motion that the case be tried before fifteen hundred jurors in the ordinary way, whether one wanted to call it a prosecution for embezzlement and bribery, or malversation. The name "Heliaia" has often been attached to a large unroofed rectangular enclosure at the southwestern corner of the Classical Agora of Athens. The identification
2720-477: The amphorae were one of many shapes used in Ancient Greek vase painting . The amphora complements a vase, the pithos , which makes available capacities between one-half and two and one-half tons. In contrast, the amphora holds under a half-ton, typically less than 50 kilograms (110 lb). The bodies of the two types have similar shapes. Where the pithos may have multiple small loops or lugs for fastening
2800-478: The appointment of magistrates , a matter in no small degree under the control of the dikast, inasmuch as few could enter upon any office without having had their election submitted to a court for its approbation, or docimasia ; and besides these, it contained a general promise to support the existing constitution, which the dikast would of course be peculiarly enabled to do, when persons were accused before him of attempting its subversion. This oath being taken, and
2880-457: The black-figure technique for centuries after the introduction of red-figure vase painting . Some examples bear the inscription "ΤΩΝ ΑΘΗΝΗΘΕΝ ΑΘΛΩΝ" meaning "[I am one] of the prizes from [the goddess] Athena". They contained the prize of oil from the sacred olive tree of the goddess Athena for the winners of the athletic contests held to honour the goddess, and were evidently kept thereafter, and perhaps used to store wine, before being buried with
2960-477: The ceramic ateliers in Marseille during late Augustan times. The type Oberaden 74 was produced to such an extent that it influenced the production of some Italic types. Spanish amphorae became particularly popular thanks to a flourishing production phase in late Republican times. The Hispania Baetica and Hispania Tarraconensis regions (south-western and eastern Spain) were the main production areas between
3040-404: The complement of judges appropriated to trying the particular kind of cause in hand, the process was extremely simple. Two urns or caskets ( κληρωτήρια ) were produced, one containing tickets inscribed with the distinctive letters of the sections; the other furnished with similar tickets to indicate the courts in which the sittings were to be held. If the cause was to be tried by a single section,
3120-442: The conduct of the nine archons and their official scribe; that each of these ten archons drew by lot the names of six hundred persons of the tribe, or phyle , assigned to him; that the whole number so selected was again divided by lot into ten sections of 500 each, together with a supernumerary one consisting of a thousand persons, from among whom the occasional deficiencies in the sections of 500 might be supplied. To each of
3200-462: The differences between them are large. At Athens the conditions of his eligibility were, that the dikast should be a free citizen, in the enjoyment of his full franchise ( ἐπιτιμία ), and not less than thirty years of age, and of persons so qualified six thousand were selected by lot for the service of every year. Of the precise method of their appointment our information is somewhat obscure, but we may gather that selection took place every year under
3280-416: The divisions made as above mentioned, it remained to assign the courts to the several sections of dikastes in which they were to sit. This was not, like the first, an appointment intended to last during the year, but took place under the conduct of the thesmothetai , de novo , every time that it was necessary to impanel a number of dikastes. In ordinary cases, when one, two, or more sections of 500 made up
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3360-572: The early history of ancient Greece, but were gradually replaced by the one-piece type from around the 7th century BC onward. Most were produced with a pointed base to allow upright storage by embedding in soft ground, such as sand. The base facilitated transport by ship, where the amphorae were packed upright or on their sides in as many as five staggered layers. If upright, the bases probably were held by some sort of rack, and ropes passed through their handles to prevent shifting or toppling during rough seas. Heather and reeds might be used as packing around
3440-636: The exceptional amphora deposit uncovered in Rome in Castro Pretorio at the end of the 1800s, he collected almost 200 inscriptions from amphorae and included them in the Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum . In his studies of the amphora deposit he was the first to elaborate a classification of types, the so-called "Dressel table", which still is used today for many types. Subsequent studies on Roman amphorae have produced more detailed classifications, which usually are named after
3520-452: The following letters: Δ. ΔΙΟΔΩΡΟΣ ΦΡΕΑ, Ε. ΔΕΙΝΙΑΣ ΑΛΑΙΕΥΣ , and Β. ΑΝΤΙΧΑΡΜΟΣ ΛΑΜΠ , and also bear representations of owls and Gorgon heads, and other devices symbolic of the Attic people. The thousand supernumeraries had in all probability some different token, but of this we have no certain knowledge. Before proceeding to the exercise of his functions the dikast was obliged to swear
3600-428: The formation of the jury, the hegemon had to submit the conclusions of his preliminary investigation, announcing and defining the litigation on which the court should decide. Then it was the time for the plaintiff, the defendant and the witnesses to be heard. The arguments were exposed by the litigants themselves, without the legal support of a lawyer, in the form of an exchange of single speeches timed by water clock. In
3680-457: The herald announced the final result. In cases of a tie, the defendant was acquitted, because he was thought to have got "the vote of Athena ". The Heliaia is considered the highest court in ancient Athens. Heliasts could impose either fines (for civil and penal cases) or "corporeal sentences" (only for penal cases). The fines of Heliaia were higher than the fines of the archons. The lato sensu "corporeal sentences" included death, imprisonment (for
3760-402: The instigation of Kleon probably in 425 BC three obols, i.e. half a drachma . According to Aristotle , "Pericles first made service in the jury-courts a paid office, as a popular counter-measure against Cimon's wealth". The 6,000 were drawn from the 10 tribes (each tribe offering 600 members) and they were then divided into chambers of 600 jurymen, 500 or 501 of whom were regular members, with
3840-412: The island of Cos for the transportation of wine from the 4th century BC until middle imperial times. Cretan containers also were popular for the transportation of wine and can be found around the Mediterranean from Augustan times until the 3rd century AD. During the late empire period, north-African types dominated amphora production. The so-called African I and II types were widely used from the 2nd until
3920-495: The jury found him guilty with 280 votes to 220. His death sentence was decided in a second round of voting, which was even worse for the philosopher. Nonetheless, Socrates did not lose his calm demeanor and, although during the trial he could propose to the jury his self-exile, he did not do it when his friends offered to help him flee afterward, since life away from his beloved city was pointless for him. According to Plutarch , Pericles faced, twice, serious accusations. The first one
4000-433: The late 4th century AD. Other types from the eastern Mediterranean (Gaza), such as the so-called Late Roman 4, became very popular between the 4th and the 7th century AD, while Italic productions ceased. The largest known wreck of an amphorae cargo ship, carrying 6,000 pots, was discovered off the coast of Kefalonia , an Ionian island off the coast of Greece . Some modern winemakers and brewers use amphorae to provide
4080-429: The legal procedure were as follows: The hegemon ( ἡγεμών ) of the court was responsible for the registration of the suits and complaints. After holding a preliminary investigation, he also had to subpoena the litigant parties and the witnesses before the jury. In the morning of the day of hearings, the hegemon had to determine by lot the jury that would judge the case as well as the place where it would convene. After
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#17327648477504160-410: The like. A more complicated system must have been adopted when fractional parts of the section sat by themselves, or were added to other whole sections: but what this might have been we can only conjecture, and it is obvious that some other process of selection must have prevailed upon all those occasions when judges of a peculiar qualification were required; as, for instance, in the trial of violators of
4240-402: The litigants. This may have had some role in building a consensus. The voting procedure was public and transparent. Each heliast had received two votes, one "not guilty" and one "guilty". Then the herald (κήρυξ) would, first, ask the heliasts if they wanted to submit any objections against the witnesses and, then, he would call them to cast their votes in two different amphoras , one of copper for
4320-417: The long form for metrical reasons, and Herodotus has the short form. Ventris and Chadwick's translation is "carried on both sides." Amphorae varied greatly in height. The largest stands as tall as 1.5 metres (4.9 feet) high, while some were less than 30 centimetres (12 inches) high - the smallest were called amphoriskoi (literally "little amphorae"). Most were around 45 centimetres (18 inches) high. There
4400-422: The male citizens over 30 years old, unless they were disfranchised . Those suffering from intellectual or corporeal flaws were also excepted, if their shortages prevented them from fully perceiving the proceedings. If any unqualified person participated in a jury, then information was laid against him and he was brought before the Heliaia. If convicted the court could assess against him whatever punishment or fine he
4480-426: The mass of private citizens , and associated temporarily as representatives of the whole body of the people, adjudicating between its individual members, and of such delegates swearing an oath that they would well and truly discharge the duties entrusted to them, there appears some resemblance between the constitution of the Attic dikasterion (court) and an English or American jury , but in nearly all other respects
4560-542: The mid-5th century BC, this type was rarely produced. The pelike is a special type of belly amphora, with the belly placed lower, so that the widest point of the vessel is near its bottom. The pelike was introduced around the end of the 6th century BC. Another special type is the Panathenaic prize amphora , with black-figure decoration, produced exclusively as prize vessels for the Panathenaia and retaining
4640-436: The mysteries, when the initiated only were allowed to judge; and in that of military offenders who were left to the justice of those only whose comrades they were, or should have been at the time when the offense was alleged to have been committed. It is clear that the allotment of the dikastes to their several courts for the day took place in this manner, in the marketplace, and that it was conducted in all cases, except one, by
4720-554: The non-Athenian citizens), atimia (sometimes along with confiscation) and perpetual exile ( ἀειφυγία ). Heliaia was the primary court in ancient Athens, composed of large juries selected from the citizens to ensure democratic participation in judicial processes. It was a democratic court with 6,000 citizens who served as jurors. Famous trials before the Heliaia Socrates was accused of asebeia (impiety) by Meletus , Anytus and Lycon . His trial took place in 399 BC and
4800-507: The official oath of office , which was done in the earlier ages at a place called Ardettus , just outside Athens, on the banks of the Ilissos , but in later times at some other spot, of which nothing is known. In the time of Demosthenes the oath asserted the qualification of the dikast, and a solemn engagement by him to discharge his office faithfully and incorruptibly in general, as well as in certain specified cases which bore reference to
4880-458: The owner of the workshop. Painted stamps, tituli picti , recorded the weight of the container and the contents, and were applied after the amphora was filled. Today, stamps are used to allow historians to track the flow of trade goods and recreate ancient trade networks. The first systematic classification of Roman amphorae types was undertaken by the German scholar Heinrich Dressel . Following
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#17327648477504960-544: The particular event they were awarded for. Painted amphorae were also used for funerary purposes, often in special types such as the loutrophoros . Especially in earlier periods, outsize vases were used as grave markers, while some amphorae were used as containers for the ashes of the dead. By the Roman period vase-painting had largely died out, and utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced. Various different types of amphorae were popular at different times: On
5040-404: The prize-winner. They depicted goddess Athena on one side (as seen on the second image on this page) and the athletic event on the other side, e.g. a scene of wrestling or running contest etc. By the Roman period utilitarian amphorae were normally the only type produced. The first type of Roman amphora, Dressel 1, appears in central Italy in the late 2nd century BC. This type had thick walls and
5120-486: The rest constituting alternate jurors. In exceptional cases the court could go into plenary sessions. Sometimes, the chambers had 201 to 401 members or 1001 to 1501 members. After the selection by lot , the heliasts had to take the Heliastic Oath once every year. After the swearing-in, the jurors received one box-wood ticket, with their own names and that of their father and deme written on it, and one letter of
5200-469: The same workshops used for the production of Dressel 1 which quickly ceased to be used. At the same time in Cuma (southern Italy) the production of the cadii cumani type starts (Dressel 21–22). These containers were mainly used for the transportation of fruit and were used until the middle imperial times. At the same time, in central Italy, the so-called Spello amphorae, small containers, were produced for
5280-526: The scholar who studied them. For the neo-Phoenician types see the work by Maña published in 1951, and the revised classification by Van der Werff in 1977–1978. The Gallic amphorae have been studied by Laubenheimer in a study published in 1989, whereas the Cretan amphorae have been analyzed by Marangou-Lerat. Beltràn studied the Spanish types in 1970. Adriatic types have been studied by Lamboglia in 1955. For
5360-630: The session of the Athenian alliance in Delos . στ. This was not a judge or a juror, but a kind of archon, chosen by lot or by ordination for about a month. ζ. That is why the profession of the logographer , or professional speechwriter, such as Lysias , flourished in ancient Athens . Primary sources Secondary sources Dikastes Dikastes ( Greek : δικαστής , pl. δικασταί)
5440-537: The ten sections one of the ten first letters of the alphabet was appropriated as a distinguishing mark, and a small tablet called Pinakion ( πινάκιον ), inscribed with the letter of the section and the name of the individual, was delivered as a certificate of his appointment to each dicast. Three bronze plates found in the Piraeus , and described by Edward Dodwell in his Travels , are supposed to have served this purpose. The inscriptions upon these plates consist of
5520-661: The transportation of wine. On the Adriatic coast the older types were replaced by the Lamboglia 2 type, a wine amphora commonly produced between the end of the 2nd and the 1st century BC. This type develops later into the Dressel 6A which becomes dominant during Augustan times. In the Gallic provinces the first examples of Roman amphorae were local imitations of pre-existent types such as Dressel 1, Dressel 2–4, Pascual 1, and Haltern 70. The more typical Gallic production begins within
5600-588: The vases. Racks could be used in kitchens and shops. The base also concentrated deposits from liquids with suspended solid particles, such as olive oil and wines. Amphorae are of great use to maritime archaeologists , as they often indicate the age of a shipwreck and the geographic origin of the cargo. They are occasionally so well preserved that the original content is still present, providing information on foodstuffs and mercantile systems. Amphorae were too cheap and plentiful to return to their origin-point and so, when empty, they were broken up at their destination. At
5680-552: The word exists. There was perhaps an as yet unidentified native Etruscan word for the vase that pre-empted the adoption of amphora . The Latin word derived from the Greek amphoreus ( ἀμφορεύς ), a shortened form of amphiphoreus ( ἀμφιφορεύς ), a compound word combining amphi- ("on both sides", "twain") and phoreus ("carrier"), from pherein ("to carry"), referring to the vessel's two carrying handles on opposite sides. The amphora appears as 𐀀𐀠𐀡𐀩𐀸 , a-pi-po-re-we , in
5760-492: Was a legal office in ancient Greece that signified, in the broadest sense, a judge or juror, but more particularly denotes the Attic functionary of the democratic period , who, with his colleagues, was constitutionally empowered to try to pass judgment upon all causes and questions that the laws and customs of his country found to warrant judicial investigation. In the circumstance of a plurality of persons being selected from
5840-465: Was a significant degree of standardisation in some variants; the wine amphora held a standard measure of about 39 litres (41 US qt), giving rise to the amphora quadrantal as a unit of measure in the Roman Empire. In all, approximately 66 distinct types of amphora have been identified. Further, the term also stands for an ancient Roman unit of measurement for liquids. The volume of a Roman amphora
5920-503: Was just before the eruption of the Peloponnesian War and the second one was during the first year of the war, when he was punished with a fine, the amount of which was either fifteen or fifty talents . Before the war a bill was passed, on the motion of Dracontides, according to which Pericles should deposit his accounts of public moneys with the prytanes and the jurors should decide upon his case with ballots which had lain upon
6000-437: Was one cubic foot , c. 26.026 L . Roman amphorae were wheel-thrown terracotta containers. During the production process the body was made first and then left to dry partially. Then coils of clay were added to form the neck, the rim, and the handles. Once the amphora was complete, the maker then treated the interior with resin that would prevent permeation of stored liquids. The reconstruction of these stages of production
6080-400: Was painted the letter and color of the court awarded him, which might serve both as a ticket to procure admittance, and also to distinguish him from any loiterer that might endeavor to obtain a sitting after business had begun. The dikastes received a fee for their attendance ( τὸ δικαστικόν or μίσθος δικαστικός ). This payment is said to have been first instituted by Pericles , and it
6160-452: Was tableware, or sat close to the table, was intended to be seen, and was finely decorated as such by master painters. Stoppers of perishable materials, which have rarely survived, were used to seal the contents. Two principal types of amphorae existed: the neck amphora , in which the neck and body meet at a sharp angle; and the one-piece amphora , in which the neck and body form a continuous curve upwards. Neck amphorae were commonly used in
6240-400: Was tentatively suggested by the excavator when the structure was discovered in the 1950s, but in the absence of any positive evidence to support it, he admitted that it was "nothing more than a likely hypothesis." For lack of a better suggestion the name became widely used and appeared on plans of the site, but the uncertainty remained, and in a comprehensive final publication of the lawcourts in
6320-453: Was thought to deserve. If the punishment was a money fine, then the infringer had to go to prison until he had paid both the former debt, for which the information was laid, and whatever additional sum had been imposed on him as a fine by the court. The public office of the heliast was not obligatory, but the citizens who wished to exert these duties had to submit a petition. Jurors were paid a salary; originally one obol per day and later, at
6400-596: Was when Ephialtes and Pericles prompted a binding resolution through the ecclesia , stripping the Areios Pagos of most of the cases it judged, that the Heliaia started judging almost all the civil and penal cases. The Areios Pagos kept its competence only for the crimes of murder and arson , while the archons could impose some minor fines. The Heliaia's jurisdiction also included litigation which involved Athenians and citizens of other cities or Athens and another city as subjects of international law. Namely,
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