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92-726: According to many interpreters, the courtiers or soldiers of Herod Antipas ("Milites Herodis," Jerome ) were intended; others argue that the Herodians were probably a public political party who distinguished themselves from the two great historical parties of post-exilic Judaism (the Pharisees and Sadducees ) by the fact that they were and had been sincerely friendly to Herod the Great , the Edomite placed as king over Judea by Rome, and to his dynasty . The Herodians are often mentioned in

184-631: A "Greater Covenant ", being universal and endless, and a "Lesser Covenant" specific to each religion. Baháʼís view Baháʼu'lláh 's revelation as a binding lesser covenant for his followers. In the Baháʼí writings being firm in the covenant is considered a virtue. In Christianity , the three theological virtues are faith , hope , and love , a list which comes from 1 Corinthians 13:13 ( νυνὶ δὲ μένει πίστις pistis (faith), ἐλπίς elpis (hope), ἀγάπη agape (love), τὰ τρία ταῦτα· μείζων δὲ τούτων ἡ ἀγάπη ). The same chapter describes love as

276-490: A "unifying project", revere themselves and are healthy and life-affirming. Because mixing with the herd makes one base, the higher type "strives instinctively for a citadel and a secrecy where he is saved from the crowd, the many, the great majority…". The "Higher type" also "instinctively seeks heavy responsibilities" in the form of an "organizing idea" for their life, which drives them to artistic and creative work and gives them psychological health and strength. The fact that

368-627: A centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars . However, pious Jews at first refused to live in it because it was built atop a graveyard and therefore a source of ritual impurity . Antipas had to colonize it with a mixture of foreigners, forced migrants , poor people, and freed slaves. At other times Antipas was more sensitive to Jewish tradition. His coins carried no images, which would have violated Jewish prescriptions against idolatry . When Pontius Pilate , governor of Judea from 26 to 36, caused offence by placing votive shields in

460-460: A devastating defeat after fugitives from the former tetrarchy of Philip sided with the Nabateans, and Antipas was forced to appeal to Tiberius for help. The emperor ordered Lucius Vitellius , governor of Syria, to march against Aretas and ensure that he was captured or killed. Vitellius obediently mobilized two legions , sending them on a detour around Judea while he joined Antipas in attending

552-540: A disciple of John, who is then executed by the lustful and jealous Herod (a baritone). In Richard Strauss 's operatic setting of Wilde's play (1905), Herod (a tenor) is depicted as befuddled by both drink and lust, and in bitter conflict with his wife (as in Flaubert). At the end of the opera (as in Wilde's play), disgusted with Salome's behavior with the head of John, he orders her execution. In Journey to Bethlehem , he

644-555: A festival at Jerusalem. While staying there he learned of the death of Tiberius (16 March 37), concluded he lacked the authority to go to war, and recalled his troops. Josephus implies that Vitellius was unwilling to cooperate with the tetrarch because of a grudge he bore from an earlier incident. According to his account, Antipas provided hospitality at a conference on the Euphrates between Vitellius and King Artabanus III of Parthia , and after Vitellius' diplomatic success anticipated

736-532: A number of models of sin, listing the seven deadly sins and the seven capital virtues opposed to each. In Islam, the Quran is believed to be the literal word of God, and the definitive description of virtue, and Muhammad is considered an ideal example of virtue in human form. The foundation of Islamic understanding of virtue was the understanding and interpretation of the Quran and the practices of Muhammad. Virtue

828-426: A one, for thou wilt excel all men in happiness, and obtain an everlasting reputation, but wilt forget piety and righteousness; and these crimes will not be concealed from God, at the conclusion of thy life, when thou wilt find that he will be mindful of them, and punish time for them." Now at that time Herod did not at all attend to what Manahem said, as having no hopes of such advancement; but a little afterward, when he

920-767: A prophet should perish away from Jerusalem". Luke also credits the tetrarch with a role in Jesus' trial. According to Luke, Pilate, on learning that Jesus was a Galilean and therefore under Herod's jurisdiction, sent him to Antipas, who was also in Jerusalem at the time. Initially, Antipas was pleased to see Jesus, hoping to see him perform a miracle , but when Jesus remained silent in the face of questioning, Antipas mocked him and sent him back to Pilate. Luke states that these events improved relations between Pilate and Herod despite their earlier enmity. The reason for Antipas' involvement has been debated. Theodor Mommsen argues that

1012-510: A show of courtesy to the tetrarch and trying to avoid the need to deal with the Jewish authorities himself. When Jesus was sent back, Pilate could still have represented Antipas' failure to convict as support for his own view (according to Luke) that Jesus was not guilty of a capital offence, thus allowing him to avoid responsibility for Jesus' crucifixion. With the lack of historical evidence, it has been suggested that Jesus' trial by Antipas

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1104-547: A spiritual pleasure, that is better than bodily pleasure. Regarding Aristotle 's opinion that happiness depends on the goods of fortune, Descartes does not deny that these goods contribute to happiness, but remarks that they are in great proportion outside one's own control, whereas one's mind is under one's complete control. Immanuel Kant , in his Observations on the Feeling of the Beautiful and Sublime , says true virtue

1196-721: A stockpile of weapons sufficient for 70,000 men. Hearing Antipas' admission to this last charge, Caligula decided to believe the allegations of conspiracy. In the summer of 39, Antipas' money and territory were turned over to Agrippa, while Antipas was exiled. His place of exile is described by Josephus in Antiquities as Lugdunum , a city in Gaul , and as Hispania in The Wars of the Jews . There are two places in France that claim to be

1288-405: A virtue is a disposition to choose actions that succeed in showing high moral standards: doing what is said to be right and avoiding what is wrong in a given field of endeavour, even when doing so may be unnecessary from a utilitarian perspective. When someone takes pleasure in doing what is right, even when it is difficult or initially unpleasant, they can establish virtue as a habit. Such a person

1380-481: A virtue is an excellence at being human. Aristotle also identifies the "intellectual virtues" of knowledge, art, practical judgement, intuition, and wisdom. The term virtue itself is derived from the Latin " virtus " (the personification of which was the deity Virtus ), and had connotations of " manliness ", " honour ", worthiness of deferential respect, and civic duty as both citizen and soldier . This virtue

1472-457: A way of harmonious living that leads to universal happiness. For this reason, Valluvar keeps aṟam as the cornerstone throughout the writing of the Kural literature . Valluvar considered justice as a facet or product of aṟam . While many before his time opined that justice cannot be defined and that it was a divine mystery, Valluvar suggested that a divine origin is not required to define

1564-665: Is a moral, ethical, virtuous life – evolved in vedas and upanishads . Over time, new virtues were conceptualized and added by ancient Hindu scholars: some replaced, others merged. For example, Manusamhita initially listed ten virtues necessary for a human being to live a dharmic life: Dhriti (courage), kshama ( patience and forgiveness ), dama ( temperance ), asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), saucha (inner purity), indriyani-graha (control of senses), dhi (reflective prudence), vidya (wisdom), satyam (truthfulness), and akrodha (freedom from anger). In later verses, this list

1656-531: Is a much debated and an evolving concept in ancient scriptures of Hinduism. The essence, need and value of virtue is explained in Hindu philosophy as something that cannot be imposed, but something that is realized and voluntarily lived up to by each individual. For example, Apastamba explained it thus: "virtue and vice do not go about saying—here we are!; neither the Gods, Gandharvas, nor ancestors can convince us—this

1748-504: Is different from what commonly is believed about it. In Kant's view, to be goodhearted, benevolent and sympathetic is not true virtue. What makes a person truly virtuous is to behave in accordance with moral principles. Kant presents an example: suppose that you come across a needy person in the street; if your sympathy leads you to help that person, your response does not illustrate your virtue. In this example, since you do not afford helping all needy ones, you have behaved unjustly, and it

1840-592: Is hateful to you, do not do to your fellow. That is the whole Torah. The rest is commentary; go and learn." Buddhist practice as outlined in the Noble Eightfold Path can be regarded as a progressive list of virtues. Buddhism's four brahmavihara ("Divine States") can be more properly regarded as virtues in the European sense. They are: There are also the Pāramitās ("perfections"), which are

1932-671: Is love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, generosity, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control. There is no law against such things." In 410  CE , Aurelius Prudentius Clemens listed seven "heavenly virtues" in his book Psychomachia ( Battle of Souls ) which is an allegorical story of conflict between vices and virtues. Among the virtues were fides (faith), pudicitia (chastity), paciencia (endurance), mens humilis (humility), spes (hope), sobrietas (sobriety), ratio (reason), operatio (devotion), pax (peace), concordia (harmony), and sapientia (wisdom). The medieval and renaissance periods saw

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2024-656: Is not simply the "mean" (mathematically speaking) between two opposite extremes. As Aristotle says in the Nicomachean Ethics : "at the right times, and on the right occasions, and towards the right persons, and with the right object, and in the right fashion, is the mean course and the best course, and these are characteristics of virtue." For example, generosity is a virtue between the two extremes of miserliness and being profligate. Further examples include courage between cowardice and foolhardiness and confidence between self-deprecation and conceit. In Aristotle's sense,

2116-429: Is out of the domain of principles and true virtue. Kant applies the approach of four temperaments to distinguish truly virtuous people. According to Kant, among all people with diverse temperaments, a person with a melancholic frame of mind is the most virtuous, whose thoughts, words, and deeds are principled. Friedrich Nietzsche 's view of virtue is based on the idea of an order of rank among people. For Nietzsche,

2208-428: Is portrayed as the semi-loyal son of Herod and struggles to follow his father's commands. Virtue A virtue ( Latin : virtus ) is a trait of excellence, including traits that may be moral , social, or intellectual. The cultivation and refinement of virtue is held to be the " good of humanity" and thus is valued as an end purpose of life or a foundational principle of being. In human practical ethics,

2300-695: Is portrayed by Charles Laughton . He was played by Mitchell Lewis in Salomé (1923). He also features in The Secret Magdalene by Ki Longfellow . In Longfellow's view, he was not effeminate so much as rash, ineffective, and when backed into a corner by his furious ex-father-in-law, willing to do anything to save himself. In Gustave Flaubert 's Hérodias (1877), Herodias uses her long-concealed daughter, Salome, to manipulate Herod sexually for her own political purposes. This conceit (original to Flaubert) inspired Oscar Wilde 's play Salome (1891),

2392-431: Is right and what is wrong – argues some virtues are not necessarily always absolute, but sometimes relational. For example, it explains that a virtue such as Ahimsa must be re-examined when one is faced with war or violence from the aggressiveness, immaturity, or ignorance of others. In Jainism , attainment of kaivalya is possible only if the seeker possesses certain virtues. All Jains are supposed to take up

2484-409: Is right, this is wrong; virtue is an elusive concept, it demands careful and sustained reflection by every man and woman before it can become part of one's life. Virtues lead to punya ( पुण्य , holy living) in Hindu literature; while vices lead to pap ( पाप , sin ). Sometimes, the word punya is used interchangeably with virtue. The virtues that constitute a dharmic life – that

2576-467: Is said to be virtuous through having cultivated such a disposition. The opposite of virtue is vice , and the vicious person takes pleasure in habitual wrong-doing to their detriment. Other examples of this notion include the concept of merit in Asian traditions as well as De ( Chinese 德 ). Buddhism's four brahmavihara ( lit.   ' Divine States ' ) can be regarded as virtues in

2668-404: Is seen in the context of active submission to God performed by the community in unison. Believers are to " enjoin that which is virtuous and forbid that which is vicious " ( al-amr bi-l-maʿrūf wa-n-nahy ʿani-l-munkar ) in all spheres of life ( Quran 3:110 ). Mankind has been granted the faculty to discern God's will and to abide by it. Later Muslim scholars expanded the religious ethics of

2760-1022: Is that one's social status should result from the amount of virtue that one demonstrates, rather than from one's birth. In the Analects , Confucius explains de as follows: "He who exercises government by means of his virtue may be compared to the north polar star, which keeps its place and all the stars turn towards it." In later periods, particularly from the Tang dynasty period, Confucianism absorbed and melded its own concepts of virtues with those from Daoism and Buddhism. There are symbols that represent virtue in Chinese Culture. Chinese classic paintings have many symbols representing virtue. Plum blossom represents resilience and perseverance. Orchid represents elegance, gentleness, and quietness. Bamboo represents loyalty, trust-worthiness, and humility. Chrysanthemum represents genuineness and simplicity. Virtue

2852-505: Is that which contents the soul and comforts the heart, and sin is that which causes doubts and perturbs the heart, even if people pronounce it lawful and give you verdicts on such matters again and again.'" Virtue, as seen in opposition to sin, is termed thawāb (spiritual merit or reward) but there are other Islamic terms to describe virtue such as faḍl ("bounty"), taqwa ("piety"), and ṣalāḥ ("righteousness"). According to Muslim beliefs, God will forgive individual sins but

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2944-452: Is traced to Greek philosophy and was listed by Plato who also added piety ( ὁσιότης , hosiotēs ) and replaced prudence with wisdom . Some scholars consider either of the above four virtue combinations as mutually reducible and therefore not cardinal. It is unclear whether Plato subscribed to a unified view of virtues. In Protagoras and Meno he states that the separate virtues cannot exist independently and offers as evidence

3036-590: Is unhistorical. English historian Robin Lane Fox alleges that the story was invented based on Psalm 2 , in which "the kings of the earth" are described as opposing the Lord's " anointed ", and also served to show that the authorities failed to find grounds for convicting Jesus. Between 34 and 36 the conflict with Aretas of Nabatea—caused by Antipas' divorce from Aretas' daughter and the rulers' disagreement over territory—developed into open war. Antipas' army suffered

3128-681: Is unknown but was before 20 BC. Antipas, his full brother Archelaus , and his half-brother Philip were educated in Rome . Antipas was not Herod's first choice of heir. That honour fell to Aristobulus and Alexander , Herod's sons by the Hasmonean princess Mariamne . It was only after they were executed (c. 7 BC), and Herod's oldest son Antipater was convicted of trying to poison his father (5 BC), that Herod fell back on his youngest son Antipas, revising his will to make him heir. During his illness in 4 BC, Herod had yet another change of heart about

3220-633: The Gospels at the same time as the Pharisees. Like the Pharisees, the Herodians wanted political independence for the Jewish people. Unlike the Pharisees, who sought to restore the kingdom of David , the Herodians wished to restore a member of the Herodian dynasty to the throne in Judea . Anglican bishop Charles Ellicott notes a consistency in format with other designations such as " Mariani (supporters of Gaius Marius ), Pompeiani (relating to Pompey

3312-516: The Kingdom of Nabatea , which had long had uneasy relations with Romans and Jews. Part of Antipas' solution was to follow in his father's footsteps as a builder. He rebuilt and fortified Sepphoris, while also adding a wall to Betharamphtha in Perea. The latter city was renamed Livias after Augustus' wife Livia , and later Julias after his daughter . However, the tetrarch's most noted construction

3404-748: The New Testament . He was a son of Herod the Great and a grandson of Antipater the Idumaean . He is widely known today for accounts in the New Testament of his role in events that led to the executions of John the Baptist and Jesus of Nazareth ( Matthew 14 , Matthew 14:1–12 ). His father, Herod the Great, was described in the account as ordering the Massacre of the Innocents , marking

3496-481: The Rationalist philosopher René Descartes , virtue consists in the correct reasoning that should guide our actions. Men should seek the sovereign good that Descartes, following Zeno , identifies with virtue, as this produces a solid blessedness or pleasure. For Epicurus the sovereign good was pleasure, and Descartes says that in fact this is not in contradiction with Zeno's teaching, because virtue produces

3588-465: The paterfamilias ) and those expected of an upstanding Roman citizen . Most Roman concepts of virtue were also personified as a numinous deity . The primary Roman virtues, both public and private, were: While religious scriptures generally consider dharma or aṟam (the Tamil term for virtue) as a divine virtue, Valluvar describes it as a way of life rather than any spiritual observance,

3680-524: The Antonia palace at Jerusalem , Antipas and his brothers successfully petitioned for their removal. Early in his reign, Antipas had married Phasa'el , the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea. However, on a visit to Rome he stayed with his half-brother Herod II and there he fell in love with his wife, Herodias , granddaughter of Herod the Great and Mariamne I , and the two agreed to marry after Herod Antipas had divorced his wife. Phasa'el learned of

3772-533: The Essenes." The people could have thought that the Essenes were Herod's pet and called them the Herodians. Herod Antipas Herod Antipas ( Greek : Ἡρῴδης Ἀντίπας , Hērǭdēs Antipas ; c.  20 BC  – c.  39 AD ) was a 1st-century ruler of Galilee and Perea . He bore the title of tetrarch ("ruler of a quarter") and is referred to as both "Herod the Tetrarch" and "King Herod" in

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3864-404: The European sense. The ancient Romans used the Latin word virtus (derived from vir , their word for man ) to refer to all of the "excellent qualities of men, including physical strength, valorous conduct, and moral rectitude". The French words vertu and virtu came from this Latin root . The word virtue "was borrowed into English in the 13th century". Maat (or Ma'at)

3956-677: The Golden Rule came from the first century Rabbi Hillel the Elder . Renowned in the Jewish tradition as a sage and a scholar, he is associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and, as such, is one of the most important figures in Jewish history . Asked for a summary of the Jewish religion in the most concise terms, Hillel replied (reputedly while standing on one leg): "That which

4048-661: The Gospel of Luke). Antipas faced more immediate problems in his own tetrarchy after John the Baptist (in 28/29 according to the Gospel of Luke or 27, if the co-regency of Augustus and Tiberius is included in Luke's reckoning of time, for which there is some evidence) began a ministry of preaching and baptism by the Jordan River , which marked the western edge of Antipas' territory of Perea. The Gospels state that John attacked

4140-519: The Great ), and, we may add, Christiani ". It is possible that to gain adherents the Herodian party may have been in the habit of representing that the establishment of a Herodian dynasty would be favourable to the realization of the theocracy; and this in turn may account for Pseudo-Tertullian 's ( Adversis Omnes Haereses [1,1] ) allegation that the Herodians regarded Herod as the Messiah . The sect

4232-426: The Jews (Book 15 Chapter 10.5) states "5. Now there was one of these Essens [sic], whose name was Manahem, who had this testimony, that he not only conducted his life after an excellent manner, but had the foreknowledge of future events given him by God also. This man once saw Herod when he was a child, and going to school, and saluted him as king of the Jews; but he, thinking that either he did not know him, or that he

4324-614: The archaic meaning in the Confucian Book of Poems of "virility", but progressively took on shades of ethical meaning. Some scholars consider the virtues identified in early Confucianism as non-theistic philosophy. The Daoist concept of De , compared to Confucianism, is more subtle, pertaining to the "virtue" or ability that an individual realizes by following the Dao ("the Way"). One important normative value in much of Chinese thinking

4416-558: The bad treatment of people and injustice toward others can only be pardoned by the victims and not by God. Loving God and obeying his laws, in particular the Ten Commandments , are central to Jewish conceptions of virtue. Wisdom is personified in the first eight chapters of the Book of Proverbs and is not only the source of virtue but is depicted as the first and best creation of God ( Proverbs 8:12–31 ). A classic articulation of

4508-441: The border of Perea and Nabatea. The result was a war that proved disastrous for Antipas; a Roman counter-offensive was ordered by Tiberius but abandoned upon that emperor's death in 37. In 39 Antipas was accused by his nephew Agrippa I of conspiracy against Emperor Caligula , who sent him into exile in Gaul , according to Josephus . Accompanied there by Herodias, he died at an unknown date. The Gospel of Luke states that Jesus

4600-672: The case for Paul as a member of Herod's family is found in Romans 16:11 where Paul writes, "Greet Herodion, my kinsman." Some people think that the Herodians was another name for the Essenes who probably wrote the Dead Sea Scrolls . "Nothing is known of them beyond what the Gospels state," and "... their precise relation to the other sects or schools among the Jews are consequently matters of conjecture." Josephus' Antiquities of

4692-415: The concept of justice. In the words of V. R. Nedunchezhiyan , justice according to Valluvar "dwells in the minds of those who have knowledge of the standard of right and wrong; so too deceit dwells in the minds which breed fraud." In the 8th century  CE , upon the occasion of his coronation as Holy Roman Emperor , Charlemagne published a list of knightly virtues : The Baháʼí teachings speak of

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4784-465: The construction of his capital Tiberias on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee . Named in honour of his patron, the emperor Tiberius , the city later became a centre of rabbinic learning after the Jewish-Roman wars . Antipas divorced his first wife Phasa'el , the daughter of King Aretas IV of Nabatea , in favour of Herodias , who had formerly been married to his half-brother Herod II . (Antipas

4876-399: The contradictions of acting with wisdom, yet in an unjust way; or acting with bravery (fortitude), yet without wisdom. In his Nicomachean Ethics , Aristotle defined a virtue as a point between a deficiency and an excess of a trait. The point of greatest virtue lies not in the exact middle, but at a golden mean sometimes closer to one extreme than the other. However, the virtuous action

4968-756: The culmination of having acquired certain virtues. In Theravada Buddhism 's canonical Buddhavaṃsa there are Ten Perfections ( dasa pāramiyo ). In Mahayana Buddhism, the Lotus Sutra ( Saddharmapundarika ), there are Six Perfections; while in the Ten Stages ( Dasabhumika ) Sutra, four more Paramitas are listed. "Virtue", translated from Chinese de ( 德 ), is also an important concept in Chinese philosophy , particularly Daoism . De ( Chinese : 德 ; pinyin : dé ; Wade–Giles : te ) originally meant normative "virtue" in

5060-438: The death of Philip, but others have pointed to Josephus' Antiquities of the Jews (Book 18, chapter 5, paragraph 4) comment that Herodias "divorced herself from her husband while he was alive" to argue that it took place before Herod II's death, in about 27, thus making it possible for Jesus to have been born in the reign of Herod the Great (as indicated by the Gospel of Matthew) and to have died in his early 30s (as indicated by

5152-463: The division of territory set out by Herod in his final will. Archelaus gained the title of ethnarch rather than king. After the death of Herod the Great in 4 BC, Augustus confirmed the testament of the dead king by making Antipas tetrarch of Galilee and Perea, a region he ruled for 42 years. The two territories were separated by the region of the Decapolis , with Galilee to the north and Perea to

5244-511: The earliest Biblical account of the concerns of the government in Jerusalem regarding Jesus' existence. Following the death of his father in 4 BC, Herod Antipas was recognized as tetrarch by Caesar Augustus and subsequently by his brother, the ethnarch Herod Archelaus . Antipas officially ruled Galilee and Perea as a client state of the Roman Empire . He was responsible for building projects at Sepphoris and Betharamphtha , and for

5336-490: The films Jesus Christ Superstar (1973) and The Passion of the Christ (2004), Antipas is portrayed as effeminate (Antipas is played in those films by Joshua Mostel and Luca De Dominicis respectively); the origin of this tradition may have been Antipas' manipulation by his wife Herodias, as well as Christ's description of him as a "fox" in Luke 13:32, using a feminine word in the original Greek. In Salome (1953), he

5428-432: The first version of the legend to show Salome with a will of her own, opposing her mother and lusting after John the Baptist. Naive and puzzled by her stepfather's lascivious attentions, the young girl arouses Herod in order to avenge herself on the prophet who has refused her advances. Flaubert's novella was turned into an opera by Jules Massenet ( Hérodiade , 1881) in which Salome, ignorant of her royal parentage, becomes

5520-478: The five vows of ahimsa (non violence), satya (truthfulness), asteya (non stealing), aparigraha (non attachment), and brahmacharya (celibacy) before becoming a monk. These vows are laid down by the Tīrthaṅkaras . Other virtues which are supposed to be followed by both monks as well as laypersons include forgiveness, humility, self-restraint, and straightforwardness. These vows assist

5612-463: The governor in sending a report to Tiberius. However, other sources place the meeting between Vitellius and Artabanus under Tiberius' successor Caligula , leading some historians to think that Josephus misdated it to the reign of Tiberius or conflated it with an earlier diplomatic meeting involving Antipas and Vitellius. Antipas' fall from power was due to Caligula and to his own nephew Agrippa , brother of Herodias. When Agrippa fell into debt during

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5704-478: The greatest of the three, and further defines love as "patient... kind... not envious, or boastful, or arrogant, or rude." (The Christian virtue of love is sometimes called charity and at other times a Greek word agape is used to contrast the love of God and the love of humankind from other types of love such as friendship or physical affection.) Christian scholars frequently add the four classic cardinal virtues (prudence, justice, temperance, and courage) to

5796-428: The higher types are "healthy" for Nietzsche does not refer to physical health as much as a psychological resilience and fortitude. Finally, someone of the "Higher type" affirms life because he is willing to accept the eternal return of his life and affirm this forever and unconditionally. In the last section of Beyond Good and Evil , Nietzsche outlines his thoughts on the noble virtues and places solitude as one of

5888-399: The joint Petra-Edessan army prevailed over the forces of Herod Antipas. It is generally agreed that the war, in which Herod was defeated, occurred in 36, a year before the death of Tiberius. A point of contention today is how long before this date Herod's marriage to Herodias took place. Some surmise that the marriage of Antipas and Herodias took place shortly before the war in about 34, after

5980-438: The normal legal procedure of the early Roman Empire was for defendants to be tried by the authorities of their home provinces. A. N. Sherwin-White re-examined the relevant legal texts and concluded that trials were generally based on the location of the alleged crimes, but that there was a possibility of referral to a province of origin in special cases. If Pilate was not required to send Jesus to Antipas, he may have been making

6072-466: The place of exile: Lyon (Lugdunum) and Saint-Bertrand-de-Comminges (Lugdunum Convenae), on the Spanish border. Antipas died in exile. The 3rd-century historian Cassius Dio seems to imply that Caligula had him killed, but this is usually treated with skepticism by modern historians. Among the followers of Jesus and members of the early Christian movement mentioned in the New Testament are Joanna ,

6164-453: The plan and asked permission to travel to the frontier fortress of Machaerus , whence Nabatean forces escorted her to her father. With his daughter safe in his custody, Aretas declared war on Herod. Josephus states that Aretas was joined in this war by "fugitives from the tetrarchy of Phillip", whereas Moses of Chorene states that Aretas was joined by the Edessan army. It is said that

6256-458: The reign of Tiberius despite his connections with the imperial family, Herodias persuaded Antipas to provide for him, but the two men quarrelled, and Agrippa departed. After Agrippa was heard expressing to his friend Caligula his eagerness for Tiberius to die and leave room for Caligula to succeed him, he was imprisoned. When Caligula became emperor in 37, he released his friend and granted him rule of Philip's former tetrarchy (slightly extended), with

6348-585: The scriptures in detail. In the Hadith (Islamic traditions), it is reported by An-Nawwas bin Sam'an: "The Prophet Muhammad said, 'Virtue is good manner, and sin is that which creates doubt and you do not like people to know it.'" Wabisah bin Ma'bad reported: "I went to Messenger of God and he asked me: 'Have you come to inquire about virtue?' I replied in the affirmative. Then he said: 'Ask your heart regarding it. Virtue

6440-504: The seeker to escape from the karmic bondages thereby escaping the cycle of birth and death to attain liberation. Sikh ethics emphasize the congruence between spiritual development and everyday moral conduct. Its founder Guru Nanak summarized this perspective: Truth is the highest virtue, but higher still is truthful living. The Five Virtues of Sikhism are Sat (truth), Daya (compassion), Santokh (contentment), Nimrata (humility), and Pyaar (love). For

6532-607: The sense of "personal character; inner strength; integrity", but semantically changed to moral "virtue; kindness; morality". Note the semantic parallel for English virtue , with an archaic meaning of "inner potency; divine power" (as in "by virtue of") and a modern one of "moral excellence; goodness". In early periods of Confucianism , moral manifestations of "virtue" include ren (" humanity "), xiao (" filial piety "), and li (" proper behavior, performance of rituals "). The notion of ren – according to Simon Leys – means "humanity" and "goodness". Ren originally had

6624-572: The south. Threats to stability in both areas would have been clear to Antipas when he took office. While he had been making his case to Augustus in Rome, dissidents had attacked the palace of Sepphoris in Galilee, seizing money as well as weapons which they used to terrorize the area. In a counterattack ordered by Quinctilius Varus , Roman governor of Syria , Sepphoris was destroyed by fire and its inhabitants sold as slaves. Perea, meanwhile, bordered on

6716-491: The succession had to be ratified by Emperor Augustus . The three heirs therefore travelled to Rome to make their claims, Antipas arguing he ought to inherit the whole kingdom and the others maintaining that Herod's final will ought to be honoured. Despite qualified support for Antipas from Herodian family members in Rome—who favoured direct Roman rule of Judea but considered Antipas preferable to his brother—Augustus largely confirmed

6808-439: The succession. According to the final version of his will, Antipas' elder brother Archelaus was to become king of Judea , Idumea , and Samaria , while Antipas would rule Galilee and Perea with the lesser title of tetrarch . Philip was to receive Iturea , Trachonitis , Batanea , Gaulanitis , Auranitis , and Paneas also with the title of tetrarch. Because of Judea's status as a Roman client kingdom , Herod's plans for

6900-540: The tetrarch's marriage as contrary to Jewish law (it was incestuous, as Herodias was also Antipas' niece, but also John criticized the fact that she was his brother's wife ( Mark 6:18 ), lending credence to the belief that Antipas and Herodias married while Herod II was still alive), while Josephus says that John's public influence made Antipas fearful of rebellion. John was imprisoned in Machaerus and later executed by beheading . According to Matthew and Mark , Herod

6992-692: The theological virtues to give the seven heavenly virtues ; for example, these seven are the ones described in the Catechism of the Catholic Church , sections 1803–1829. In Christian tradition courage or fortitude is a gift of the Holy Spirit. The Bible mentions additional virtues, such as in the " Fruit of the Holy Spirit ", found in Galatians 5:22–23 : "By contrast, the fruit of the Spirit

7084-427: The title of king. Josephus relates that Herodias, jealous at Agrippa's success, persuaded Antipas to ask Caligula for the title of king for himself. However, Agrippa simultaneously presented the emperor with a list of charges against the tetrarch: allegedly, he had conspired against Tiberius with Sejanus (executed in 31) and was plotting against Caligula with King Artabanus. As evidence, Agrippa noted that Antipas had

7176-477: The virtues of the strong are seen as vices by the weak and slavish, thus Nietzsche's virtue ethics is based on his distinction between master morality and slave morality . Nietzsche promotes the virtues of those he calls "higher men", people like Goethe and Beethoven. The virtues he praises in them are their creative powers ("the men of great creativity, the really great men according to my understanding" ). According to Nietzsche these higher types are solitary, pursue

7268-505: The wife of one of Antipas' stewards, and Manaen , a "foster-brother" or "companion" of Antipas (both translations are possible for the Greek σύντροφος ). It has been conjectured that these were sources for early Christian knowledge of Antipas and his court. In any case, Antipas featured prominently in the New Testament in connection with the deaths of John the Baptist and Jesus. The pseudepigraphical Gospel of Peter further states that it

7360-445: Was Jesus of Nazareth , who began his own ministry in Galilee, causing Antipas, according to Matthew and Mark, to fear that John had been raised from the dead . Luke states that a group of Pharisees warn Jesus to flee because Antipas was plotting his death, whereupon Jesus denounces the tetrarch as a "fox" and declares that he, Jesus, would not fall victim to such a plot to run from heading towards Jerusalem because "it cannot be that

7452-704: Was Antipas rather than Pilate who ordered the crucifixion of Jesus. In line with the work's anti-Judaic theme, it pointedly remarks that Herod and "the Jews", unlike Pilate, refused to "wash their hands" of responsibility for the death. Antipas has appeared in a large number of representations of the passion of Jesus —most notably portrayed by Frank Thring in King of Kings (1961), José Ferrer in The Greatest Story Ever Told (1965), and Christopher Plummer in Jesus of Nazareth (1977). Often, as in

7544-563: Was Herod the Great's son by Malthace , while Herod II was his son by Mariamne II .) According to the New Testament Gospels , it was John the Baptist's condemnation of this arrangement that led Antipas to have him arrested; John was subsequently put to death in Machaerus . Besides provoking his conflict with John the Baptist, the tetrarch's divorce added a personal grievance to previous disputes with Aretas over territory on

7636-404: Was but one of many virtues which Romans of good character were expected to exemplify and pass on through the generations, as part of the mos maiorum ; ancestral traditions which defined "Roman-ness" . Romans distinguished between the spheres of private and public life, and thus, virtues were also divided between those considered to be in the realm of private family life (as lived and taught by

7728-496: Was called by the rabbis Boethusians as being friendly to the family of Boethus , whose daughter Mariamne was one of Herod the Great's wives. Robert Eisenman of California State University, Long Beach argues that Paul the Apostle was a member of the family of Herod the Great. Eisenman makes a connection between Paul and an individual identified by Josephus as "Saulus," a "kinsman of Agrippa ." Another oft-cited element of

7820-428: Was first brought before Pontius Pilate for trial, since Pilate was the governor of Roman Judea , which encompassed Jerusalem where Jesus was arrested . Pilate initially handed him over to Antipas, in whose territory Jesus had been most active, but Antipas sent him back to Pilate's court . Antipas was a son of Herod the Great , who had become king of Judea , and Malthace , who was from Samaria . His date of birth

7912-479: Was his capital on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee , Tiberias , so named to honour his patron Tiberius , who had succeeded Augustus as emperor in 14 AD. Residents could bathe nearby at the warm springs of Emmaus , and by the time of the First Jewish-Roman War the city's buildings included a stadium, a royal palace, and a sanctuary for prayer. It gave its name to the sea and later became

8004-580: Was in jest, put him in mind that he was but a private man; but Manahem smiled to himself, and clapped him on his backside with his hand, and said," However that be, thou wilt be king, and wilt begin thy reign happily, for God finds thee worthy of it. And do thou remember the blows that Manahem hath given thee, as being a signal of the change of thy fortune. And truly this will be the best reasoning for thee, that thou love justice [towards men], and piety towards God, and clemency towards thy citizens; yet do I know how thy whole conduct will be, that thou wilt not be such

8096-420: Was reduced to five virtues by the same scholar, by merging and creating a broader concept. The shorter list of virtues became: Ahimsa ( Non-violence ), dama (self restraint), asteya (Non-covetousness/Non-stealing), saucha (inner purity), and satyam (truthfulness). The Bhagavad Gita – considered one of the epitomes of historic Hindu discussion of virtues and an allegorical debate on what

8188-444: Was reluctant to order John's death. However, during his birthday banquet, he had been so pleased by the dancing of Herodias' daughter (unnamed in the text but named by Josephus as Salome ), he had sworn an oath and promised to grant whatever she asked. Her mother then prompted her to ask for John's head on a platter. Compelled not to violate his oath to the girl or the guests, Antipas ordered John beheaded. Among those baptized by John

8280-509: Was satisfied with these replies, and gave Manahem his hand, and dismissed him; and from that time he continued to honor all the Essens [sic]. We have thought it proper to relate these facts to our readers, how strange soever they be, and to declare what hath happened among us, because many of these Essens [sic] have, by their excellent virtue , been thought worthy of this knowledge of Divine revelations." Josephus said Herod "continued to honor all

8372-426: Was so fortunate as to be advanced to the dignity of king, and was in the height of his dominion, he sent for Manahem, and asked him how long he should reign. Manahem did not tell him the full length of his reign; wherefore, upon that silence of his, he asked him further, whether he should reign ten years or not? He replied, "Yes, twenty, nay, thirty years;" but did not assign the just determinate limit of his reign. Herod

8464-500: Was the ancient Egyptian goddess of truth , balance , order , law , morality , and justice . The word maat was also used to refer to these concepts. Maat was also portrayed as regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities. The deities set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation. Her (ideological) counterpart was Isfet , who symbolized chaos , lies, and injustice. The four classic cardinal virtues are: This enumeration

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