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56-666: Cobb was born in Brookline, Massachusetts to Albert Adams and Mary Russell Candler Cobb. Cobb studied at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology for one year then transferred to Harvard University where he graduated in 1881 with an engineering degree. After graduating, Cobb worked at the Boston architectural firm Peabody & Stearns before moving to Chicago in 1882. In Chicago, Cobb partnered with Charles Sumner Frost and formed Cobb and Frost . They designed

112-650: A street in Brighton is named). A key event in the history of Allston–Brighton was the establishment in 1775 of a cattle market to supply the Continental Army . Jonathan Winship I and Jonathan Winship II established the market, and in the post-war period that followed, the Winships became the largest meat packers in Massachusetts. The residents of Little Cambridge resolved to secede from Cambridge when

168-706: A " Praying Indian " village on the present Newton–Brighton boundary, where resided local natives converted to Christianity. The first permanent English settlement came as settlers crossed the Charles River from Cambridge, establishing Little Cambridge, the area's name before 1807. Before the American Revolutionary War , Little Cambridge became a small, prosperous farming community with fewer than 300 residents. Its inhabitants included wealthy Boston merchants such as Benjamin Faneuil (after whom

224-486: A Select Board. In 2017, a Brookline Town Meeting voted to recognize Indigenous Peoples' Day instead of Columbus Day. In 2019, Brookline banned the distribution of carry-out plastic bags at grocery stores and other businesses . In 2021, Brookline banned the sale of tobacco and e-cigarettes to anyone born after January 1, 2000, in Article 8.23 of the town bylaws, expanding on Massachusetts' existing prohibition on

280-547: A bridge dispute, and was annexed to Boston in 1874. For much of its early history, it was a rural town with a significant commercial center at its eastern end. The neighborhood of Allston was also formerly part of the town of Brighton, but is now often considered to be separate, leading to the name Allston–Brighton for the combined area. This historic center of Brighton is the Brighton Center Historic District . The Aberdeen section of Brighton

336-695: A comparatively older housing stock. The median home age was 67 years and 39.8% of homes were built before 1939. According to the 2012-2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, the largest ancestry groups in ZIP Code 02135 are: Brighton is home to many Boston Public Schools: Brighton was home to many Catholic schools, many of which have closed: Our Lady of the Presentation in Oak Square (closed 2005), Saint Gabriel's, behind Saint Elizabeth Medical Center (closed 1970), Saint Sebastian's School in

392-464: A history of racial discrimination in zoning, which has led to a disproportionately wealthy population and a very low percentage of Black residents, at only 2.5%. Several streets and railroads were laid out in the town in the 19th century. Today, these are Massachusetts Route 9 (locally "Boylston St", which cuts the town in two) and the various branches of the MBTA's Green Line . To the north of Route 9,

448-435: A median income of $ 56,861 versus $ 43,436 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 44,327. About 4.5% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line , including 5.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.5% of those ages 65 and older. The poverty rate of Brookline's residents rate rose from 9.3% in 2000 to 13.1% in 2010. and then reduced to 10.2% in 2021 The following historic buildings are open to

504-616: A plural wife. Cobb and wife Emma Martin Smith had 10 children, seven of whom survived into adulthood. The children were: architect and author Henry Ives Cobb, Jr. (1883–1974), Cleveland Cobb (1884–?), Leonore Cobb (1885–?), Candler Cobb (c. 1887–?), Elliot Cobb (1888–?), Priscilla Cobb (1890–91), Alice Cobb (1892–93), Boughton Cobb (1894–1974), Russell Cobb (1897–?), and Emerson Cobb, (1902–10). Brookline, Massachusetts Brookline ( / ˈ b r ʊ k l aɪ n / )

560-473: A recent history of blocking multifamily housing construction. Since the 1970s, new housing construction has plunged in Brookline. Brookline has enacted zoning changes that ban multi-apartment buildings and limit the height of buildings. Proposals for new development frequently face onerous lawsuits. These restrictions on housing supply have led housing prices in Brookline to skyrocket in recent decades. In 2023,

616-455: Is humid continental Dfa . Brookline falls under the USDA 6b Plant Hardiness zone . As of the census of 2010, there were 58,732 people, 24,891 households, and 12,233 families residing in the town. The population density was 8,701.0 inhabitants per square mile (3,359.5/km ). There were 26,448 housing units at an average density of 3,889.6 per square mile (1,501.8/km ). The racial makeup of

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672-464: Is John F. Sullivan. Brookline is twinned with: Brighton, Boston Brighton is a former town and current neighborhood of Boston , Massachusetts , United States, located in the northwestern corner of the city. It is named after the English city of Brighton . Initially Brighton was part of Cambridge , and known as "Little Cambridge". Brighton separated from Cambridge in 1807 after

728-443: Is Liz Breadon. Breadon's predecessor Mark Ciommo held this position from 2007 to 2019. As of 2020, the estimated population of Brighton is 48,330. The population density is 15,784 per mi , slightly lower than the citywide average of 16,686 per mi . The median age is 29.3. The largest measured age cohort is 25–34, which comprises 36.4% of the population (note: depending on methodology, college students might not be counted). 60.7% of

784-488: Is a kind of landscape garden, and there is nothing in America of the sort, so inexpressibly charming as the lanes which lead from one cottage, or villa, to another. No animals are allowed to run at large, and the open gates, with tempting vistas and glimpses under the pendent boughs, give it quite an Arcadian air of rural freedom and enjoyment. These lanes are clothed with a profusion of trees and wild shrubbery, often almost to

840-558: Is a surplus building used by the town to temporarily teach students in when another school building is being renovated. It was rented in 2009 as the venue for the play Sleep No More . As of the 2012–13 school year, the student body was 57.4% White, 18.1% Asian, 6.4% Black, 9.9% Hispanic, and 8.2% multi-race. Approximately 30% of students came from homes where English is not the first language. Several private primary and secondary schools are located in Brookline. Several institutes of higher education are located in Brookline. Also, parts of

896-485: Is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts , United States, and part of the Boston metropolitan area . An exclave of Norfolk County, Brookline borders six of Boston 's neighborhoods: Brighton , Allston , Fenway–Kenmore , Mission Hill , Jamaica Plain , and West Roxbury . The city of Newton borders Brookline to the west. It is known for being the birthplace of John F. Kennedy . The land which comprises what

952-437: Is administered jointly with the adjacent neighborhood of Allston (zip code 02134). The two are referred to together as " Allston–Brighton " (and by some as "Brighton–Allston"), and (also according to Census Bureau data) have a combined population of 65,276 and a land area of 4.12 square miles (10.7 km ). Brighton is generally to the west of Everett, Gordon and Kelton streets. As of 2020 , the city councilor of Allston-Brighton

1008-709: Is land. The northern part of Brookline, roughly north of the D-line tracks, is urban in character, as highly walkable and transit rich. The population density of this northern part of town is nearly 20,000 inhabitants per square mile (8,000/km ), similar to the densest neighborhoods in nearby Cambridge , Somerville and Chelsea , Massachusetts (the densest cities in New England), and slightly lower than that of central Boston's residential districts (Back Bay, South End, Fenway, etc.). The overall density of Brookline, which also includes suburban districts and grand estates south of

1064-566: Is today Brookline was first settled in 1638 as a hamlet in Boston, known as Muddy River (as it was settled on the west side of the river of the same name ). It was incorporated as a separate town with the name of Brookline in 1705. In 1873, Brookline had a contentious referendum in which it voted to remain independent from Boston. The later annexations of Brighton and West Roxbury , both in 1874, and that of Hyde Park in 1912, eventually made Brookline into an exclave of Norfolk County. The town has

1120-575: The Boston College stop at the western edge of Brighton. Cleveland Circle on the C branch is located in the southern tip of Brighton, and Reservoir station on the D branch is located one block to the south. The former A branch of the Green Line, (discontinued in 1969), also served the community. Brighton is also served by MBTA bus routes 57 , 57A , 64 , 65 , 66 , 70 , 86 , 501 , and 503 , as well as Boston Landing station on

1176-567: The Boston Elevated Railway system, this upgrade from horse-drawn carriage to electric trolleys occurred on many major streets all over the region, and made transportation into downtown Boston faster and cheaper. Much of Brookline was developed into a streetcar suburb , with large brick apartment buildings sprouting up along the new streetcar lines. Brookline has a history of racial covenants that blocked people of color and some ethnic minorities to own housing in Brookline. In

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1232-920: The Boston University campus and into Allston-Brighton . Brookline is served by several MBTA bus routes: The town of Brookline is protected full-time by the 158 paid, professional firefighters of the Brookline Fire Department (BFD). It currently operates out of five fire stations located throughout the town, under the command of a Deputy Chief per shift. The BFD also operates a fire apparatus fleet of four engines, two ladders, one quint, one cross-staffed rescue (special operations), two squads, one special operations unit, one haz-mat decon trailer, two maintenance units, as well as numerous other special, support, and reserve units. The Brookline Fire Department responds to approximately 8,500 emergency calls annually. The current Chief of Department

1288-469: The Green Line D branch . The portion of Beacon Street west of Kenmore Square was laid out in 1850. Streetcar tracks were laid above ground on Beacon Street in 1888, from Coolidge Corner to Massachusetts Avenue in Boston, via Kenmore Square. In 1889, they were electrified and extended over the Brighton border at Cleveland Circle . They would eventually become the Green Line C branch . Thanks to

1344-654: The MBTA Commuter Rail Framingham/Worcester Line . Brighton is connected to the rest of Boston by the Allston neighborhood. It is otherwise surrounded by Cambridge, Watertown, Newton, and Brookline . The Charles River separates Brighton from Cambridge and Watertown. According to the Census Bureau, Brighton, defined by zip code 02135, has a population of 43,887 and a land area of 2.78 square miles (7.2 km ). Brighton

1400-1023: The Palmer Mansion (demolished) on Lake Shore Drive ; the Chicago Varnish Company Building —listed on the National Register of Historic Places and as a Chicago Landmark ; the Episcopal Church of the Atonement at 5749 North Kenmore Avenue—also on the National Register of Historic Places; the Chicago Federal Building (demolished); the Newberry Library ; the Fisheries Building (demolished) at

1456-919: The World's Columbian Exposition ; and many pre-1900 buildings at Lake Forest College and the University of Chicago . Elsewhere, he designed the Sinclair Oil Building (today the Liberty Tower ), a Perpendicular-style skyscraper in downtown Manhattan , that was converted to residences in 1980; the Olive Building in St. Louis and co-designed the King Edward Hotel in Toronto . Cobb moved to Washington, D.C. , in 1897 to escape

1512-493: The 19th century. The Boston and Worcester Railroad was constructed in the early 1830s, and passed through Brookline near the Charles River. The rail line is still in active use, now paralleled by the Massachusetts Turnpike . The Highland branch of the Boston and Albany Railroad was built from Kenmore Square to Brookline Village in 1847, and was extended into Newton in 1852. In the late 1950s, this would become

1568-597: The Boston area. Its businessmen did not neglect the cattle industry, however. In 1834, the Boston & Worcester Railroad was built, solidifying the community's hold on the cattle trade. By 1866, the town contained 41 slaughterhouses, which later were consolidated into the Brighton Stock Yards and Brighton Abattoir . In October 1873, the Town of Brighton in Middlesex County voted to annex itself to

1624-623: The Boston-Brookline border was redrawn to connect the new Back Bay neighborhood with Allston-Brighton. This merger created a narrow strip of land along the Charles River belonging to Boston, cutting Brookline off from the shoreline. It also put certain lands north of the Muddy River on the Boston side, including what are now Kenmore Square and Packard's Corner . The current northern border follows Commonwealth Avenue, and on

1680-468: The Brookline government enacted a zoning change to only permit single-family housing in most of the territory of Brookline. Many of the present-day apartment buildings in Brookline were constructed prior to this zoning change. In 1970, the state authorized rent control in municipalities with more than 50,000 residents. Brookline, Lynn, Somerville, and Cambridge subsequently adopted rent control. Brookline began decontrolling units in 1991. Brookline has

1736-531: The Chicago grime, which damaged his cherished art collection. Cobb is responsible for The University of Chicago Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, WI, constructed from 1895 to 1897, with its Greco-Roman terra-cotta architectural detail. Henry Ives Cobb's grandmother, Augusta Adams Cobb, controversially abandoned her husband, Henry Cobb, and five of her seven children in 1843, and married Brigham Young as

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1792-706: The City of Boston in Suffolk County, and in January 1874 Brighton officially became part of the City of Boston. Allston–Brighton's population grew rapidly in the next 50 years, rising from 6,000 in 1875 to 47,000 by 1925. Brighton is accessible via the B branch of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA)'s Green Line light rail service, which has 11 stops along Commonwealth Avenue in Brighton, terminating at

1848-541: The D-line, is still higher than that of many of the largest cities in the United States, especially in the South and West. Brookline borders Newton (part of Middlesex County ) to the west and Boston (part of Suffolk County ) in all other directions; it is therefore non-contiguous with any other part of Norfolk County. Brookline became an exclave of Norfolk County in 1873, when the neighboring town of West Roxbury

1904-740: The Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity ( METCO ) system. There are eight elementary schools in the Brookline Public School system: Baker School , Florida Ruffin Ridley School , Driscoll , Roland Hayes School , Lawrence School , Lincoln School , Pierce School , and Runkle School . As of December 2006, there were 6,089 K–12 students enrolled in the Brookline public schools. The system includes one early learning center, eight grades K–8 schools, and one comprehensive high school. The Old Lincoln School

1960-623: The Oak Square Heights (moved to Needham in 1977). Our Lady of Presentation School is currently under study for landmark status by the Boston Landmarks Commission . Remaining are Saint Columbkille's School on Arlington Street (K–8) and St. Joseph's Preparatory Academy (formerly Mount St. Joseph Academy ), a co-educational high school located on Cambridge Street. The EF International Language School, an English and college preparatory school for international students,

2016-401: The age of 18, living with them, 38.4% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 52.2% were non-families. 36.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.18 and the average family size was 2.86. In the town, the population distribution

2072-421: The area is fairly urban; the southern part is much less so. At the time of the 2020 census , the population of the town was 63,191. It has been the most populous municipality in Massachusetts to have a town (rather than city) form of government since Framingham changed to a city in 2018, following a 2017 referendum. Once part of Algonquian territory, Brookline was first settled by European colonists in

2128-423: The carriage tracks, and curve and wind about, in a manner quite bewildering to the stranger who attempts to thread them alone; and there are more hints here for the lover of the picturesque in lanes than we ever saw assembled together in so small a compass. Brookline residents were among the first in the country to propose extending the vote to women. Benjamin F. Butler , in his 1882 campaign for governor, advocated

2184-400: The early 17th century. The area was an outlying part of the colonial settlement of Boston and known as the hamlet of Muddy River. In 1705, it was incorporated as the independent town of Brookline. The northern and southern borders of the town were marked by two small rivers or brooks, which is the town's namesake. The northern border with Brighton (which was itself part of Cambridge until 1807)

2240-524: The early 20th century, Brookline banned the construction of triple-decker housing , which was a form of housing popular with poor immigrant communities in the United States. Advocates for the ban justified the ban with anti-immigrant rhetoric. In 1922, Prescott F. Hall , a Brookline resident who co-founded the Immigration Restriction League , petitioned the Brookline government to exclusively allow single-family housing. In 1924,

2296-577: The following are located in Brookline: Boston University including Wheelock College , Boston College , and Northeastern University 's Parsons Field . Newbury College closed in 2019. Brookline is served by the C and D branches of the MBTA 's Green Line trains, with inbound service to downtown Boston and outbound service to Newton. The B line runs just to the northwest of Brookline along Commonwealth Avenue , through

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2352-407: The idea. Two branches of upper Boston Post Road , established in the 1670s, passed through Brookline. Brookline Village was the original center of retail activity. In 1810, the Boston and Worcester Turnpike, now Massachusetts Route 9 , was laid out, starting on Huntington Avenue in Boston and passing through the village center on its way west. Steam railroads came to Brookline in the middle of

2408-494: The latter's government made decisions detrimental to the cattle industry and also failed to repair the Great Bridge linking Little Cambridge with Cambridge proper. Legislative approval for separation was obtained in 1807, and Little Cambridge renamed itself Brighton. In 1820, the horticulture industry was introduced to the town. Over the next 20 years, Brighton blossomed as one of the most important gardening neighborhoods in

2464-550: The median sale price for a single-family home in Brookline was $ 2.51 million, and the median condo price was $ 927,500. As a consequence of restrictions on housing supply, Brookline is overwhelmingly wealthy. Only 2.5% of its population is black, which is the second-lowest share of black people in any community in the Boston area. Only 14% of Brookline teachers, 21% of Brookline police and 22% of Brookline firefighters live in Brookline, as median salaries for these kinds of jobs make housing in Brookline largely unaffordable . Brookline

2520-684: The northeast, St. Mary's Street. When Frederick Law Olmsted designed the Emerald Necklace of parks and parkways for Boston in the 1890s, the Muddy River was integrated into the Riverway and Olmsted Park , creating parkland accessible by both Boston and Brookline residents. Throughout its history, Brookline has resisted being annexed by Boston, in particular during the Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873 . The neighboring towns of West Roxbury and Hyde Park connected Brookline to

2576-431: The population have never been married. The population was 65.5% white , 14.9% Asian American , 4.4% black or African American , and nearly 11.1% Hispanic of any race. 65.5% of Brighton residents graduated from a four-year college . As of 2020 , the median home price was $ 542,900 compared with $ 291,700 for the country as a whole, and the cost of living was 30% higher than the national average. Brighton has

2632-423: The public: Other historic and cultural sites include: Since 1916, Brookline has been governed by a representative town meeting , which is the town's legislative body, and a five-person Select Board , the town's executive branch. Fifteen town meeting representatives are elected to three year terms from each of the town's seventeen precincts. From 1705 to 1916, the town was governed by an open town meeting and

2688-551: The rest of Norfolk County until they were annexed by Boston in 1874 and 1912, respectively, putting them in Suffolk County . Brookline is now separated from the remainder of Norfolk County. Brookline has long been regarded as a pleasant and verdant environment. In the 1841 edition of the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening , Andrew Jackson Downing described the area this way: The whole of this neighborhood of Brookline

2744-616: The sale of tobacco products to anyone under the age of 21. In March 2023, the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court upheld the bylaw in the case Six Brothers Inc. v. Town of Brookline . The town is served by the Public Schools of Brookline . The student body at Brookline High School includes students from more than 76 countries. Many students attend Brookline High from surrounding neighborhoods in Boston, such as Mission Hill and Mattapan through

2800-457: The town was 73.3% White , 3.4% Black or African American , 0.12% Native American , 15.6% Asian (6.7% Chinese , 2.6% Indian , 2.3% Korean , 1.8% Japanese ), 0.03% Pacific Islander , 1.01% from other races , and 3.0% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.0% of the population (0.9% Mexican , 0.8% Puerto Rican ). (Source: 2010 Census Quickfacts) There were 25,594 households, out of which 21.9% had children under

2856-458: Was Smelt Brook. (That name appears on maps starting at least as early as 1852, but sometime between 1888 and 1925 the brook was covered over. ) The southern boundary, abutting Boston, was the Muddy River . In 1843, a racially restrictive covenant in Brookline forbade resale of property to "any negro or native of Ireland ." The Town of Brighton was merged with Boston in 1874, and

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2912-586: Was annexed by Boston (and left Norfolk County to join Suffolk County ). Brookline refused to be annexed by Boston after the Boston–Brookline annexation debate of 1873 . Brookline separates the bulk of the city of Boston (except for a narrow neck or corridor near the Charles River ) from its westernmost neighborhoods of Allston–Brighton , which had been the separate town of Brighton until annexed by Boston in 1873. There are many neighborhood associations, some of which overlap. Neighborhoods, squares, and notable areas of Brookline include: The climate of Brookline

2968-627: Was designated as a local architectural conservation district by the Boston Landmarks Commission in 2001. In 1630, land comprising present-day Allston–Brighton and Newton was assigned to Watertown . In 1634, the Massachusetts Bay Colony transferred ownership of the south side of the Charles River , including present-day Allston–Brighton and Newton, from Watertown to Newtowne, which was soon renamed Cambridge . In 1646, Reverend John Eliot established

3024-562: Was known as the hamlet of Muddy River and was considered part of Boston until the Town of Brookline was independently incorporated in 1705. (The Muddy River was used as the Brookline–Boston border at incorporation.) It is said that the name derives from a farm therein once owned by Judge Samuel Sewall . Originally the property of CPT John Hull and Judith Quincy Hull. Judge Sewall came into possession of this tract, which embraced more than 350 acres, through Hannah Quincy Hull (Sewall) who

3080-728: Was the Hull's only daughter. John Hull in his youth lived in Muddy River Hamlet, in a little house which stood near the Sears Memorial Church. Hull removed to Boston, where he amassed a large fortune for those days. Judge Sewall probably never lived on his Brookline estate. According to the United States Census Bureau , Brookline has a total area of 6.8 sq mi (17.7 km ), all but 0.039 sq mi (0.1 km ) (0.44%) of which

3136-417: Was wide, with 16.6% under the age of 18, 11.7%, from 18 to 24, 37.3% from 25 to 44, 21.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 79.1 males. The median income for a household for 2021 in the town was $ 83,318, and the median income for a family was $ 122,356. Males had

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