A dye is a colored substance that chemically bonds to the substrate to which it is being applied. This distinguishes dyes from pigments which do not chemically bind to the material they color. Dye is generally applied in an aqueous solution and may require a mordant to improve the fastness of the dye on the fiber.
93-542: Henna is a reddish dye prepared from the dried and powdered leaves of the henna tree . It has been used since at least the ancient Egyptian period as a hair and body dye, notably in the temporary body art of mehndi (or "henna tattoo") resulting from the staining of the skin using dyes from the henna plant. After henna stains reach their peak colour, they hold for a few days, then gradually wear off by way of exfoliation , typically within one to three weeks. Henna has been used in ancient Egypt, ancient Near East and then
186-432: A dermatome . The dermatome is gently dragged across the skin on the face to remove the top layer of dead skin cells and peach fuzz. This process helps the skin to absorb products better and boost the production of collagen , which improves the texture and tightness of the skin. A common misconception is that the vellus hair (known as peach fuzz) that is removed via dermaplaning will grow back thicker and darker, giving
279-595: A commercial scale. Early industrialization was conducted by J. Pullar and Sons in Scotland. The first synthetic dye, mauve , was discovered serendipitously by William Henry Perkin in 1856. The discovery of mauveine started a surge in synthetic dyes and in organic chemistry in general. Other aniline dyes followed, such as fuchsine , safranine , and induline . Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared. The discovery of mauve also led to developments within immunology and chemotherapy . In 1863
372-742: A familiar shower accessory in numerous countries in West Africa. The shape and material allow exfoliation nets to dry quicker than typical sponges, so there is less accumulation of bacteria in the accessory. Proper care for exfoliation nets includes leaving the net to hang dry between uses and cleaning it using a washing machine or hand-wash method weekly. Micro-bead scrubs are cosmetic products that contain small plastic spheres that act as exfoliating components when scrubbed against skin. The plastic beads act as alternatives for natural, eco-friendly exfoliating agents such as pumice , oatmeal , and walnut husks. Microbeads are commonly composed of
465-404: A liquid (water, lemon juice, etc.) and an essential oil (lavender, cajuput, tea tree etc.) are not "shelf stable," meaning they expire quickly, and cannot be left out on a shelf for over one week without losing their ability to stain the skin. The leaf of the henna plant contains a finite amount of lawsone. As a result, once the powder has been mixed into a paste, this leaching of dye molecule into
558-439: A living body - administered by injection or other means (intravital staining) - as the latter is (for instance) subject to higher safety standards, and must typically be a chemical known to avoid causing adverse effects on any biochemistry (until cleared from the tissue), not just to the tissue being studied, or in the short term. The term "vital stain" is occasionally used interchangeably with both intravital and supravital stains,
651-481: A marriage is known as the Mehndi Celebration or Mehndi Night or Laylat al Henna, and is mainly held for the bride and groom. In Algeria , brides receive gifts of jewellery and have henna painted on their hands prior to their weddings. The bride and the groom seal their vows in front of their guests by getting applied a circle-shaped henna on the palm of their hands. Usually, the grandmothers or mothers of
744-406: A microscope). As the visibility is meant to allow study of the cells or tissues, it is usually important that the dye not have other effects on the structure or function of the tissue that might impair objective observation. A distinction is drawn between dyes that are meant to be used on cells that have been removed from the organism prior to study (supravital staining) and dyes that are used within
837-487: A pre-manufactured paste takes to arrive in the hands of consumers is typically longer than the seven-day dye release window of henna, therefore one can reasonably expect that any pre-made mass-produced cone that is not shipped frozen is a potentially harmful adulterated chemical variety. · Henna only stains the skin one color, a variation of reddish brown, at full maturity three days after application. Powdered fresh henna, unlike pre-mixed paste, can be easily shipped all over
930-563: A wedding festival can last up to 5 days, with 2 days involving henna art. One of these days is referred to as azmomeg (meaning unknown), and is the Thursday before the wedding where guests are invited to apply henna to the bride. The other henna ceremony occurs after the wedding ceremony, called the Day of Henna. On this day, typically an older woman applies henna to the bride after she dips in the mikveh to ward off evil spirits who may be jealous of
1023-444: A weekly exfoliant regime. Technological advances in the cosmetics industry have led to innovative exfoliation techniques, such as laser resurfacing. Most commonly used for facial rejuvenation, this exfoliation process utilizes a laser to treat flaws on the skin surface. This method of exfoliation is most effective for treating wrinkles and discoloration. Carbon dioxide lasers , erbium lasers, and combinations of these are examples of
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#17327756879081116-838: A youthful and healthy appearance. Exfoliation was first practiced among the ancient Egyptians. This was also used in Asia , specifically in China , during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1944). Mechanical exfoliation methods involve physically scrubbing the skin with an abrasive material. These types of exfoliants include microfiber cloths, adhesive exfoliation sheets, micro-bead facial scrubs, crêpe paper, crushed apricot kernel or almond shells, sugar or salt crystals , pumice , and abrasive materials such as sponges , loofahs , brushes , and fingernails. A variety of facial scrubs are available in over-the-counter products for application by
1209-556: Is a place for milling henna mixed with other herbs. In Palestine (region) , and territories of the Palestinian National Authority , some Middle Eastern and North African Jewish communities and families, also Druze, Christian and Muslim ones, host henna parties the night or week before a wedding, according to familial customs. The use of henna in this region can be traced as far back to the Song of Songs in which
1302-559: Is added to the dye bath to help the uptake of the dye onto the fiber. Basic dyes are also used in the coloration of paper . Direct or substantive dyeing is normally carried out in a neutral or slightly alkaline dye bath, at or near boiling point , with the addition of either sodium chloride (NaCl) or sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) or sodium carbonate (Na 2 CO 3 ). Direct dyes are used on cotton , paper, leather , wool, silk and nylon . They are also used as pH indicators and as biological stains . Laser dyes are used in
1395-706: Is currently growing in complexity and elaboration, with new innovations in glitter, gilding, and fine-line work. Recent technological innovations in grinding, sifting, temperature control, and packaging henna, as well as government encouragement for henna cultivation, have improved dye content and artistic potential for henna. Though traditional henna artists were from the Nai caste in India, and barbering castes in other countries (lower social classes), talented contemporary henna artists can command high fees for their work. Women in countries where women are discouraged from working outside
1488-655: Is derived from the henna plant. The word henna comes from the Arabic حِنَّاء ( ALA-LC : ḥinnāʾ ; pronounced [ħɪnˈnæːʔ] ). The origins of the initial human uses of henna are uncertain; however, there are records that the plant was marketed in Babylonia , and was used in Ancient Egypt on some mummies to dye their hair, skin, nails, or funeral wrappings. It arrived in North Africa during
1581-439: Is indicating a job title for a person whose work is associated with the milling or grinding henna leaves and sell it in a powder form. This type of business is an old job still alive in some parts of Iran , especially in the world recognized archeologically ancient " Yazd " province. The most famous one is a family owned business by "Mazar Atabaki" families resided in the land hundreds of years ago. Māzāri ( Persian : مازاری )
1674-421: Is not medically necessary, as dead skin cells already exfoliate naturally, and excessive artificial exfoliation can break the skin's barrier against microorganisms and lead to infection, as well as tightness and sensitivity in the skin. Artificial exfoliation can exacerbate dry, flaky skin, which needs moisturization for repair, and can result in some initial redness to the skin. Near the end of chemical peels,
1767-486: Is the food dye . Because food dyes are classed as food additives , they are manufactured to a higher standard than some industrial dyes. Food dyes can be direct, mordant and vat dyes, and their use is strictly controlled by legislation . Many are azo dyes, although anthraquinone and triphenylmethane compounds are used for colors such as green and blue . Some naturally occurring dyes are also used. A number of other classes have also been established, including: By
1860-565: Is used as material to make the shower sponges. As the luffa plant matures, its fibers dry out, allowing the shell left over to be used as the spongy material for the exfoliation tool after their seeds are removed and the gourd is sliced and shaped. Loofahs offer benefits beyond exfoliation: they effectively spread soap around the body to cleanse and they stimulate blood circulation during use. Because loofahs are porous, they are more susceptible to harboring bacteria and fungal organisms that could be harmful and cause infections. Proper care for
1953-427: Is used to reduce the appearance of flaws on facial skin, such as facial lines, wrinkles, scars, and discoloration. In this exfoliation process, a rapidly rotating device is used to remove the outermost layer of facial skin. Dermabrasion requires anesthetics to numb the skin before the procedure. Depending on the extent of the treatment, further numbing medication might be provided to limit the amount of pain felt from
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#17327756879082046-463: Is used. The very fine particle size gives a large surface area that aids dissolution to allow uptake by the fiber. The dyeing rate can be significantly influenced by the choice of dispersing agent used during the grinding. Azoic dyeing is a technique in which an insoluble Azo dye is produced directly onto or within the fiber. This is achieved by treating a fiber with both diazoic and coupling components . With suitable adjustment of dyebath conditions
2139-461: The Bodhu Boron ceremony. In an attempt to ritually clean a bride before her wedding day, Bulgarian Romani decorate the bride with a blot of henna. This blot symbolizes the drop of blood on the couples' sheets after consummating the marriage and breaking the female's hymen. The tradition also holds that the longer the henna lasts, the longer the husband will love his new bride. In Egypt ,
2232-565: The Impressionists , further popularized the association of henna-dyed hair and young bohemian women. Opera singer Adelina Patti is sometimes credited with popularizing the use of henna in Europe in the late nineteenth century. Parisian courtesan Cora Pearl was often referred to as La Lune Rousse (the red-haired moon) for dyeing her hair red. In her memoirs, she relates an incident when she dyed her pet dog's fur to match her own hair. By
2325-729: The Indian subcontinent to dye skin, hair and fingernails, as well as fabrics including silk , wool , and leather . Historically, henna was used in West Asia including the Arabian Peninsula and in Carthage , other parts of North Africa , West Africa , Central Africa , the Horn of Africa and the Indian subcontinent . The name henna is used in other skin and hair dyes, such as black henna and neutral henna , neither of which
2418-608: The Punic civilization through Phoenician Diasporas where it was used as a beautification tool. Pliny the Elder wrote about its use in the Roman Empire as a medicine, a perfume, and a dye. Whole, unbroken henna leaves will not stain the skin because the active chemical agent, lawsone , is bound within the plant. However, dried henna leaves will stain the skin if they are mashed into a paste. The lawsone will gradually migrate from
2511-504: The Rasm-e-Heena , which is often one of the most important pre-wedding ceremonies celebrated by both the bride and groom's families. The night of mehndi , as the gathering at which the application of the henna is performed, usually falls on the second day of the festivities and one day before the wedding itself. The process commonly involves only the bride and groom but also can include close friends or other family members. The hands of
2604-571: The Republic of Georgia in a prehistoric cave dated to 36,000 BP . Archaeological evidence shows that, particularly in India and Phoenicia , dyeing has been widely carried out for over 5,000 years. Early dyes were obtained from animal , vegetable or mineral sources, with no to very little processing. By far the greatest source of dyes has been from the plant kingdom , notably roots, berries, bark, leaves and wood, only few of which are used on
2697-619: The 1950s, Lucille Ball popularized "henna rinse" as her character, Lucy Ricardo, called it on the television show I Love Lucy . It gained popularity among young people in the 1960s through growing interest in Eastern cultures. Commercially packaged henna, intended for use as a cosmetic hair dye, originated in ancient Egypt and the ancient Near East and is now popular in many countries in South Asia, Europe, Australia, and North America. The color that results from dyeing with henna depends on
2790-626: The Armenian communities of Sis , both the groom and the bride had henna nights, where the groom would get his hair cut and his friends bid for the honor of drawing the cross with henna on the hands of the groom and godfather. The tradition of hinadreq , painting the palms of a bride-to-be, is still practiced in parts of Armenia today as a sign of fertility and happiness in married life. In Bangladesh, women use mehndi on hands on occasions like weddings and engagements as well as during Eid al-Fitr , Eid al-Adha and other events. In wedding ceremonies,
2883-630: The Jewish bridal henna process took four or five days to complete, with multiple applications and resist work. Specific henna designs may also vary by region. For example, geometric shapes such as triangles and diamonds characteristic of traditional Moroccan beading is represented in Moroccan henna designs. The fashion of " Bridal Mehndi " in North Indian, Bangladesh, Northern Libya and in Pakistan
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2976-522: The Mehndi ceremony has traditionally been separated into two events: one organized by the bride's family and one by the groom's family. These two events are solely dedicated for adorning the bride and groom in Mehndi and is known as a 'Mehndi Shondha' meaning the Evening of Mehndi . Some brides tend to go for Alta . Sometimes Hindu women also apply Mehendi instead (or along with) Alta on their feet during
3069-560: The addition of salt to produce a lake pigment . Textile dyeing dates back to the Neolithic period. Throughout history, people have dyed their textiles using common, locally available materials. Scarce dyestuffs that produced brilliant and permanent colors such as the natural invertebrate dyes Tyrian purple and crimson kermes were highly prized luxury items in the ancient and medieval world. Plant-based dyes such as woad , indigo , saffron , and madder were important trade goods in
3162-532: The appearance of a beard. This has been denied by dermaplaning specialists, who state that the removal of the dead skin and peach fuzz does not impact growth, color, or texture of facial hair. The procedure is recommended to be performed by an aesthetician . In most cases, the blade must be used on clean, dry skin and covers the forehead, cheeks, chin, nose, and neck. However, dermaplaning can also be performed on skin that has oil applied to it. Some methods of hair removal also mechanically exfoliate
3255-783: The appearance of freckles with phenol peeling was a method developed by Tilbury Fox in 1871, and from there the use of phenol peeling increased in popularity. Chemical exfoliation methods, also known as chemical peeling, utilizes chemical substances in order to remove dead skin cells from the face. These types of exfoliants contain alpha-hydroxy acids ( glycolic acid , lactic acid , mandelic acid , malic acid , tartaric acid , and citric acid ), beta hydroxy acids ( salicylic acid ), polyhydroxy acids ( lactobionic acid , gluconolactone , and galactose ) or enzymes ( trypsin or collagenase ). These chemicals weaken cell adhesion, allowing them to ease away. Out of these, only AHAs (alpha-hydroxyl acids) and BHAs (beta hydroxyl acids) are available on
3348-484: The author wrote, "My beloved is to me a cluster of henna blossoms in the vineyards of Engedi." Sephardic Jews and Mizrahi Jews , such as Moroccan Jews and Yemenite Jews who have immigrated to Israel, continue these familial customs. In Malaysia , henna ( Malay : inai ) is used to adorn the bride and groom's hands before the wedding at a berinai ceremony. In Morocco , henna is applied symbolically when individuals go through life cycle events. Moroccans refer to
3441-513: The bride gathers with her friends the night before her wedding day to celebrate the henna night. In India, Hindu women have motifs and tattoos on hands and feet on occasions like weddings and engagements. In Kerala, women and girls, especially brides, have their hands decorated with Mailanchi. In North Indian wedding ceremonies, there is one evening solely dedicated for adorning the bride and groom in Mehndi , also known as 'Mehndi ki raat. In Iran ,
3534-479: The celebration. Bridal henna nights remain an important custom in many of these areas, particularly among traditional families. Henna was regarded as having Barakah ("blessings"), and was applied for luck as well as joy and beauty. Brides typically had the most henna, and the most complex patterns, to support their greatest joy and wishes for luck. Some bridal traditions were very complex, such as those in Yemen, where
3627-611: The customs differ based on region. The henna night, called hina gisher or khennagedje in Armenian , has always been deemed an essential part of Armenian marriage traditions. In Kesaria , henna parties were organized by the bride’s female friends and family on the Friday before her wedding. Traditional Armenian henna was usually applied on the fingertips, however young women also received designs on their hands. In Nirzeh , elderly women applied henna to young girls and boys. Furthermore, in
3720-456: The days of Sudan's ancient civilizations where both would-be couples get their hands and feet pigmented with this natural dye. Children also have their hands and feet dyed with henna during their circumcision festivity. Dye The majority of natural dyes are derived from non-animal sources such as roots, berries, bark, leaves, wood, fungi and lichens . However, due to large-scale demand and technological improvements, most dyes used in
3813-415: The dead skin cells. To effectively use a pumice stone as an exfoliation tool, soaking the affected area in warm water until the skin begins to soften is a recommended first step. The pumice stone then must be wet before rubbing against the affected area with moderate pressure for about 2 to 3 minutes. The exfoliating process of dermaplaning requires a single blade razor resembling a scalpel called
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3906-458: The dye, or dyes which may be allergens. Apart from its use as a hair dye, henna has recently been used as a temporal substitute to eyebrow pencil or even as eyebrow embroidery. The different words for henna in ancient languages imply that it had more than one point of discovery and origin, as well as different pathways of daily and ceremonial use. Henna has been used to adorn young women's bodies as part of social and holiday celebrations since
3999-410: The dyeing of cellulose acetate , and are water-insoluble. The dyes are finely ground in the presence of a dispersing agent and sold as a paste, or spray-dried and sold as a powder. Their main use is to dye polyester , but they can also be used to dye nylon, cellulose triacetate , and acrylic fibers. In some cases, a dyeing temperature of 130 °C (266 °F) is required, and a pressurized dyebath
4092-513: The economies of Asia and Europe. Across Asia and Africa, patterned fabrics were produced using resist dyeing techniques to control the absorption of color in piece-dyed cloth. Dyes from the New World such as cochineal and logwood were brought to Europe by the Spanish treasure fleets, and the dyestuffs of Europe were carried by colonists to America. Dyed flax fibers have been found in
4185-485: The eruption of Thera in 1680 BCE) show women with markings consistent with henna on their nails, palms and soles, in a tableau consistent with the henna bridal description from Ugarit. Many statuettes of young women dating between 1500 and 500 BCE along the Mediterranean coastline have raised hands with markings consistent with henna. This early connection between young, fertile women and henna seems to be
4278-500: The fabric in a solution of an organic compound, typically a nitrophenol derivative, and sulfide or polysulfide . The organic compound reacts with the sulfide source to form dark colors that adhere to the fabric. Sulfur Black 1, the largest selling dye by volume, does not have a well defined chemical structure. Some dyes commonly used in Staining: One other class that describes the role of dyes, rather than their mode of use,
4371-454: The fiber is attributed, at least partly, to salt formation between anionic groups in the dyes and cationic groups in the fiber. Acid dyes are not substantive to cellulosic fibers. Most synthetic food colors fall in this category. Examples of acid dye are Alizarine Pure Blue B, Acid red 88 , etc. Basic dyes are water-soluble cationic dyes that are mainly applied to acrylic fibers , but find some use for wool and silk. Usually acetic acid
4464-448: The fiber substrate. The covalent bonds that attach reactive dye to natural fibers make them among the most permanent of dyes. "Cold" reactive dyes, such as Procion MX , Cibacron F , and Drimarene K , are very easy to use because the dye can be applied at room temperature. Reactive dyes are by far the best choice for dyeing cotton and other cellulose fibers at home or in the art studio. Disperse dyes were originally developed for
4557-401: The forerunner to Bayer AG was formed in what became Wuppertal , Germany . In 1891, Paul Ehrlich discovered that certain cells or organisms took up certain dyes selectively. He then reasoned that a sufficiently large dose could be injected to kill pathogenic microorganisms, if the dye did not affect other cells. Ehrlich went on to use a compound to target syphilis , the first time a chemical
4650-500: The groom and bride apply this henna, and a small decorative pillow with a satin ribbon is attached on their hands for a few hours. In Afghanistan , henna is also known as "kheena". Afghan tradition holds that henna brings good luck and happiness. It is used by both men and women on many occasions such as wedding nights, Nawroz , Eidul fitr , Eidul Adha , Shabe-e Barat , and circumcision celebrations . Henna traditions were widespread in both eastern and western Armenia , however,
4743-480: The groom’s hands and feet as part of the wedding ritual. Henna is both offered and received as part of religious rituals during the urs and mela (fairs) honoring Sufi saints. On the 7th day of Muharram, the tradition of carrying Mehndi to pay respect to Hazrat Imam Qasim a.s is observed each year. In Somalia , henna has been used for centuries, it is cultivated from the leaves of the Ellan tree, which grows wild in
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#17327756879084836-405: The henna paste into the outer layer of the skin and bind to the proteins in it, creating a stain. Since it is difficult to form intricate patterns from coarsely crushed leaves, henna is commonly traded as a powder made by drying, milling and sifting the leaves. The dry powder is mixed with one of a number of liquids, including water, lemon juice, strong tea, and other ingredients, depending on
4929-407: The henna pattern will darken the stain, either during the time the paste is still on the skin, or after the paste has been removed. It is debatable whether this adds to the color of the result as well. After the stain reaches its peak color, it holds for a few days, then gradually wears off by way of exfoliation , typically within one to three weeks. Natural henna pastes containing only henna powder,
5022-537: The home can find socially acceptable, lucrative work doing henna. Morocco , Mauritania , Yemen , Libya , Somalia , Kenya , Sudan , the United Arab Emirates , India and many other countries have thriving women's henna businesses. These businesses are often open all night for Eid , Diwali and Karva Chauth . Many women may work together during a large wedding, wherein hundreds of guests have henna applied to their body parts. This particular event at
5115-567: The late Bronze Age in the Eastern Mediterranean . The earliest text mentioning henna in the context of marriage and fertility celebrations comes from the Ugaritic legend of Baal and Anath , which has references to women marking themselves with henna in preparation to meet their husbands, and Anath adorning herself with henna to celebrate a victory over the enemies of Baal. Wall paintings excavated at Akrotiri (dating prior to
5208-681: The lather with a brush, the use of a razor removes dead skin because the razor is dragged closely across the skin. Manual razors exfoliate more effectively than electric razors. Methods of chemical exfoliation for aesthetic enhancement of the skin have dated back to the time of the Ancient Egyptians, who used a combination of animal oils, alabaster, salt, and sour milk as an exfoliant to improve skin quality. Various other chemical exfoliation techniques were developed in multiple other civilizations, such as Greek, Roman, Turkish, Indian, and Hungarian peoples. Chemical exfoliation to lessen
5301-403: The loofah includes rinsing and drying the loofah after each use and soaking the loofah in a diluted solution of bleach to clean it weekly. It is also recommended to replace a loofah every 3 to 4 weeks. Exfoliation nets are shower accessories used for exfoliation and lathering that are composed of nylon material in the form of knotted mesh nets. Exfoliation nets are native to Ghana, but they are
5394-470: The market for daily use. While AHAs are applied to clear the outer layer of the skin, BHAs penetrate and clean it from within. These scrubs may be applied in high concentrations by medical professionals, or provided in lower concentrations via over-the-counter products. This type of exfoliation is recommended for people treating acne . In Continental European beauty spa treatments, wine-producing grapes are considered to have exfoliating properties and are used in
5487-416: The material polyethylene terephthalate (PET); however, they can also be made with other plastic materials as well. When scrubbed against the skin, the beads polish the skin by removing the dead skin cells from the top layer of the skin. The steps involved to use a micro-bead scrub include softening the skin using lukewarm water, gently scrubbing the product against the skin in circular motions, and rinsing
5580-415: The mixture will only occur for an average of two to six days. If a paste will not be used within the first few days after mixing, it can be frozen for up to four months to halt the dye release, for thawing and use at a later time. Commercially packaged pastes that remain able to stain the skin longer than seven days without refrigeration or freezing contain other chemicals besides henna that may be dangerous to
5673-559: The modern world are synthetically produced from substances such as petrochemicals. Some are extracted from insects and/or minerals . Synthetic dyes are produced from various chemicals. The great majority of dyes are obtained in this way because of their superior cost, optical properties (color), and resilience (fastness, mordancy). Both dyes and pigments are colored, because they absorb only some wavelengths of visible light . Dyes are usually soluble in some solvent, whereas pigments are insoluble. Some dyes can be rendered insoluble with
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#17327756879085766-549: The most common use of henna is among the long wedding rituals practiced in Iran. The henna ritual, which is called ḥanā-bandān, is held for both the bride and the bridegroom during the wedding week The ceremony is held prior to the wedding and is a traditional farewell ritual for newlyweds before they officially start their life together in a new house. The ceremonies take place in the presence of family members, friends, relatives, neighbors, and guests. In Iran, Māzār ( Persian : مازار )
5859-462: The mountainous regions of Somalia. It is used for practical purposes such as dyeing hair and also more extravagantly by coloring the fingers and toes of married women and creating intricate designs. It is also applied to the hands and feet of young Somali women in preparation for their weddings and all the Islamic celebrations. Sometimes also done by young school girls for several occasions Henna
5952-718: The nature of their chromophore , dyes are divided into: Dyes produced by the textile, printing and paper industries are a source of pollution of rivers and waterways. An estimated 700,000 tons of dyestuffs are produced annually (1990 data). The disposal of that material has received much attention, using chemical and biological means. A "vital dye" or stain is a dye capable of penetrating living cells or tissues without causing immediate visible degenerative changes. Such dyes are useful in medical and pathological fields in order to selectively color certain structures (such as cells) in order to distinguish them from surrounding tissue and thus make them more visible for study (for instance, under
6045-561: The newlyweds. The groom is also painted with henna after the wedding. During the groom's henna painting, he commonly wears black clothing, this tradition emerged from the Pact of Umar as the Jews were not permitted to dress similar to colorful Muslim dress in Morocco. In Pakistan, henna is often used in weddings , Eid ul fitr , Eidul Adha , milad and other events. The henna ceremony is known as
6138-780: The origin of the Night of the Henna, which is now celebrated in all the middle east. The Night of the Henna was celebrated by most groups in the areas where henna grew naturally: Jews, Muslims, Sikhs, and Hindus among others, all celebrated marriages and weddings by adorning the bride, and often the groom, with henna. Across the henna-growing region, Purim , Eid , Diwali , Karva Chauth , Passover , Mawlid , and most saints' days were celebrated with some henna. Favourite horses, donkeys, and salukis had their hooves, paws, and tails hennaed. Battle victories, births, circumcision, birthdays, Zār , as well as weddings, usually included some henna as part of
6231-465: The original color of the hair, as well as the quality of the henna, and can range from orange to auburn to burgundy. Henna can be mixed with other natural hair dyes, including Cassia obovata for lighter shades of red or even blond and indigo to achieve brown and black shades. Some products sold as "henna" include these other natural dyes . Others may include metal salts that can interact with other chemical treatments, or oils and waxes that may inhibit
6324-464: The oxidation process of stain development. Cooking oil may be used to loosen dry paste. Henna stains are orange when the paste is first removed, but darken over the following three days to a deep reddish brown due to oxidation. Soles and palms have the thickest layer of skin and so take up the most lawsone, and take it to the greatest depth, so that hands and feet will have the darkest and most long-lasting stains. Some also believe that steaming or warming
6417-427: The paste as henna and the designs as naqsh, which means painting or inscription. In Morocco, there are two types of henna artists: non-specialists, who traditionally partake in wedding rituals, and specialists, who partake in tourism and decorative henna. Nqaasha, the low-end Henna specialists, are known for attracting tourists, which they refer to as gazelles or international tourists, in artisan slang. For Moroccans ,
6510-404: The percentage of total cells that stain negatively. Because the dye determines whether the staining is supravital or intravital, a combination of supravital and vital dyes can be used to more accurately classify cells into various groups (e.g., viable, dead, dying). Exfoliation (cosmetology) In cosmetology , exfoliation is the removal of the surface skin cells and built-up dirt from
6603-455: The practice of vinotherapy . Though primarily intended for hair removal , chemical depilatory , such as Nair and shaving powder, also function as a chemical exfoliant. Such products contain calcium hydroxide and/or thioglycolic acid . They are applied more frequently than waxing (once a week) since they only partially destroy the hair below the skin, rather than pulling up the entire root as waxing does. Using them weekly can substitute for
6696-554: The product off the skin. Due to the significant environmental impact and harm caused to marine ecosystems, microplastic beads have been banned by many countries. Pumice , which is an igneous rock that is composed of solidified lava that rapidly cools with gas bubbles being trapped inside of it, is commonly used as an exfoliating material. Pumice is a decently abrasive material, making it useful as an exfoliating agent. Pumice stone can be effectively used as an exfoliation tool on calluses or corns, often found on feet, to remove
6789-474: The production of some lasers, optical media ( CD-R ), and camera sensors ( color filter array ). Mordant dyes require a mordant , which improves the fastness of the dye against water, light and perspiration . The choice of mordant is very important as different mordants can change the final color significantly. Most natural dyes are mordant dyes and there is therefore a large literature base describing dyeing techniques. The most important mordant dyes are
6882-403: The skin to provide quicker healing time and less side effects. Ablative laser resurfacing has multiple risks associated with the exfoliation process. These risks include: redness, swelling, itching, pain, acne, infection, skin discoloration, and scarring. To have ablative laser resurfacing performed, one must consult with a doctor to review suitability of the procedure. Dermabrasion
6975-525: The skin's surface. The term comes from the Latin word exfoliare ('to strip off leaves'). This is a regular practice within the cosmetic industry, both for its outcome of promoting skin regeneration as well as providing a deep cleanse of the skin barrier. Being used in facials , this process can be achieved by mechanical or chemical means, such as microdermabrasion or chemical peels . Exfoliants are advertised as treatments that enhance beauty and promote
7068-411: The skin, the paste is often sealed down by dabbing a sugar/lemon mix over the dried paste or adding some form of sugar to the paste. After some time the dry paste is simply brushed or scraped away. The paste should be kept on the skin for a minimum of four to six hours, but longer times and even wearing the paste overnight is a common practice. Removal should not be done with water, as water interferes with
7161-434: The skin. Waxing functions as an exfoliant, plucking the hair out of the skin. While it can be performed every two to eight weeks, waxing is not carried out as frequently as many exfoliants. Thus, it does not fully substitute for an exfoliation regimen. Wet shaving also has exfoliating properties. Gliding a shaving brush vigorously across the face removes dead skin cells and cleanses the skin simultaneously. After applying
7254-460: The skin. The paste can be applied with many traditional and innovative tools, starting with a basic stick or twig. In Morocco, a syringe is common. A plastic cone similar to those used to pipe icing onto cakes is used in India. A light stain may be achieved within minutes, but the longer the paste is left on the skin, the darker and longer lasting the stain will be, so it needs to be left on as long as possible. To prevent it from drying or falling off
7347-693: The skin. After the initial seven-day release of lawsone dye, the henna leaf is spent, therefore any dye created by these commercial cones on the skin after this time period is actually the result of other compounds in the product. These chemicals are often undisclosed on packaging, and have a wide range of colors including what appears to be a natural looking color stain produced by dyes such as sodium picramate . These products often do not contain any henna. There are many adulterated henna pastes such as these, and others, for sale today that are erroneously marketed as "natural", "pure", or "organic", all containing potentially dangerous undisclosed additives. The length of time
7440-532: The synthetic mordant dyes, or chrome dyes, used for wool; these comprise some 30% of dyes used for wool, and are especially useful for black and navy shades. The mordant potassium dichromate is applied as an after-treatment. It is important to note that many mordants, particularly those in the heavy metal category, can be hazardous to health and extreme care must be taken in using them. Vat dyes are essentially insoluble in water and incapable of dyeing fibres directly. However, reduction in alkaline liquor produces
7533-534: The tradition. Many artists use sugar or molasses in the paste to improve consistency to keep it stuck to the skin better. The henna mix must rest between one and 48 hours before use in order to release the lawsone from the leaf matter. The timing depends on the crop of henna being used. Essential oils with high levels of monoterpene alcohols, such as tea tree , cajuput , or lavender , will improve skin stain characteristics. Other essential oils, such as eucalyptus and clove, are not used because they are too irritating to
7626-401: The treatment. There are multiple risks associating with dermabrasion. These risks include: redness, swelling, acne, enlarged pores, skin discoloration, infection, scarring, or rashes. In most cases, skin that is treated with dermabrasion will be sensitive with splotches of redness and discoloration for weeks following the procedure. According to dermatologists, chemical or manual exfoliation
7719-404: The two components react to produce the required insoluble azo dye. This technique of dyeing is unique, in that the final color is controlled by the choice of the diazoic and coupling components. This method of dyeing cotton is declining in importance due to the toxic nature of the chemicals used. Sulfur dyes are inexpensive dyes used to dye cotton with dark colors. Dyeing is effected by heating
7812-554: The types of ablative lasers that are used in the resurfacing process. The top outer layer of the skin is removed by the laser, which simultaneously heats the layer of skin lying beneath it. This process encourages collagen growth, which will improve the texture and tightness of the skin. The top layer of the skin will continue to heal and grow back to reveal a smoother and tighter appearance. Fractional versions of ablative lasers have also recently been developed. These are designed to leave minimal amounts of untreated tissue on
7905-408: The underlying concept in either case being that the cells examined are still alive. In a stricter sense, the term "vital staining" means the polar opposite of "supravital staining." If living cells absorb the stain during supravital staining, they exclude it during "vital staining"; for example, they color negatively while only dead cells color positively, and thus viability can be determined by counting
7998-413: The user. People with dry skin should avoid exfoliants which have a significant portion of pumice , or crushed volcanic rock. Pumice is known as a material to exfoliate the skin of the feet. Loofahs are shower accessories that are commonly used for a dual purpose of cleaning and exfoliating the skin. Loofahs are named for the tropical and subtropical gourd within the cucumber family called luffa that
8091-565: The visible region (some examples are nitro , azo , quinoid groups) and an auxochrome which serves to deepen the color. This theory has been superseded by modern electronic structure theory which states that the color in dyes is due to excitation of valence π-electrons by visible light. Dyes are classified according to their solubility and chemical properties. Acid dyes are water - soluble anionic dyes that are applied to fibers such as silk , wool , nylon and modified acrylic fibers using neutral to acid dye baths. Attachment to
8184-412: The water-soluble alkali metal salt of the dye. This form is often colorless, in which case it is referred to as a Leuco dye , and has an affinity for the textile fibre. Subsequent oxidation reforms the original insoluble dye. The color of denim is due to indigo , the original vat dye. Reactive dyes utilize a chromophore attached to a substituent that is capable of directly reacting with
8277-519: The wedding couple are elegantly painted on this night to act as a sign of their union. In Sindh , henna is known as "Mehndi" and serves both as a decorative art on the hands, arms, feet, and legs, and as a natural dye for gray hair, used by both women and men in every ceremonial occasions, events and festivals. Mehndi is applied with traditional designs featuring motifs like mor (peacock), badak (duck), tikra (dotted), other floral and geometric designs are also used. Typically, female relatives apply henna to
8370-409: The world and stored for many years in a well-sealed package. Body art quality henna is often more finely sifted than henna powders for hair. In Ancient Egypt, Ahmose-Henuttamehu (17th Dynasty, 1574 BCE) was probably a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Ahmose Inhapy . Smith reports that the mummy of Henuttamehu's own hair had been dyed a bright red at the sides, probably with henna. In Europe, henna
8463-791: Was cultivated in the Nasrid kingdom of Granada and applied to the face and hair by both sexes. After the Castilian conquest of Granada (1492), it was forbidden for Moriscos as it was a sign distinguishing them from Old Christians . After the expulsion of the Moriscos (1609–1614), cultivation ceased. In Sudan , Henna dyes are regarded with a special sanctity in Sudan and for that reason they are always present during happy occasions: weddings and children circumcisions, in particular. Henna has been part of Sudan's social and cultural heritage ever since
8556-790: Was popular among women connected to the aesthetic movement and the Pre-Raphaelite artists of England in the 1800s. Dante Gabriel Rossetti 's wife and muse, Elizabeth Siddal , had naturally bright red hair. Contrary to the cultural tradition in Britain that considered red hair unattractive, the Pre-Raphaelites fetishized red hair. Siddal was portrayed by Rossetti in many paintings that emphasized her flowing red hair. The other Pre-Raphaelites, including Evelyn De Morgan and Frederick Sandys , academic classicists such as Frederic Leighton , and French painters such as Gaston Bussière and
8649-448: Was used in order to selectively kill bacteria in the body. He also used methylene blue to target the plasmodium responsible for malaria . The color of a dye is dependent upon the ability of the substance to absorb light within the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum (380–750 nm). An earlier theory known as Witt theory stated that a colored dye had two components, a chromophore which imparts color by absorbing light in
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