Misplaced Pages

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69-622: The lake was created in 1966 with the completion of Lower Hell Hole Dam across the Rubicon River , a major tributary of the Middle Fork of the American River . Hell Hole is named for a deep canyon which is now under the waters of the lake. How the canyon came to be named Hell Hole is a combination of folklore and speculation. An early author, George Wharton James (1858–1923), visited the canyon in 1913. He imagined that one of

138-721: A beacon , and an insect and predator deterrent. Established campgrounds often provide a stone or steel fire ring for safety. Campfires are a popular feature of camping . At summer camps, the word campfire often refers to an event (ceremony, get together, etc.) at which there is a fire. Some camps refer to the fire itself as a campfire. A new analysis of burned antelope bones from caves in Swartkrans , South Africa , confirms that Australopithecus robustus and/or Homo erectus built campfires roughly 1.6 million years ago. Nearby evidence within Wonderwerk Cave , at

207-439: A clove hitch should suffice. (Synthetic rope should be avoided since it produces pollutants when it burns.) Then the larger kindling is arranged above the smaller kindling, taking care not to collapse the tipi. A separate tipi as a shell around the first one may work better. Tipi fires are excellent for producing heat to keep people warm. The gases from the bottom quickly come to the top as you add more sticks. One downside to

276-404: A Tipi fire is that when it burns, the logs become unstable and can fall over. This is especially concerning with a large fire. A log cabin fire-build likewise begins with a tinder pile. The kindling is then stacked around it, as in the construction of a log cabin . The first two kindling sticks are laid parallel to each other, on opposite sides of the tinder pile. The second pair is laid on top of

345-418: A ceremonial fire. The fire burns from the top down, with the layer of hot coals and burning stubs igniting the next layer down. Another variation to the top lighter, log cabin, or pyre is known by several names, most notably the pyramid, self-feeding, and upside-down [method]. The reasoning for this method are twofold. First, the layers of fuelwood take in the heat from the initial tinder/kindling, therefore, it

414-546: A dam within the Desolation Wilderness : Rubicon Reservoir . Desolation Wilderness was created in 1969. Placer County's 1961 bond approval allowed its water agency to seek out water supplies that were not already claimed by others. Loon Lake, south of Hell Hole, was already prescripted, but the rugged, untouched Hell Hole was not. In 1934, the State of California took steps to claim any unclaimed water rights along

483-402: A depth of a few inches. A ring of rocks is sometimes constructed around a fire. Fire rings, however, do not fully protect material on the ground from catching fire. Flying embers are still a threat, and the fire ring may become hot enough to ignite material in contact with it, or the heat the water to a vapor thereby cracking the rocks. Campfires can spark wildfires. As such, it is important for

552-407: A feast) limited only by the length of available tree trunks. The arrangement is also useful as beacon fire, i.e. a temporary light signal for ships far in the sea. The Swedish torch ( Schwedenfackel or Schwedenfeuer ) is also known by other names, including Swedish (log) candle, and Swedish log stove. This fire is unique because it uses only one piece of fairly-sized wood as its fuel. The log

621-429: A fire from lighting properly: wet wood, wet weather, too little tinder, too much wind, or a lack of oxygen. Rain will douse a fire, but a combination of wind and fog also has a stifling effect. Metal fire rings generally do a good job of keeping out wind, but some of them are so high as to impede the circulation of oxygen in a small fire. To make matters worse, these tall fire rings also make it very difficult to blow on

690-408: A large scale, this type of fire-build collapses in a controlled manner without restricting the airflow. A hybrid fire combines the elements of both the tipi and the log cabin creating an easily lit yet stable fire structure. The hybrid is made by first erecting a small tipi and then proceeding to construct a log cabin around it. This fire structure combines benefits of both fire types: the tipi allows

759-417: A long, thick piece of kindling is driven into the ground at an angle, so that it overhangs the tinder pile. The smaller pieces of kindling are leaned against the big stick so that the tinder is enclosed between them. In an alternative method, a large piece of fuelwood or log can be placed on the ground next to the tinder pile. Then kindling is placed with one end propped up by the larger piece of fuelwood, and

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828-656: A mile southeast of Loon Lake . It flows southwest for several miles until it is joined by Gerle Creek , and then travels west to its confluence with the Rubicon River. The river slowly changes course and eventually heads northwest again, finally, joining the Middle Fork of the American River about 20 mi (32 km) northeast of Auburn . The Middle Fork meets the North Fork of the American River in

897-421: A safe eating advisory for Hell Hole Reservoir based on levels of mercury found in species of fish caught there. The construction of the present Hell Hole Dam also changed the course of the Rubicon River. The pre-dam river channel wended its way several miles to its confluence with the Middle Fork of the American River near Ralston Afterbay. Now, In addition to releases from Hell Hole down the pre-dam path, water

966-501: A scheme to dam Loon Lake to the south of Hell Hole and then sluice the water closer to Georgetown where it could be used by residents and farmers. Somewhat later, in 1862, the residents of Placer County (Auburn, Foresthill) devised a scheme to build a road from the Foresthill divide to Olympic Valley with the intent of luring immigrant trains away from Nevada City and into Placerville and neighboring vicinities. George Wharton James,

1035-422: A venue for conversation, storytelling , or song. Another traditional campfire activity involves impaling marshmallows on sticks or uncoiled wire coat hangers , and roasting them over the fire. Roasted marshmallows may also be used for s'more s. Beside the danger of people receiving burns from the fire or embers, campfires may spread into a larger fire. A campfire may burn out of control in two basic ways: on

1104-399: A very long time. A well constructed rakovalkea of two thick logs of two meters in length can warm two lean-to shelters for a whole sleeping shift. The construction causes the logs themselves to protect the fire from the wind. Thus, exposure to smoke is unlikely for the sleepers; nevertheless someone should always watch in case of an emergency. Second, it can be easily scaled to larger sizes (for

1173-807: Is a popular technique for cooking hot dogs or toasting marshmallows for making s'mores. This type of cooking over the fire typically consists of comfort foods that are easy to prepare. There is also no clean up involved unlike an actual kitchen. Another technique is to use pie irons—small iron molds with long handles. Campers put slices of bread with some kind of filling into the molds and put them over hot coals to cook. Campers sometimes use elaborate grills, cast iron pots, and fire irons to cook. Often, however, they use portable stoves for cooking instead of campfires. Other practical, though not commonly needed, applications for campfires include drying wet clothing , alleviating hypothermia , and distress signaling . Most campfires, though, are exclusively for recreation, often as

1242-472: Is actually known by the name, French Meadows powerhouse. The traditional channel of the Rubicon River still maintains water flow from the spillway at Hell Hole Dam and from tributaries of the Rubicon below the dam, such as Gerle Creek (pronounced "girly"). The Placer County Water Agency does not take water directly from Hell Hole or the other dam but instead claims rights to the water as it is shipped through

1311-490: Is diverted through a pipeline to Middle Fork Powerhouse (AKA Stephenson Powerhouse) where it flows into Interbay Reservoir. From here, in addition to releases down the Middle Fork American River, the water is diverted into a tunnel to Ralston Powerhouse and into Ralston Afterbay, where it joins water from the pre-dam path. Oxbow Powerhouse and Oxbow control dam there releases water into the middle fork of

1380-439: Is either partially cut (though some variants involve completely splitting it) and then set upright. Ideally, the log should be cut evenly and placed on a level surface for stability. Tinder and kindling are added to the preformed chamber created by the initial cuts. Eventually, the fire becomes self-feeding. The flat, circular top provides a surface for placing a kettle or pan for cooking, boiling liquids, and more. In some instances,

1449-508: Is less likely, but a fire in a branch is extremely difficult to put out without firefighting equipment, and may spread more quickly than a ground fire. Embers may simply fall off logs and float away in the air, or exploding pockets of sap may eject them at high speed. With these dangers in mind, some places prohibit all open fires, particularly at times prone to wildfires . Many public camping areas prohibit campfires. Public areas with large tracts of woodland usually have signs that indicate

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1518-401: Is never placed on a fire until the kindling is burning strongly. The tipi (or teepee) fire-build takes some patience to construct. First, the tinder is piled up in a compact heap. The smaller kindling is arranged around it, like the poles of a tipi . For added strength, it may be possible to lash some of the sticks together. A tripod lashing is quite difficult to execute with small sticks, so

1587-498: Is not lost to the surrounding ground. In effect, the fire is "off the ground", and burns its way down through its course. And secondly, this fire type requires minimal labor, thereby making it ideal as a fire of choice before bedding down for the evening without having to get up periodically to add fuelwood and/or stoke the fire to keep it going. Start by adding the largest fuelwood in a parallel "layer", then continue to add increasingly smaller and smaller fuelwood layers perpendicularly to

1656-460: Is placed in the fire, then the fuel wood is placed on top of it (unless, as in the rakovalkea fire-build, it is already there). Campfires have been used for cooking since time immemorial . Possibly the simplest method of cooking over a campfire and one of the most common is to roast food on long skewers that can be held above red glowing embers, or on the side near the flames (not over flames in order to avoid soot contamination and burnt food). This

1725-708: The Auburn State Recreation Area below the Foresthill Bridge, and flows into Folsom Lake . The reservoirs and trails along the Rubicon River are recreation areas, managed primarily by the Eldorado National Forest . 39°00′10″N 120°43′55″W  /  39.0027°N 120.7320°W  / 39.0027; -120.7320 Campfire permit A campfire is a fire at a campsite that provides light and warmth, and heat for cooking. It can also serve as

1794-738: The Crystal Range of the Sierra Nevada, within the Eldorado National Forest 's Desolation Wilderness . Historically, the Rubicon River was known as the South Fork of the Middle Fork of the American River. The Rubicon River originates at 9,900 feet (3,018 m) near Clyde Lake in El Dorado County . It flows north-northwest for approximately 8 mi (12.9 km) until it reaches Rubicon Reservoir . The river then travels northwest and within 4.8 mi (7.7 km) of

1863-647: The State Highway 49 bridge over the American River just below Auburn. Folsom Dam reservoir absorbed the surge below that point. Rubicon River (California) The Rubicon River is a major tributary of the Middle Fork American River in the Sierra Nevada of Northern California , west of Lake Tahoe . Its length is 60 miles (97 km) with a watershed of about 184 square miles (477 km ). The river's headwaters are in

1932-414: The "healthful" mineral springs after much of the timber was depleted by the mid-1880s. Railroads brought the tourists. Tourists could reach Truckee, California by rail from either San Francisco or Ogden, Utah by the end of the 19th century. The Lake Tahoe Railway and Transportation Company brought them to the lake. One particular resort established east of Hell Hole has a significant relationship to

2001-554: The 1860s in Nevada Territory also encouraged the attempt of the gold-rush foothillers to find pathways over the mountains to the riches of the Comstock and the more local Olympic Valley silver excitement. The roads then brought timber claimants and homesteaders, called locators, who were able to claim public lands. The old homesteads and timber claims were bought by private water companies or hoteliers who sought visitors to

2070-488: The 1960s. The Gold Rush of 1849 on the South Fork of the American River resulted in establishment of the Sierra foothill towns of Auburn, Placerville , Nevada City , and Georgetown . The Gold Rush did not intrude into the higher elevations of the Sierra Nevada range, but the water and timber needs of these towns did intrude into the upper elevations. In one case in 1873, the privately owned California Water Company employed

2139-587: The American River System and ends up at Folsom Lake near Sacramento . Folsom Dam was originally constructed for the purposes of flood control. The Placer water agency's dams and Ralston are presently known as the Middle Fork Project . Hell Hole Canyon and nearby vicinities initially escaped man-made exploitation during the latter half of the 19th century, but events that occurred then allowed eventual exploitation of Hell Hole during

Hell Hole Reservoir - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-450: The American River just below the spot of the historical confluence. Water for hydroelectric generation is also shuttled into Hell Hole from French Meadows Reservoir which impounds the Middle Fork of the American River. The water travels through a tunnel to a powerhouse located on the north side of Hell Hole. French Meadows, at 5,200 ft elevation, is higher than the 4,700-foot (1,400 m) elevation at Hell Hole. The powerhouse at Hell Hole

2277-465: The American River's three forks. In 1962 the rights to the Rubicon River water were conveyed to Placer County. The Hell Hole dam, a rock-fill -type dam, was completed across the Rubicon River in December 1964. As the reservoir began filling the dam sprung a leak during a flood event and failed completely the next day. The resulting flood washed down the Middle Fork of the American River and washed away

2346-507: The Greenwood Bridge near Auburn. The Placer County Water Agency began a new dam which was completed two years later and has now stood for 42 years. Hell Hole Dam was partially completed at the time of extremely heavy storms in December 1964. The downstream rockfill portion was up about 220 feet above the river bottom, but the impervious core and adjacent zones were only up about 35 feet. Debris from extreme storm runoff upstream of

2415-485: The Lake Tahoe Region from the 1880s into the first decades of the 20th century. Watson may have been the source of the story as he sought to entertain and edify his paying clients with tales of local history. James attributed much of the local lore to Watson. The United States Board on Geographic Names attributes the first use of the name "Hell Hole" to a United States Geological Survey map of 1894. The board

2484-558: The Lake Tahoe region. It was "a paradise of delightful surprises," he wrote. Lower Hell Hole Dam (its official name) is operated by the Placer County Water Agency. The agency controls two dams in the Eldorado National Forest and Tahoe National Forest . The water agency gained its power from financing approved by Placer County voters in 1961. Proposals for the dam date to 1958. In 1964 the first Hell Hole dam

2553-554: The Rubicon Reservoir is met by Highland Creek, Miller Creek, and the Little Rubicon River. It continues northwest for approximately 5 mi (8 km) to Hell Hole Reservoir . Shortly after the river begins flowing southwest from the reservoir, it serves as a border between El Dorado and Placer Counties, and joins the South Fork of the Rubicon River. The South Fork of the Rubicon River originates about

2622-448: The Rubicon River and Five Lakes Creek, formerly a tributary of the Rubicon. Lake water has drowned the historical confluence of the two water courses. The Rubicon River was once known as the south fork of the middle fork of the American River. The Rubicon River's entry into the lake is via a cataract where the river has eroded through the elevated granite block. The lake also features many small granitic islands that expand and contract with

2691-564: The Tahoe National Forest advise caution at Granite Chief: "Topographic maps and skills to use them are highly recommended in the wilderness because of the minimal level in signing and remoteness of the area." Wilderness permits are not required to enter the Granite Chief Wilderness. Campfire permits are always required. The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (OEHHA) has developed

2760-424: The absence of people, leading to property damage, personal injury or possibly a wildfire. Ash is a good insulator , so embers left overnight only lose a fraction of their heat. It is often possible to restart the new day's fire using the embers. To properly cool a fire, water is splashed on all embers, including places that are not glowing red. Splashing the water is both more effective and efficient in extinguishing

2829-506: The author, described the road as an ill-fated enterprise: "The grade is frightful. For an hour or more, we go slowly up it stopping every few yards or so to give our horses breath," James wrote of a ride on the old road a half century after it was built. "It is hard enough for horses to go up this grade but to pull heavily-ladened (sic) wagons - it seems impossible, " he concluded. Later attempts to improve this road or forge other wagon roads were not successful. The Comstock Lode silver rush in

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2898-484: The canyon. Deer Park, just south of Olympic Valley (formerly "Squaw Valley", a ski area and home to the 1960 Winter Olympics) was a tourist hotel which had a rustic hideaway camp at Five Lakes now in Granite Chief Wilderness. James described the Five Lakes resort as a 160-acre (0.65 km) timber claim in which the timber had never been cut but in which cabins had been built and rowboats kept in hand for fishing upon

2967-546: The dam blocked the diversion outlet, and water rapidly accumulated behind the partially constructed dam. As the water came up it seeped through the rockfill, and when it crested, the entire mass collapsed in a matter of minutes. A surge went down the canyon, washing out two older suspension bridges below the Long Canyon influx and at the Spanish Dry Diggins Road crossing near Greenwood. It then washed out

3036-511: The edge of the Kalahari Desert , has been called the oldest known controlled fire. Microscopic analysis of plant ash and charred bone fragments suggests that materials in the cave were not heated above about 1,300 °F (704 °C). This is consistent with preliminary findings that the fires burned grasses, brush, and leaves. Such fuel would not produce hotter flames. The data suggests humans were cooking prey by campfire as far back as

3105-402: The elevated position of the fire can serve as a better beacon than a typical ground-based campfire. A keyhole fire is made in a keyhole-shaped fire ring, and is used in cooking. The large round area is used to build a fire to create coals. As coals develop, they are scraped into the rectangular area used for cooking. A "top lighter" fire is built similar to a log cabin or pyre, but instead of

3174-497: The fire at the "hub," and push each log towards the center as the flames consume the ends. Once the fire is built, the tinder is lighted, using one of several methods A reasonably skilful fire-builder using reasonably good material only needs one match. The tinder burns brightly, but reduced to glowing embers within half a minute. If the kindling does not catch fire, the fire-builder must gather more tinder, determine what went wrong and try to fix it. One of five problems can prevent

3243-455: The fire builder to take multiple safety precautions, including: There are three types of material involved in building a fire without manufactured fuels or modern conveniences such as lighters : In most realistic cases nowadays, non-natural additions to the fuels mentioned above will be used. Often, charcoal lighters like hexamine fuel tablets or ethyl alcohol will be used to start the fire, as well as various types of scrap paper . With

3312-409: The fire danger level, which usually depends on recent rain and the amount of deadfall or dry debris. Even in safer times, it is common to require registration and permits to build a campfire. Such areas are often kept under observation by rangers , who will dispatch someone to investigate any unidentified plume of smoke. Leaving a fire unattended can be dangerous. Any number of accidents might occur in

3381-400: The fire of oxygen. Sand works well, but is less effective than water at absorbing heat. Once the fire is covered thoroughly with sand, water is then added over the fire. When winter or "snow" camping with an inch or more of snow on the ground, neither of the above protocols are necessary—simply douse visible flames before leaving. In lightly used wilderness areas, the area around the campfire

3450-412: The fire properly. A small, enclosed fire that has slowed down may require vigorous blowing to get it going again, but excess blowing can extinguish a fire. Most large fires easily create their own circulation, even in unfavourable conditions, but the variant log-cabin fire-build suffers from a chronic lack of air so long as the initial structure is maintained. Once large kindling is burning, all kindling

3519-421: The fire to ignite easily and the log cabin sustains the fire for a long time. A cross-fire is built by positioning two pieces of wood with the tinder in between. Once the fire is burning well, additional pieces of wood are placed on top in layers that alternate directions. This type of fire creates coals suitable for cooking. A lean-to fire-build starts with the same pile of tinder as the tipi fire-build. Then,

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3588-409: The fire. The water boils violently and carries ash in the air with it, dirtying anything nearby but not posing a safety hazard. Water is continuously poured until the hissing stops, then the ashes are stirred to ensure that water reaches the entire fire, and more water is added if necessary. When the fire is fully extinguished, the ashes are cool to the touch. If water is scarce, sand is used to deprive

3657-482: The first appearance of Homo erectus 1.9 million years ago. Ideally, campfires should be made in a fire ring. If a fire ring is not available, a temporary fire site may be constructed. Bare rock or unvegetated ground is ideal for a fire site. Alternatively, turf may be cut away to form a bare area and carefully replaced after the fire has cooled to minimize damage. Another way is to cover the ground with sand , or other soil mostly free of flammable organic material, to

3726-416: The first, at right angles to it, and also on opposite sides of the tinder. More kindling is added in the same manner. The smallest kindling is placed over the top of the assembly. Of all the fire-builds, the log cabin is the least vulnerable to premature collapse, but it is also inefficient because it makes the worst use of convection to ignite progressively larger pieces of fuel. However, these qualities make

3795-513: The five small lakes. The Five Lakes are the headwaters of Five Lakes Creek which led James on his 1913 horseback descent into Hell Hole in the company of Bob Watson, the guide. The pair camped at Hell Hole, then ascended the Rubicon River to Rockbound Lake , where they camped again. Rockbound Lake is now in the Desolation Wilderness and is near the headwaters of the Rubicon River. The Sacramento Municipal Utility District controls

3864-479: The ground or in the trees . Dead leaves or pine needles on the ground may ignite from direct contact with burning wood , or from thermal radiation . If a root, particularly a dead one, is exposed to fire, it may smoulder underground and ignite the parent tree long after the original fire is doused and the campers have left the area. Alternatively, airborne embers (or their smaller kin, sparks ) may ignite dead material in overhanging branches . This latter threat

3933-474: The ground. Traditionally, whole un-split tree trunks provide the fuelwood. Kindling and tinder are placed between the logs in sufficient quantity (while avoiding the very ends) to raise the upper log and allow ventilation. The tinder is always lit at the center so the bolstering posts near the ends do not burn prematurely. The rakovalkea has two significant features. First, it burns slowly but steadily when lit; it does not require arduous maintenance, but burns for

4002-653: The lake and wilderness presents the opportunity for rustic boat/backpacking adventures through the rugged and scenic 25,680 acres (103.9 km) of wilderness. Like the lake itself, the wilderness is lightly used on the western border. Hell Hole Trail enters the wilderness from near the lake but is difficult to locate. Granite Chief Wilderness is managed by the Tahoe National Forest , while visitor facilities at Hell Hole are exclusively managed by El Dorado National Forest (Georgetown district). The Truckee and American River (formerly Foresthill) ranger districts of

4071-442: The larger kindling is placed over the top of the logs. When that is burning well, it is also pushed down. Eventually, a pile of kindling burns between two pieces of fuelwood, and soon the logs catch fire from it. Another variation is called the funeral pyre method because it is used for building funeral pyres . Its main difference from the standard log cabin is that it starts with thin pieces and moves up to thick pieces. If built on

4140-471: The last layer. Once enough wood is piled, there should be a decent "platform" to make the tipi [tinder/kindling] to initiate the fire. A Dakota smokeless pit fire is a tactical fire used by the United States military as the flame produces a low light signature, reduced smoke, and is easier to ignite under strong wind conditions. Two small holes are dug in the ground: one vertical for the firewood and

4209-553: The level of the lake. In 1984, the federally protected Granite Chief Wilderness was created by the United States Congress after a long advocacy campaign by the Sierra Club , a conservation organization. Upper Hell Hole forms the western border of the Granite Chief Wilderness. A small buffer zone between the lake shore and the wilderness prevents accidental intrusion into the wilderness. The juxtaposition of

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4278-420: The log cabin an ideal cooking fire as it burns for a long period of time and can support cookware. A variation on the log cabin starts with two pieces of fuelwood with a pile of tinder between them, and small kindling laid over the tops of the logs, above the tinder. The tinder is lit, and the kindling is allowed to catch fire. When it is burning briskly, it is broken and pushed down into the consumed tinder, and

4347-405: The miners seeking riches in the 1860s, in what was then called "Squaw Valley", now Olympic Valley must have thought it "a hell of a hole to get into or out of", but admitted his source for the place name was more speculative than the anonymous miner's chances for riches in the area. James' guide for the 1913 camping expedition to Hell Hole was Bob Watson, a well-known camping guide who operated in

4416-570: The other resting on the ground so that the kindling is leaning over the tinder pile. This method is useful in very high winds, as the piece of fuel wood acts as a windbreak. The traditional Finnish rakovalkea ( lit.   ' slit bonfire ' ), or nying in Scandinavian languages , also called by English terms long log fire or gap fire, is constructed by placing one long and thick piece of fuelwood (log) atop another, parallel, and bolstering them in place with four sturdy posts driven into

4485-431: The other slanted to the bottom of the first hole to provide a draft of air for nearly complete combustion. Optional are flat stones to partially cover the first hole and provide support for cookery, and a tree over the pits to disperse the smoke. A Star Fire, or Indian Fire, is the fire design often depicted as the campfire of the old West. Someone lays six or so logs out like the spokes of a wheel (star-shaped). They start

4554-470: The proliferation of packaged food , it is quite likely that plastics will be incinerated as well, a practice that not only produces toxic fumes but will also leave polluted ashes behind because of incomplete combustion at too-low open fire temperatures. There are a variety of designs to choose from in building a campfire. A functional design is important in the early stages of a fire. Most of them make no mention of fuelwood—in most designs, fuelwood

4623-422: The tinder and kindling being placed inside the cabin, it is placed in a tipi on top. The small tipi is lighted on top, and the coals eventually fall down into the log cabin. Outdoor youth organizations often build these fires for "council fires" or ceremonial fires. They burn predictably, and with some practice a builder can estimate how long they will last. They also do not throw off much heat, which isn't needed for

4692-595: Was created in 1890, so previous uses of the name on federal government maps are possible. James reported finding a natural lake near the Hell Hole chasm known as Bear Lake, which would have been drowned by the reservoir. He also described Hell Hole in terms that bely the colorful name: "Hell Hole? Then give me more of it," he wrote. The author reported his pleasure of the canyon was derived from its rugged nature that precluded human exploitation: Logging, mining, water development and road building, evident in other portions of

4761-582: Was partially complete. The dam collapsed on December 23, 1964. A new dam was completed in 1966. Placer County sought drinking water supplies to fuel growth of its communities in the Sacramento Valley . The gold-rush-era town of Auburn is in Placer County as is the suburban community of Roseville . The agency also sought to generate hydroelectric power to finance its ability to deliver the water to users. The lake's principal inflows are from

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