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39-472: George Hepplewhite (1727? – 21 June 1786) was a cabinetmaker . He is regarded as having been one of the "big three" English furniture makers of the 18th century, along with Thomas Sheraton and Thomas Chippendale . There are no pieces of furniture made by Hepplewhite or his firm known to exist but he gave his name to a distinctive style of light, elegant furniture that was fashionable between about 1775 and 1800 and reproductions of his designs continued through

78-439: A base cabinet and spring into a locked position at counter height. This hardware aids in lifting these somewhat heavy mixers and assists with positioning the unit for use. More and more components are being designed to enable specialized hardware to be used in standard cabinet carcasses. Most cabinets incorporate a top of some sort. In many cases, the top is merely to enclose the compartments within and serves no other purpose—as in

117-482: A combination of English, Greek Revival, French Regency and Hollywood glamour. The main colours of glam cabinets can follow high impact or soft and luxurious directions. The most important feature of this style is the combination of lighter neutral tones with intense, sharp dark shades such as black, navy blue and jewel tones. The main features of glamour in cabinetry are: This style of design is typified by clean horizontal and vertical lines. Compared to other designs there

156-543: A depth of 12" front to back. Standard height of a base cabinet is amongst manufactures is 34.5". According to design guidelines of the National Kitchen & Bath Association, known as the NKBA , the height from the counter top surface to the bottom of the upper cabinets should be no less than 15" in clearance. Wall cabinets are manufactured in a variety of heights based on the storage needs and allowable height within

195-448: A greater "dead space" at the back than other cabinets. An alternative to the lazy susan , particularly in base cabinets, is the blind corner cabinet pull out unit. These pull out and turn, making the attached shelving unit slide into the open area of the cabinet door, thus making the shelves accessible to the user. These units make usable what was once dead space. Other insert hardware includes such items as mixer shelves that pull out of

234-553: A stain or other transparent or semi-transparent finish. MDF has been the primary choice among manufacturers to be used on a solid finish painted surface. Cabinets which rest on the floor are supported by some base. This base could be a fully enclosed base (i.e. a plinth ), a scrolled based, bracket feet or it could be a set of legs. A type of adjustable leg has been adopted from the European cabinet system which offers several advantages. First off, in making base cabinets for kitchens,

273-423: A standard of 3". Cabinet boxes produced for kitchens are typically made of wood derivatives such as MDF , plywood , or particle board . The cabinet box will most often have a wood veneer to finish the interior. Cabinet door and drawer face material will depend on the manufacturer. Often a natural wood such as maple, oak, ash, birch, cherry, or alder will be used as a material that is intended to be finished with

312-541: A timber veneer , plastic laminate, or other material. They may also be painted. Cabinetry, fundamental usage, ergonomics, and construction of cabinetry found in the kitchen varies geographically. In the United States, cabinetry in the kitchen typically consists of upper, or wall cabinets, and base cabinets. Regarding cabinets produced by cabinet manufacturers, base cabinets are sized at a standard 24" deep, front to back, and wall cabinets are typically constructed at

351-552: A wall hung cupboard for example. In other cabinets, the top also serves as a work surface—a kitchen countertop for example. Boulle work Boulle work (also known as buhl work ) is a type of rich marquetry process or inlay perfected by the French cabinetmaker André-Charles Boulle (1642–1732). It involves veneering furniture with tortoiseshell inlaid primarily with brass and pewter in elaborate designs, often incorporating arabesques . Although Boulle did not invent

390-479: Is a distinct absence of ornamentation. While Scandinavian design is easy to identify, it is much more about the materials than the design. This style of design is ornate. French Provincial objects are often stained or painted, leaving the wood concealed. Corners and bevels are often decorated with gold leaf or given some other kind of gilding. Flat surfaces often have artwork such as landscapes painted directly on them. The wood used in French provincial varied, but

429-419: Is attached to the cabinet by means of a clip, which is either screwed onto the back side of the kick board, or a barbed plastic clip is inserted into a saw kerf, also made on the back side of the kick board. This toe kick board can be made to fit each base cabinet, or made to fit a run of cabinets. Kitchen cabinets, or any cabinet generally at which a person may stand, usually have a fully enclosed base in which

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468-569: Is called a wardrobe or an armoire , or (in some countries) a closet if built-in. Before the advent of industrial design , cabinet makers were responsible for the conception and the production of any piece of furniture. In the last half of the 18th century, cabinet makers, such as Thomas Sheraton , Thomas Chippendale , Shaver and Wormley Brothers Cabinet Constructors, and George Hepplewhite , also published books of furniture forms. These books were compendiums of their designs and those of other cabinet makers . The most famous cabinetmaker before

507-413: Is characterised by its use of materials such as bamboo and rattan . Red is a frequent colour choice along with landscape art and Chinese or other Asian language characters on the pieces. Shaker furniture design is focused on function and symmetry. Because it is so influenced by an egalitarian religious community and tradition it is rooted in the needs of the community versus the creative expression of

546-430: Is generally not obvious. Modern cabinets employ many more complicated means (relative to a simple shelf) of making browsing lower cabinets more efficient and comfortable. One example is the lazy susan , a shelf which rotates around a central axis, allowing items stored at the back of the cabinet to be brought to the front by rotating the shelf. These are usually used in corner cabinets, which are larger and deeper and have

585-516: Is more easily identifiable. Hepplewhite produced designs that were slender, more curvilinear in shape and well balanced. There are some characteristics that hint at a Hepplewhite design, such as shorter more curved chair arms, straight legs, shield-shape chair backs, all without carving. The design would receive ornamentation from paint and inlays used on the piece. The book influenced cabinet makers and furniture companies for several generations. The work of these generations influenced in turn copies of

624-467: Is oak. For early mission cabinetmakers, the material of choice was white oak, which they often darkened through a process known as "fuming" . Hardware is often visible on the outside of the pieces and made of black iron. It is a style that became popular in the early 20th century; popularised by designers in the Arts and Crafts and Art Nouveaux movements. Also known as Asian design , this style of furniture

663-521: Is often made from pine , cedar , fir and spruce . Rustic furniture is usually very simple, handmade and oversized. It is characterised by a bit of roughness (raw woods which look a bit undone). Colors connected with earthy tones: grays, greens and browns are very common here. See Adirondack Architecture . Mission design is characterised by straight, thick horizontal and vertical lines and flat panels. The most common material used in Mission furniture

702-403: Is the least finished. Design is very utilitarian yet seeks to feature not only the materials used but in, as much as possible, how they existed in their natural state. For example, a table top may have what is considered a "live edge" that allows you to see the original contours of the tree that it came from. It also often uses whole logs or branches including the bark of the tree. Rustic furniture

741-442: Is usually custom made for a particular situation and it is fixed into position, on a floor, against a wall, or framed in an opening. For example, modern kitchens are examples of built-in cabinetry. Free-standing cabinets are more commonly available as off-the-shelf items and can be moved from place to place if required. Cabinets may be wall hung or suspended from the ceiling. Cabinet doors may be hinged or sliding and may have mirrors on

780-604: The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography is sceptical about this. He was also a member of the London Society of CabinetMakers. He based himself in London, where he opened a shop. After he died in 1786, the business was continued by his widow, Alice. In 1788 she published a book with about 300 of his designs, The Cabinet Maker and Upholsterers Guide , with two further editions published in 1789 and 1790. It

819-533: The Victorian era and to the 'soulless' machine-made production which was starting to become widespread. During this time, cabinetry was said to be one of the most noble and admirable skills by nearly one fourth of the population of the United Kingdom, and 31% of those who believed this strived for their children to learn the art of cabinetry. After World War II woodworking became a popular hobby among

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858-405: The countertops found in kitchens. A cabinet intended to be used in a bedroom and with several drawers typically placed one above another in one or more columns intended for clothing and small articles is called a dresser or a chest of drawers . A small bedside cabinet is more frequently called a nightstand or night table . A tall cabinet intended for clothing storage including hanging of clothes

897-589: The advent of industrial design is probably André-Charles Boulle (11 November 1642 – 29 February 1732) and his legacy is known as " Boulle work " and the École Boulle , a college of fine arts and crafts and applied arts in Paris, today bears testimony to his art. With the Industrial Revolution and the application of steam power to cabinet making tools, mass production techniques were gradually applied to nearly all aspects of cabinet making, and

936-440: The cabinet bottom by a slotted, hollow machine screw. The height of the cabinet can be adjusted from inside the cabinet, simply by inserting a screwdriver into the slot and turning to raise or lower the cabinet. The holes in the cabinet are capped by plastic inserts, making the appearance more acceptable for residential cabinets. Using these feet, the cabinets need not be shimmed or scribed to the floor for leveling. The toe kick board

975-493: The cabinet doors attach directly to the sides of the cabinet box. The box's side, bottom and top panels are usually 5 ⁄ 8 to 3 ⁄ 4 inch (15 to 20 mm) thick, with the door overlaying all but 1 ⁄ 16 inch (2 mm) of the box edge. Modern cabinetry is often frameless and is typically constructed from man-made sheet materials, such as plywood , chipboard or medium-density fibreboard (MDF). The visible surfaces of these materials are usually clad in

1014-465: The cabinet sides would be cut to 34½ inches, yielding four cabinet side blanks per 4 foot by 8 foot sheet. Using the adjustable feet, the side blanks are cut to 30 inches, thus yielding six cabinet side per sheet. These feet can be secured to the bottom of the cabinet by having the leg base screwed onto the cabinet bottom. They can also be attached by means of a hole drilled through the cabinet bottom at specific locations. The legs are then attached to

1053-451: The designer. Like Early American and Colonial design, Shaker craftsmen often chose fruit woods for their designs. Pieces reflect a very efficient use of materials. The fundamental focus of the cabinet maker is the production of cabinetry. Although the cabinet maker may also be required to produce items that would not be recognized as cabinets, the same skills and techniques apply. A cabinet may be built-in or free-standing. A built-in cabinet

1092-570: The following centuries. One characteristic that is seen in many of his designs is a shield-shaped chair back, where an expansive shield appeared in place of a narrower splat design. Very little is known about Hepplewhite himself. Some established sources list no birth information; however a "George Hepplewhite" was born in 1727 in Ryton , County Durham , England. According to some sources, he served his apprenticeship with Gillows in Lancaster , but

1131-649: The front edge has been set back 75 mm or so to provide room for toes, known as the kick space . A scrolled base is similar to the fully enclosed base but it has areas of the base material removed, often with a decorative pattern, leaving feet on which the cabinet stands. Bracket feet are separate feet, usually attached in each corner and occasionally for larger pieces in the middle of the cabinet. A cabinet usually has at least one compartment. Compartments may be open, as in open shelving; they may be enclosed by one or more doors; or they may contain one or more drawers. Some cabinets contain secret compartments , access to which

1170-430: The inner or outer surface. Cabinets may have a face frame or may be of frameless construction (also known as European or euro-style ). Face frame cabinets have a supporting frame attached to the front of the cabinet box. This face frame is usually 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches (4 cm) in width. Mounted on the cabinet frame is the cabinet door. In contrast, frameless cabinet have no such supporting front face frame,

1209-400: The middle classes. The more serious and skilled amateurs in this field now turn out pieces of furniture which rival the work of professional cabinet makers. Together, their work now represents but a small percentage of furniture production in any industrial country, but their numbers are vastly greater than those of their counterparts in the 18th century and before. Glamour style was originally

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1248-611: The most part could not afford it. They made do with simple but serviceable pieces. The Arts and Crafts movement which started in the United Kingdom in the middle of the 19th century spurred a market for traditional cabinet making, and other craft goods. It rapidly spread to the United States and to all the countries in the British Empire . This movement exemplified the reaction to the eclectic historicism of

1287-405: The original designs and variants of them through the 19th and 20th centuries. Cabinet making Cabinets sometimes have one or more doors on the front, which are mounted with door hardware , and occasionally a lock . Cabinets may have one or more doors, drawers , or shelves . Short cabinets often have a finished surface on top that can be used for display, or as a working surface, such as

1326-552: The post of Premier ébéniste du Roi and was admitted to a group of skilled artists maintained by Louis XIV , in the Louvre Palace . In 1672 Boulle received a warrant signed by the queen, giving him the added title of bronzier as well as Ebeniste du Roi . One of Boulle's greatest masterpieces is considered to be his decoration of the dauphin's private study, created between 1681 and 1683. Boulle's masterpieces are now mostly in museums and have come to represent

1365-468: The specific kitchen. Common overall heights for wall cabinets are 30", 36" and 42". 30" and 36" is often used with North American ceiling heights of 8' or less. 42" heights are often used with 9' ceilings. These options are typically design based. Cabinet widths for base cabinets normally start at 9", and can be as large as 45". Wall cabinets will typically start at a width of 12", and be as large as 42". Sizing increments for both wall and base cabinets are

1404-536: The technique, he was its greatest practitioner and gave his name to it. Boulle came from a well-known Protestant family of artists in France living primarily in Paris but also in Marseille . The first recorded payment to Boulle by the crown, from 1669, specifies ouvrages de peinture , suggesting that he was originally a painter. Boulle was awarded the title of master cabinetmaker around 1666; in 1672 he received

1443-497: The traditional cabinet shop ceased to be the main source of furniture, domestic or commercial. In parallel to this evolution there came a growing demand by the rising middle class in most industrialised countries for finely made furniture. This eventually grew the total number of traditional cabinet makers. Before 1650, fine furniture was a rarity in Western Europe and North America. Generally, people did not need it and for

1482-420: Was not until years after his death that his designs started to receive recognition. While some have attempted to attribute the furniture design to his wife Alice, there is no evidence that she was the original creative force behind the work beyond her publication of the reference guide after his death. With contemporaries such as Thomas Chippendale producing pieces in a variety of styles, Hepplewhite's famed style

1521-449: Was often originally beech. This design emphasises both form and materials. Early American chairs and tables are often constructed with turned spindles and chair backs often constructed using steaming to bend the wood. Wood choices tend to be deciduous hardwoods with a particular emphasis on the wood of edible or fruit-bearing trees such as cherry or walnut. The rustic style of design sometimes called " log furniture " or " log cabin "

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