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38-519: Captain Nordahl, an associate in a Norwegian whaling company, Bland-Nordahl, is on a factory ship Southern Harvester in Antarctic waters, when he is lost overboard. Duncan Craig, an American, meets Judie Nordahl, the captain's daughter on his way to South Africa, where he gets even with a business partner who cheated him. With little money left and a desire to see Judie again, Craig signs on to be

76-445: A feed encourages corporate fisheries not to limit their yields of by-catch (from which fish meal is made), and thus leads to depletion of ecosystems, environmental damage, and the collapse of local fisheries. Its role in facilitating the breeding and over-feeding of millions of pigs and chickens on factory farms has also been criticized by animal rights and animal welfare groups. Manufacturers of fishmeal counter that fishmeal's role in

114-412: A great distance from their home ports. Fish processing ships consist of various types, including freezer trawlers, longline factory vessels, purse seine freezer vessels, stern trawlers and squid jiggers. A factory stern trawler is a large stern trawler which has additional onboard processing facilities and can stay at sea for days or weeks at a time. A stern trawler tows a fishing trawl net and hauls

152-457: A mate on the ship taking Judie to Antarctica. On arrival in Antarctic waters, Craig finds suspicious evidence that seems to implicate skipper Erik Bland, the new captain of the factory ship, in a conspiracy. Another murder follows and the film concludes with a dramatic showdown on the ice. The movie was part of a two-picture deal Ladd made with Warwick Films, following The Red Beret . Ladd

190-460: A potential for carcinogenic effect to fishmeal prior to storage or transportation. Globally, most of the fishmeal products are characterised by possessing a certain level of plastics pollution. A recent study showed that a wide range of plastics content was found, ranging from 0 to 526.7 n/kg in samples from 26 different fishmeal products, from 11 countries on four continents and Antarctica. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from

228-778: A time with a crew of over 35 people. They process fish into fillets within hours of being caught. Onboard fishmeal plants process the waste product so everything is utilized. The world's largest freezing trawler by gross tonnage is the 144-metre-long Annelies Ilena ex Atlantic Dawn. In 2015, the Annelies Ilena was detained by the Irish Navy and the Sea Fisheries Protection Agency for breach of regulations. The owners were subsequently fined 105,000 Euros for illegally fishing in Irish waters. She

266-536: A very primitive process of pressing the oil out of herring by means of wooden boards and stones was employed. Prior to 1910, fish meal was primarily used as fertilizer, at least in the UK. Fish meal is now primarily used as a protein supplement in compound feed . As of 2010, about 56% of fish meal was used to feed farmed fish , about 20% was used in pig feed, about 12% in poultry feed , and about 12% in other uses, which included fertilizer. Fishmeal and fish oil are

304-412: Is a continuous 24-hour-a-day operation. These ships go to sea for six weeks at a time. They contain factories for processing fish into fillets, which are frozen in packs, ready for market, within hours of being caught. These vessels sometimes also have fishmeal plants on board. A purse seiner is a fishing vessel which uses a traditional method of catching tuna and other school fish species. A large net

342-421: Is a significant contributor of over-fishing, and risks pushing fisheries beyond their replacement rate. Some areas of the world, such as Western Africa, have seen a large increase in fish meal production which in turn is hurting local fisheries and driving fisheries into collapse . Fishmeal is made by cooking, pressing, drying, and grinding of fish or fish waste into a solid. Most of the water and some or all of

380-410: Is able to process 350 tonnes of fish a day, can carry 3,000 tons of fuel, and store 7,000 tons of graded and frozen catch. She uses on board forklift trucks to aid discharging. These automated bottom longliners fish using hooks strung on long lines. The hooks are baited automatically and the lines are released very fast. Many thousands of hooks are set each day, the retrieval and setting of these hooks

418-417: Is available, "approximately one-quarter were overexploited , depleted or recovering from depletion (16%, 7% and 1% respectively) and needed rebuilding. The threat of overfishing is not limited to the target species only. As trawlers resort to deeper and deeper waters to fill their nets, they have begun to threaten delicate deep-sea ecosystems and the fish that inhabit them, such as the coelacanth . In

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456-499: Is calorically dense and cheap to produce, fishmeal has played a critical role in the growth of factory farms and the number of farm animals it is possible to breed and feed. Fishmeal takes the form of powder or cake. This form is obtained by drying the fish or fish trimmings, and then grinding it. If the fish used is a fatty fish it is first pressed to extract most of the fish oil . The production and large-scale use of fishmeal are controversial. The lucrative market for fishmeal as

494-443: Is compressed inside a perforated tube, expelling some of its liquids, leaving "press cake". Water content is reduced from 70% to about 50% and oil down to 4%. Drying: The press cake is dried by tumbling inside a heated drum. Under-drying may result in the growth of molds or bacteria; over-drying can cause scorching and reduction in the meal's nutritional value. Two alternative methods of drying are used: Grinding: The dried meal

532-459: Is ground to remove any lumps or bone particles. Any complete diet must contain some protein , but the nutritional value of the protein relates directly to its amino acid composition and digestibility. High-quality fishmeal normally contains between 60% and 72% crude protein by weight. Typical diets for fish may contain from 32% to 45% total protein by weight. Unmodified fish meal can spontaneously combust from heat generated by oxidation of

570-424: Is made by the following processes: Cooking: The fish are moved through a commercial cooker — a long, steam-jacketed cylinder — by a screw conveyor . This is a critical stage in preparing the fishmeal, as incomplete cooking means the liquid from the fish cannot be pressed out satisfactorily and overcooking makes the material too soft for pressing. No drying occurs in the cooking stage. Pressing: The cooked fish

608-455: Is made from fish suitable for direct human consumption. Other sources of fishmeal are from bycatch and byproducts of trimmings made during processing (fish waste or offal) of various seafood products destined for direct human consumption. The main fish sources by country are: It takes 4 to 5 tons of fish to produce one ton of fish meal; about 6 million tons of fish are harvested each year solely to make fish meal. Fish meal production

646-566: Is reported. However, most pet foods that contain ethoxyquin have never exceeded this amount. Ethoxyquin has been shown to be slightly toxic to fish. Though it has been approved for use in foods in the US, and as a spray insecticide for fruits, ethoxyquin has not been thoroughly tested for its carcinogenic potential. Ethoxyquin has long been suggested to be a possible carcinogen, and a very closely related chemical, 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, has been shown to have carcinogenic activity in rats, and

684-410: Is set in a circle around a school of fish while on the surface. The net is then pursed, closing the bottom of the net, then pulling up the net until the fish are caught alongside the vessel. Most of these types of vessels then transfer the fish into a tank filled with brine (extra salty refrigerated water). This freezes large amounts of fish quickly. Trip lengths can vary from 20 to 70 days depending on

722-418: Is unsustainable in the long term. According to Oceana, the global fishing fleet is currently up to 250 percent larger than it needs to be to catch what the oceans can sustainably produce. Fishmeal Fish meal , sometimes spelt fishmeal , is a commercial product made from whole wild-caught fish , bycatch , and fish by-products to feed farm animals , e.g., pigs, poultry, and farmed fish. Because it

760-462: The United States has increased. Some factory ships can also function as mother ships . The basic idea of a mother ship is that it can carry small fishing boats that return to the mother ship with their catch. But the idea extends to include factory trawlers supporting a fleet of smaller catching vessels that are not carried on board. They serve as the main ship in a fleet operating in waters

798-565: The art director Alex Vetchinsky . The budget was £247,512 plus the fees of Ladd, Broccoli and Allen, screenwriter Maibaum and the director. According to Kinematograph Weekly the film was a "money maker" at the British box office in 1954. Factory ship A factory ship , also known as a fish processing vessel , is a large ocean-going vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales. Modern factory ships are automated and enlarged versions of

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836-411: The polyunsaturated fatty acids in the meal. In the past, factory ships have sunk because of such fires. That danger has been eliminated by adding antioxidants to the meal. As of 2001, ethoxyquin was the most commonly used antioxidant, usually in the range 200–1000 mg/kg. There has been some speculation that ethoxyquin in pet foods might be responsible for multiple health problems. To date,

874-566: The May 15, 2003 issue of the journal Nature , it is estimated that 10% of large predatory fish remain compared to levels before commercial fishing. From 1950 (18 million tons) to 1969 (56 million tons) fishfood production grew by about 5% each year; from 1969 onward production has raised 8% annually. It is expected that this demand will continue to rise, and MariCulture Systems estimated in 2002 that, by 2010, seafood production would have to increase by over 15.5 million tonnes to meet

912-510: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has only found a verifiable connection between ethoxyquin and buildup of protoporphyrin IX in the liver, as well as elevations in liver-related enzymes in some animals, but with no known health consequences from these effects. In 1997, the Center for Veterinary Medicine asked pet food manufacturers to voluntarily limit ethoxyquin levels to 75 ppm until further evidence

950-486: The catch up a stern ramp. These can be either demersal (weighted bottom trawling); pelagic (mid-water trawling); or pair trawling , where two vessels about 500 metres apart together pull one huge net with a mouth circumference of 900 meters. A freezer trawler fully processes the catch on board to customers’ specifications, into frozen-at-sea fillet, block or head and gutted form. Factory freezer trawlers can run to 60 to 70 meters in length and go to sea for six weeks at

988-432: The desire of Earth's growing population. This is likely to further aggravate the problem of overfishing, unless aquaculture technology expands to meet the needs of human population. Overfishing has depleted some fish populations to the point that large scale commercial fishing, on average around the world, is not economically viable without government assistance . Many states offer subsidies to their fishing fleets, which

1026-406: The earlier whalers , and their use for fishing has grown dramatically. Some factory ships are equipped to serve as a mother ship . Contemporary factory ships have their origins in the early whalers . These vessels sailed into remote waters and processed the whale oil on board, discarding the carcass. Later whalers converted the entire whale into usable products. The efficiency of these ships and

1064-722: The feeding and breeding of millions of farm animals leads to the production of more food and the feeding of millions of people around the world. Fish byproducts have been used historically to feed poultry, pigs, and other farmed fish. A primitive form of fishmeal is mentioned in The Travels of Marco Polo at the beginning of the 14th century: "they accustom their cattle, cows, sheep, camels, and horses to feed upon dried fish , which being regularly served to them, they eat without any sign of dislike." The use of herring as an industrial raw material started as early as about 800 AD in Norway;

1102-421: The fish consumed worldwide as of 2016. Demand for fish meal has increased accordingly, but harvests are regulated and supply cannot expand. This has led to a trend towards use of other ingredients such as soybean meal, cottonseed meal, leftovers from processing from corn and wheat, legumes , and algae , and an increase in research to find alternatives to fish meal and alternate strategic uses (for instance, in

1140-573: The fishing. The fish is held in refrigerated brine tanks and unloads either directly to the canneries or is trans-shipped to carrier vessels to freight to the canneries, leaving the purse seine vessel close to the fishing grounds to continue fishing. Purse seiners longer than 70 metres are called super seiners . A factory squid jigger is a specialized ship that uses powerful lights to attract squid and then "jigs" many thousands of hooked lures from hundreds of separate winches. These predominantly Japanese and Korean factory vessels and their crews may fish

1178-417: The growth phase, after newborn fish are established). Fishmeal can be made from almost any type of seafood , but is generally manufactured from wild-caught, small marine fish that contain a high percentage of bones and oil. Previously, these fish have been considered unsuitable for direct human consumption, but more recent research indicates the vast majority of fishmeal made from whole wild-caught fish

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1216-462: The journal Science found that about one-third of all fishing stocks worldwide have collapsed (with a collapse being defined as a decline to less than 10% of their maximum observed abundance), and that if current trends continue all fish stocks worldwide will collapse within fifty years. The FAO State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2004 report estimates that in 2003, of the main fish stocks or groups of resources for which assessment information

1254-464: The oceans continuously for two years, periodically transferring their catch at the fishing grounds to larger refrigerated vessels. Some fish processing factories are installed on barges , making a floating factory which can be towed across navigable waters to receive catches from commercial fishing vessels. The barges often contain living quarters for the factory workers. The 8,145-ton MV Nisshin Maru

1292-455: The oil is removed. Four or five tonnes of fish are needed to manufacture one tonne of dry fishmeal. Of the several ways of making fishmeal from raw fish, the simplest is to let the fish dry out in the sun before grinding and pressing. This method is still used in some parts of the world where processing plants are not available, but the end product is poor quality in comparison with ones made by modern methods. Today, all industrial fish meal

1330-425: The predation they carried out on whales contributed greatly to the animals' steep decline. Contemporary factory ships are automated and enlarged versions of these earlier whalers. Their use for fishing has grown dramatically. For a while, Russia , Japan and Korea operated huge fishing fleets centred on factory ships, though in recent times this use has been declining. On the other hand, the use of factory ships by

1368-512: The principal sources of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA] and docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]) in animal diets. The cost of 65% protein fishmeal has varied between around $ 385 to $ 554 per ton since 2000, which is about two to three times the price of soybean meal . The rising demand for fish, as people in the developed world turn away from red meat and toward other sources of meat protein, has increased demand for farmed fish, with farmed fish accounting for half

1406-476: Was paid $ 200,000 against 10% of the profits. During production it was known as White South and White Mantle . Director Mark Robson wanted Eugene Pallette to play a role but Pallette was unhappy with the size of the part in the script. Shooting took place at Pinewood Studios near London . The film included location footage shot in Antarctic waters. Albert Broccoli accompanied a second unit crew down there for over three months. The film's sets were designed by

1444-821: Was the mothership of the Japanese whaling fleet and was the world's only remaining whaler factory ship until its decommissioning in 2023. The ship is owned by Tokyo-based company Kyodo Senpaku Kaisha Ltd. and is contracted by the Japanese Institute of Cetacean Research . Commercial fish processing ships can affect birds, whales, dolphins, turtles and sharks by their broad reach methods of catching fish. Purse seine ships, with nets up to two kilometres in circumference, can encircle whole shoals of pelagic fish , such as mackerel , herring and tuna . A major international scientific study released in November 2006 in

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