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34-523: The Helvetic Society was the first patriotic society in Switzerland aimed at all Swiss people. It was inspired by Franz Urs Balthasar 's Patriotische Träume eines Eidgenossen von einem Mittel, die veraltete Eidgenosenschaft wieder zu verjüngen , an essay from 1758 which was distributed in manuscript form and was discussed by Joseph Anton Felix von Balthasar (son of the author), Iselin, Gessner and Hans Caspar Hirzel . After two years of discussion, and

68-516: A cap-badge date of 1793 was later adopted. He joined with the radical Capel Lofft of Troston Hall in a proposal for a Suffolk ship-of-war to be supported by subscription. Young returned to the subject of reform in 1798 with An Enquiry into the State of Mind Amongst the Lowest Classes . He had attained a formidable position as commentator and used it to call attention to urban unrest and

102-553: A change of scope from an historical society to a more socially directed one, the Society first met with 9 members in 1761, and was eventually formed on 15 May 1762 in Schinznach-Dorf , with statutes by Hirzel, with 25 initial members. While it had an open membership structure and advocated religious harmony, very few Catholics joined, and the members were predominantly German-speaking . The society tried to be more than just

136-490: A farmer, he built on connections and activities as a publicist a substantial reputation as an expert on agricultural improvement. After the French Revolution of 1789, his views on its politics carried weight as an informed observer, and he became an important opponent of British reformers . Young is considered a major English writer on agriculture and an early contributor to agricultural economics , although he

170-560: A friend of Walter Harte , who published his Essays on Husbandry in 1764. Harte advised him to give up writing for periodicals. He then collected works by Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau , Samuel Hartlib and Jethro Tull , as well as reading Harte. He contributed eleven articles to the Museum Rusticum from 1764 to 1765. In 1767 Young took over a farm in Essex , at Sampford Hall, one reason being to move away from his mother, who

204-546: A judge and improver at Princetown on Dartmoor . Buller corresponded with Young on agricultural matters. The relationship later became awkward, however, when Young's son, the Rev. Arthur Young, was suspected of jury tampering in the trial the United Irishman Arthur O'Connor , on the basis of a letter to Gamaliel Lloyd of Bury St Edmunds , a radical. Buller and the attorney-general took a belligerent attitude to

238-581: A mercantile house in King's Lynn . His sister Elizabeth Mary, who married John Thomlinson in 1758, died the next year, which disrupted the plan for Young to work at Messrs Thomlinson in London, under his sisters in-law. Young's father also died in 1759. In 1761 Young went to London and the following year started a magazine entitled The Universal Museum . It ran to five numbers, edited by Young, who recruited William Kenrick , just out of King's Bench Prison . It

272-521: A model farmer. Young's figures for the total area of England and Wales, and total cultivated area, were serious overestimates. In a work from 1799, during wartime and fiscal strain on the national budget, Henry Beeke gave more reliable figures, showing Young had erred. Young was appointed secretary of the Board of Agriculture in 1793, just after it was formed under the presidency of Sir John Sinclair . In that capacity he worked on collecting and preparing

306-560: A philosophical debate club like most other similar European societies, and also organised social activities, and a yearly autumn meeting from 1763 on, first in Schitznach, and from 1780 on in Olten , and finally in Aarau . New statutes were approved in 1766, focusing on the inclusiveness of the society towards all Swiss from all cantons. The aims of the Society included a democratic reform of

340-521: A pioneer national income statistician, continuing the work of Gregory King , who had lived a century before. Young produced three estimates of the national income of England: in his Tour through the North of England , Farmer's Tour through the East of England and Political Arithmetic . Brunt (2001) emphasises how Young collected his information, and presents him as a pioneer of sample surveys . Young built

374-761: A reputation on the views he expressed as an agricultural improver, a political economist and a social observer. At the age of 17, he published a pamphlet On the War in North America . He also wrote four early novels, and Reflections on the Present State of Affairs at Home and Abroad in 1759. In 1768 he published the Farmer's Letters to the People of England , in 1771 the Farmer's Calendar , which went through many editions, and in 1774 his Political Arithmetic , which

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408-526: A series of journeys through England and Wales, which he described in books that appeared from 1768 to 1770: A Six Weeks' Tour through the Southern Counties of England and Wales ; A Six Months' Tour through the North of England and the Farmer's Tour through the East of England . He claimed that these contained the only first-hand information on the rentals, produce and stock of England. They were favourably received and widely translated. He toured

442-429: A work entitled The Rustic Socrates , which was later translated into English by Arthur Young and into other European languages. Hirzel also authored some historical eulogies and dialogues on religion and tolerance. He died of apoplexy on 19 February 1803. Arthur Young (agriculturist) Arthur Young FRS (11 September 1741 – 12 April 1820) was an English agriculturist . Not himself successful as

476-517: A yarn dealer, was a friend of both Symonds and Young. In the wool controversy, Oakes was on the other side from Young, who argued that restricting the export of wool was against the interests of landowners, while Oakes wished to see the price of wool to spinners fall. A tour by Young was typically preceded by newspaper publicity and consisted of social meetings with prominent farmers and agricultural improvers. One in south-west England in 1796 led to an acquaintance with Sir Francis Buller, 1st Baronet ,

510-503: Is a designated Grade II listed structure. He left an autobiography in manuscript, which was edited (1898) by Matilda Betham-Edwards . Young influenced contemporary observers of economic and social life, such as Frederick Morton Eden and Sir John Sinclair. He was influential too on the American improver John Beale Bordley . More recently Young has been studied for his methods of investigation. Richard Stone (1997) presents him as

544-599: Is best known as a social and political observer. Also read widely were his Tour in Ireland (1780) and Travels in France (1792). Young was born in 1741 at Whitehall , London, the second son of Anna Lucretia Coussmaker, and her husband Arthur Young , who was rector of Bradfield Combust in Suffolk and chaplain to Arthur Onslow . After attending school at Lavenham from 1748, he was in 1758 placed at Messrs Robertson,

578-473: The French Revolution ) he described the condition of the people and the conduct of public affairs at a critical juncture. His Travels in France appeared in one large quarto volume in 1792, reprinted in two octavo volumes ( Dublin , 1793) and in an enlarged second edition in two quarto volumes (London, 1794). An eye-witness to the French Revolution as one who was welcomed into the company of

612-538: The General View of Agriculture county surveys . The Annals of Agriculture began to wind down in 1803, when John Rackham of Bury St Edmunds, who printed it, found copy was lacking and pressed Young, who padded out the pages with old notes. Richard Phillips took it on for volume 41, and saw the publication out, the final volume 45 appearing in 1808. Economic historians Robert C. Allen and Cormac Ó Gráda have challenged some of Young's conclusions. Young began

646-459: The Kingdom of Ireland in 1776–1777, publishing his Tour in Ireland in 1780. The book was republished in 1897 and 1925, but with much of Young's social detail removed. The full text was republished in 1892 as " Arthur Young's Tour in Ireland (1776–1779) " by Arthur Hutton. Young's first visit to France was in 1787. Travelling all over the country annually from 1787 to 1789 (around the start of

680-758: The Revolution in France (1790), in Young's Plain and Earnest Address to Britons of November 1792. This was endorsed by the loyalist Association for Preserving Liberty and Property against Republicans and Levellers . In 1793 he opposed Charles Grey 's reform motion in Parliament and wrote Example of France a Warning to Britain . Still in 1793, Young played a role in recruiting the Suffolk Yeomanry , by pulling together local groups of cavalry volunteers. The formation actually took place in 1794, although

714-540: The Swiss constitution, and education for all, influenced by the ideas of Jean-Jacques Rousseau as expressed in Emile: or, On Education . The pedagogic reformer Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi was an early member of the Society. He was one of the contributors for the Society's magazine Der Erinnerer , established in 1765, but it was soon suppressed for being too radical and critical of the authorities. The 1766 statutes listed as

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748-404: The aim of the Society "The only goal and unique object of our Society must be to establish and conserve between the Swiss love and friendship, unity and concord; to maintain among them the taste for beautiful, noble and great acts; and to transmit for posterity liberty, peace and virtue through the care of good citizens". After a halting start, with a membership that stayed at around 80 until 1770,

782-661: The allegations, when the letter was read out in court. From 1801, Young followed the evangelical teaching of Thomas Scott at the London Lock Chapel, and was influenced by Charles Simeon . In 1809 he became a correspondent, living abroad, of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands . In 1811 he became firm friends with Marianne Francis (1790–1832) a niece of Frances Burney , who shared his commitment to evangelical Christianity. His sight, however,

816-834: The highest levels of the French nobility (including the King and Queen) at the time of the fall of the Bastille in 1789, Young by 1792 had become an opponent of its violence and modified his reforming views on English politics. Seeing the burned châteaux at Besançon , he was shocked by the provincial disorders, as he had been by the chaotic debates of the National Assembly (for which he recommended John Hatsell 's book on procedure). He and William Windham aligned themselves with Edmund Burke 's views expressed in Reflections on

850-446: The influence of Tom Paine . Young's closest friend was John Symonds , a Cambridge academic, who became involved in his writing as editor. Frederick Hervey, 4th Earl of Bristol in 1782 held weekly Thursday dinners at Ickworth for Symonds, Young and others. In the late 1780s the export of wool became contentious, but Young combined forces with Sir Joseph Banks in opposing restrictions on this. James Oakes of Bury St Edmunds,

884-646: The members of the Helvetic Society started with the creation of the legislative assembly for the new Helvetic Republic , providing many members. The Society was abandoned, and was revived in 1819. The second version of the Society existed until 1849, when the society had become superfluous when most of its ideas were included in the new Swiss Federal Constitution of 1848. Hans Caspar Hirzel Hans Caspar Hirzel (21 March 1725 - 18 February 1803), also known or spelt as - Herzil John Caspar , Kaspar Hirzel , Johann Kasper Herzel , or John Kaspar Hirzel ,

918-462: The society flourished, with 159 members by 1780 and 283 by 1797, with a steady rise in visitors as well, like some members of the Bernoulli family in 1763. Among the new members were a lot of cantonal magistrates and other members of the Swiss elite. Of the 386 members the society had between 1762 and 1798, some 90 percent held a political office at some time. In 1798, instead of an annual meeting,

952-412: The works of Tissot into German ; subsequently, Hirzel published a Treatise on Rural Economy , in acquaintance with a Swiss farmer, who is distinguished for his agriculture industry and skill. Hirzel conceived the notion of publishing the result of this man's (the Swiss farmer) experience in his agricultural occupation, including facts and observations from other sources. This undertaking was published as

986-484: Was a Swiss physician and writer on rural economy . Hirzel was born in Zürich in 1725 and adopted the medical profession by his learning and intelligence. He distinguished himself in lecturing on the theory and practice of medicine, including instructions to midwives. He was one of the principal founders of the Helvetic Society in 1726 along with Isaak Iselin , Salomon Gessner , and some 20 others. He translated

1020-526: Was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1774; but the Society refused a number of his papers on agricultural topics, which always had critics, such as James Anderson of Hermiston . In 1784 Young began the publication of the Annals of Agriculture , which ran for 45 volumes: contributors included King George III , writing under the pseudonym "Ralph Robinson", and Robert Andrews , whom Young took as

1054-526: Was failing, and in that year he had an operation for a cataract , which proved unsuccessful, leaving him blind. Young continued to publish pamphlets. He died in Sackville Street, London on 12 April 1820, aged 78, after a painful illness caused by bladder calculus , and was buried at Bradfield Combust church, where his tomb, in sarcophagus form, is inscribed, "Let every real patriot shed a tear, For genius, talent, worth, lie buried here." The tomb

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1088-537: Was on bad terms with his wife. For financial reasons he had to move on in 1768 to Bradmore Farm, North Mymms , in Hertfordshire . There he engaged in experiments described in A Course of Experimental Agriculture (1770). Though these were generally unsuccessful, they gave him a working knowledge of agriculture. He acted as parliamentary reporter for the London Morning Post from 1773. Young

1122-472: Was then sold to a consortium of booksellers, according to initial advice from Samuel Johnson , who wanted no part of it. Young suffered from lung disease from 1761 to 1763, and turned down the offer of a post as a cavalry officer from Sir Charles Howard . Young's mother then put him in charge of the family estate at Bradfield Hall, a small property encumbered with debt. Between 1763 and 1766 he concentrated on farming there. In 1764–1765 Young met and became

1156-435: Was widely translated. Young produced around 25 books and pamphlets on agriculture and 15 books on political economy, as well as many articles. These include: The Travels in France were translated into French in 1793–1794 by François Soules; a new version by Henri Lesage with an introduction by Léonce Guilhaud de Lavergne appeared in 1856. The Directory in 1801 ordered Young's writings to be translated in 20 volumes under

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