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34-625: According to traditional accounts, the name of the province originated from the legendary patriarch "Heros", the son of Thargamos , who founded the city of Hereti (later known as Khoranta) at the Alazani River . From the earliest times, Hereti came under the rule of the Caucasian Albania . With the decline of Caucasian Albania, the area was gradually incorporated into the Iberian kingdom forming one of its duchies ( saeristavo ) in

68-746: A saeristavo (i.e. a duchy) within the Georgian realm. Georgian rule of Hereti was interrupted by Atabegs of Azerbaijan , Khwarezmid Empire and Ilkhanid rule. After the final disintegration of the unified Georgian monarchy in 1466, Hereti came under the Kakhetian crown. Afterwards, the name of the province itself has gradually disappeared from the historic records and public usage due to successively Kara Koyunlu , Aq Qoyunlu , Safavid , Afsharid , and Ottoman rules. Togarmah Togarmah ( Hebrew : תֹּגַרְמָה ‎ Tōgarmā , Armenian : Թորգոմ Torgom , Georgian : თარგამოსი Targamosi )

102-541: A campaign to restore the Kuropalates’ succession to Georgia and occupied Tao in 1015–1016. Byzantines were at that time involved in a relentless war with the Bulgarian Empire , limiting their actions to the west. But as soon as Bulgaria was conquered , Basil II led his army against Georgia (1021). An exhausting war lasted for two years, and ended in a decisive Byzantine victory , forcing George to agree to

136-562: A daughter of Adarnase III of Tao , with whom he had a son Ishkhanik . Ishkhanik was the son and successor of Adarnase Patrikios. Under Ishkhanik, Hereti was forced to recognize the supremacy of the stronger neighbour, Principality of Daylam , ruled by the Salarid dynasty. According to The Georgian Chronicles , Queen Dinar , during the reign of her son Ishkhani, converted Hereti to the Eastern Orthodox confession and abandoned

170-489: A large rebellion of Bardas Scleros (976–979), appealed for help to David III. Georgian expeditionary corps under the John Tornikios defeated the insurgents and restored the emperor's authority. Throughout his reign, David Curopalates pursued his grand design of the unification of Georgia . Supported by Ioane Marushisdze, the powerful duke of Iberia (Kartli) , he succeeded in having his adopted son Bagrat placed on

204-684: A peace treaty, in which he had to abandon his claims to Tao. After the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 the Seljuk advance forced the Byzantines to evacuate the eastern Anatolia , in 1072-1073 the Georgian governor of theme of Iberia , Gregory Pakourianos ceded control over Tao to King George II of Georgia . Over the next five centuries, Tao was an integral part of the Kingdom of Georgia . The medieval House of Panaskerteli , who derived their name from

238-537: A province of the Iberian Kingdom . The region was bitterly contested by the Georgian and Armenian rulers throughout the following centuries. In the 4th and 5th centuries AD, following the Byzantine – Persian partition of Armenia in 387, Tao came under Persian influence, and its western border ( Iberian gates ) served as aboundary between the two empires. Tao or Tayk was one of the nine districts forming

272-579: Is a figure in the "table of nations" in Genesis 10 , the list of descendants of Noah that represents the peoples known to the ancient Hebrews . Togarmah is among the descendants of Japheth and is thought to represent some people located in Anatolia . Medieval sources claimed that Togarmah was the legendary ancestor of several peoples of the Caucasus (including Armenians and Georgians ). Togarmah

306-480: Is a historical Georgian district and part of historic Tao-Klarjeti region, today part of the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey . Its name derives from the ancient proto-Georgian inhabitants of this area, known as Taochi . The history of Tao could be traced to the emergence of the tribal confederation of Diauchi ( Taochi , Tayk , Taochoi, Tao) at 12–8th century BC. Diauchi was engaged in war with

340-450: Is listed in Genesis 10:3 as the third son of Gomer , and grandson of Japheth , brother of Ashkenaz and Riphath . The name is again mentioned in the Book of Ezekiel as a nation from the "far north". Ezekiel 38:6 mentions Togarmah together with Tubal as supplying soldiers to the army of Gog . Ezekiel 27:14 mentions Togarmah together with Tubal, Javan and Meshech as supplying horses to

374-470: Is mentioned by Armenian Moses of Chorene (c. 480) and Georgian Leonti Mroveli who regarded Togarmah as the founder of their nations along with other Caucasian peoples . According to Moses of Chorene's History of Armenia and to Leonti Mroveli's medieval Georgian Chronicles , "Thargamos" was thought to have lived in Babylon , before he received the "land between two Seas and two Mountains" (i.e.

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408-733: The Chronicles of Jerahmeel , the three "children" are listed as: And the ten "families" are listed as: Another medieval rabbinic work , the Book of Jasher , give the names: In the 18th century, the French Benedictine monk and scholar Calmet (1672–1757) placed Togarmah in Scythia and Turcomania (in the Eurasian Steppes and Central Asia ). Tao (historical region) Tao ( Georgian : ტაო )

442-544: The Caliphate by betraying the Zoroastrian Babak Khorramdin he was recognized as the ruler of Arran. Sahl later incurred Arab distrust, was arrested and sent to Baghdad; he was succeeded by his son Adarnase I and grandson, Grigol Hamam . The principality gained significant strength and prestige by 893, allowing Prince Grigol Hamam to be crowned as the king. Alarmed by the increasing power of

476-491: The Caucasus ) in his possession. He then settled near Mount Ararat and divided his land among his sons: Togarmah was linked to several medieval Turkic peoples by Jewish traditions. The Khazar ruler Joseph ben Aaron (c. 960) writes in his letters : You ask us also in your epistle: "Of what people, of what family, and of what tribe are you?" Know that we are descended from Japhet, through his son Togarmah. I have found in

510-785: The Chosroids , and also by the Abbasid preoccupation with their own civil wars and conflict with the Byzantine Empire . The new era began in Tao-Klarjeti in 813, when the last Iberian prince Ashot I of the Bagrationi dynasty moved to Klarjeti and made it a base in his struggle against the Arab occupation . Recognizing the Byzantine suzerainty, he received a title of Curopalate ( Greek : κουροπαλάτης) and established

544-718: The House of Jaqeli . In 1545 region was conquered by the Ottoman Empire , which retained it for the centuries. After the Russian annexation of Georgia in 1801, the region was contested between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in a series of wars throughout the 18th and 19th centuries. After the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878 , one part of Tao, now designated as Yusufeli and Oltu districts, were ceded to

578-462: The Kouropalatate of Iberia . The Bagrationi family eventually took control of both Upper and Lower Tao and gradually expanded its sphere of influence. He encouraged resettlement of Georgians in these lands, and patronized monastic life initiated by the prominent Georgian ecclesiastic figure Grigol Khandzta ( c. 759–861). For a long time the region became a cultural safe-house and one of

612-600: The Oriental Orthodox confession in the 10th century. In 950, Ishkhanik took advantage of the bitter power struggle in the Sallarid state, and ceased to pay tribute effectively restoring his independence. The next Heretian ruler, John (Ioane Senekerim, 951–959), during his reign kingdom of Hereti reached a climax of power and prestige, mainly after the annexation of the right bank of Caucasian Albania. Armenian historian Movses Kaghankatvatsi calls him "restorer of

646-807: The Tyrians . Most scholars identify Togarmah with the capital city called Tegarama by the Hittites and Til-Garimmu by the Assyrians. O.R. Gurney placed Tegarama in Southeast Anatolia. Several later ethnological traditions have claimed Togarmah as the legendary ancestor of various peoples located in western Asia and the Caucasus. Jewish historian Flavius Josephus (37 – c. 100 AD) and the Christian theologians Jerome (c. 347 – 420 AD) and Isidore of Seville (c. 560 – 636 AD) regarded Togarmah as

680-476: The castle of Panaskerti came into prominence with Zakaria of Panaskerti , who together with some other nobles, put down in 1192 the revolt against Queen Tamar of Georgia and were eventually enfeoffed with the duchy of Tao. His descendant, T'aqa Panaskerteli, Duke of Tao, defeated the Turkomans invading Georgia in about 1302 at Tortomi Castle. Tao was later placed within principality of Samtskhe , ruled by

714-570: The 5th century and its peoples were eventually assimilated into the Georgians proper. It was when the name Hereti first appeared in the Georgian sources. Hereti was populated by Caucasian Albanians, Dagestani, Armenians, Persians and Georgians . It had flourishing towns that traded with Persia and Armenia . As a reward for the contribution in the struggle against the Arab occupation , the Iberian ruler ( erismtavari ) Archil gave Hereti to

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748-537: The Heretian kingdom, Kvirike I , the ruler of the neighbouring Kakhetian principality, allied himself with King Constantine III of Abkhazia and, in 915, campaigned against King Adarnase II Patrikios . The allies occupied and divided the country but for a short time as Adarnase Patrikios soon reconquered what had been lost. The kingdom survived Kakhetian attacks but lost Caucasian Albania to its Sallarid ( Iranian Azerbaijan ) neighbour. Adarnase married Queen Dinar ,

782-579: The Kingdom of Albania". Later he annexed parts of Kakheti and adopted the title of "King of the Tsanars ". John had good relations towards the representatives of the Sallaried Dynasty and with David III Kuropalates of Tao . Like his father and his grandmother Queen Dinar, he contributed a lot to the conversion of his kingdom. He died in 959 without an heir. The area then was contested between

816-698: The Russian Empire and incorporated into Batum and Kars Oblast , while most part of historical Tao were secured by Ottomans, as part of Erzurum Vilayet . However, the Russian territorial gains in Tao were reversed in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Ottoman Turkey and Bolshevik Russia in 1918. Although the Democratic Republic of Georgia briefly regained its control of the region in 1919–1920,

850-522: The father of the Phrygians . Several ancient Christian authors, including Saint Hippolytus (c. 170-c. 236 AD), Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 263 – c. 339 AD), and bishop Theodoret (c. 393 – c. 457 AD), regarded him as a father of Armenians . Medieval Jewish traditions linked him with several peoples: Turkic , including the Khazars . Another Togarmah, this one being the son of both Tiras and Gomer ,

884-411: The genealogical books of my ancestors that Togarmah had ten sons. He then goes on to enumerate ten names: These names are reconstructed by Korobkin (1998) The anonymous Jewish author of the medieval historical chronicle Josippon lists the ten sons of Togarmas in his Josippon as follows: In an 11th-century Arabic translation of Josippon by a Yemenite Jew: Togorma's tribes are these: In

918-464: The most important religious centers of Georgia. ( theme of Iberia ) In the second half of the 10th century, Tao became a large and powerful principality during the rule of David III of Tao . The growth and consolidation of this principality contributed to the expansion of Georgian cultural and economic ties with other kingdoms and principalities. The might of the principality was clearly demonstrated in 979, when Byzantine Emperor Basil II , facing

952-553: The noble family of Bagrationi in the 740s–750s. After the death of the last Iberian princes John and Juansher , the Heretian lords extended their fiefdoms and, in 787, established an independent principality ( samtavro ) with the capital in Shaki . Its first recorded ruler, Sahl Smbatean , slaughtered the Caucasian Albanian ( Mihranids ) royal family in 822 and declared himself " Shah of Arran ", currying favour with

986-525: The powerful kingdom of Urartu , and the inscriptions of the Urartu kings Menua ( c. 810–786 BC) and Argishti ( c. 786–764) reveal the wealth and power of this kingdom, which was possibly proto-Georgian speaking. In the 8th century BC, Diauchi was destroyed by the neighboring Colchis and Urartu and part of its territory was annexed by the Colchis. In the 4th-3rd centuries BC region was organized into

1020-524: The ruler of Kakheti, David ( c. 976–1010), and the Georgian king Bagrat III who sought to bring all Georgian lands into a single monarchy . The next Kakhetian ruler, already titled as the king, Kvirike III the Great (1010–1037) finally absorbed Hereti into his Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti in the 1020s. When the Georgian king David the Builder brought the kingdom under his control in 1104, Hereti became

1054-476: The subsequent invasion of the Red Army in 1921 led to the territorial partition of Georgia in which Turkey received the provinces of Tao and Klarjeti. Today Tao is within the boundary of modern-day Turkey . Armenian residents were largely forced out of the region during the early 20th century, but the Georgian populace remains. More importantly, the region contains numerous Georgian historical monuments, notably

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1088-680: The territory of the Armenian kingdom of Arshak III . Tao at that period was a principality, the ancestral domain of the Mamikonid clan. In the 6th century, the Byzantines took control over Tao. Once the Mamikonians had disappeared from the scene, the Bagratids began their ascendancy. Medieval Georgian sources recorded the Upper (southwest) Tao and Lower (northwest) Tao, of which the former

1122-470: The throne of Kartli in 975 and of Abkhazia in 978. Following David III's death in 1001, his domain was inherited by emperor of Byzantine Basil II, these provinces were organized into the theme of Iberia with the capital at Theodosiopolis , forcing the successor Georgian Bagratid ruler Bagrat III to recognize the new rearrangement. Bagrat's son, George I , however, inherited a longstanding claim to David's succession. Young and ambitious, George launched

1156-723: Was in Bagratid possession while the latter was ruled by the Guaramid House . By the late 8th century, The Bagrationi family had grown in prominence by the time the Caucasian Iberia fell to the Sassanid Empire in the 6th century, and the leading local princely families were exhausted by Arab attacks. The rise of the new dynasty was made possible by the extinction of the Guaramids and the near-extinction of

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