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16-459: Heroku was initially developed by James Lindenbaum, Adam Wiggins, and Orion Henry for supporting projects that were compatible with the Ruby programming platform Rack . The prototype development took around six months. Later on, Heroku faced setbacks because of a lack of proper market customers as many app developers used their own tools and environment. In January 2009, a new platform was launched which

32-543: A Ruby Gem . Many Ruby applications are called "rack-compliant". Rack has inspired similar frameworks in JavaScript (jack.js), Clojure , Perl ( Plack ), Common Lisp (Clack), and .NET ( OWIN ). The characteristics of a Rack application is that the application object responds to the call method. The call method takes in the environment object as argument and returns the Rack response object. The environment that

48-505: A significant security intrusion when attackers were able to obtain an access token for a Heroku account that was used for automation purposes. Heroku confirmed that the attack accessed OAuth bearer tokens used for integration with GitHub and salted and hashed customer passwords in May 2022. The OAuth2 tokens were then used in targeted attacks against an unknown set of GitHub repositories apparently in an attempt to find secret tokens, where npm

64-458: Is a modular interface between web servers and web applications developed in the Ruby programming language . With Rack, application programming interfaces (APIs) for web frameworks and middleware are wrapped into a single method call handling HTTP requests and responses . Rack is used by many Ruby web frameworks and libraries , such as Ruby on Rails and Sinatra . It is available as

80-692: Is a nod to Matz for creating Ruby. The creators of Heroku did not want the name of their project to have a particular meaning, in Japanese or any other language, and so chose to invent a name. Applications that are run on Heroku typically have a unique domain used to route HTTP requests to the correct application container or dyno. Each of the dynos are spread across a "dyno grid" which consists of several servers. Heroku's Git server handles application repository pushes from permitted users. All Heroku services are hosted on Amazon's EC2 cloud-computing platform. Rack (web server interface) Rack

96-431: Is most commonly used for software that enables communication and management of data in distributed applications . An IETF workshop in 2000 defined middleware as "those services found above the transport (i.e. over TCP/IP) layer set of services but below the application environment" (i.e. below application-level APIs ). In this more specific sense middleware can be described as the hyphen ("-") in client-server , or

112-485: Is somewhat standardized through the Service Availability Forum and is commonly used in complex, embedded systems within the telecom, defence, and aerospace industries. Many categories of middleware have been defined, based on the field in which it is used or the application module it serves. A recent bibliography identified the main categories of middleware as follows: The term middleware

128-532: Is taken as argument by the call method refers to an object that has: a) Information on the HTTP Request This includes the information like: b) Rack specific information This includes the information like In case the application is being used as a middleware, the environment can have objects that would provide session information, logging capabilities, information on the size of the data that can be used for read and writes etc. In addition to these,

144-549: The -to- in peer-to-peer . Middleware includes web servers , application servers , content management systems , and similar tools that support application development and delivery. ObjectWeb defines middleware as: "The software layer that lies between the operating system and applications on each side of a distributed computing system in a network." Services that can be regarded as middleware include enterprise application integration , data integration , message oriented middleware (MOM), object request brokers (ORBs), and

160-557: The enterprise service bus (ESB). Database access services are often characterised as middleware. Some of them are language specific implementations and support heterogeneous features and other related communication features. Examples of database-oriented middleware include ODBC , JDBC , and transaction processing monitors. Distributed computing system middleware can loosely be divided into two categories—those that provide human-time services (such as web request servicing) and those that perform in machine-time. This latter middleware

176-409: The operating system . It can be described as "software glue". Middleware makes it easier for software developers to implement communication and input/output, so they can focus on the specific purpose of their application. It gained popularity in the 1980s as a solution to the problem of how to link newer applications to older legacy systems, although the term had been in use since 1968. The term

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192-406: The cookies. Rack makes it easy to add a chain of middleware components between the application and the web server. Multiple middleware components can be used in the rack which modifies the request/response before handing it over to the next component. This is called middleware stack. The Rack server adds multiple middle middleware by default for the functionalities like showing exception with all

208-482: The details, validating the request and responses according to the Rack spec etc. A Rack-compatible " Hello World " application in Ruby syntax: The server for the above code can be initiated using "rackup helloWorld.ru" and can be accessed at http://localhost:9292/ The default port used by the Rack application is 9292. Middleware Middleware is a type of computer software program that provides services to software applications beyond those available from

224-463: The server can store their own data in the environment. The rack server object returns a response which contains three parts: the status, headers and the body. Rack::Response provides a convenient interface to create a Rack response. The class Rack::Response is defined in lib/rack/response.rb. To use the Response class, instantiate it from the middleware layer down the stack. It can be used to modify

240-629: Was built almost from scratch after a three-month effort. In October 2009, Byron Sebastian joined Heroku as CEO. On December 8, 2010, Salesforce.com acquired Heroku as a wholly owned subsidiary of Salesforce.com. On July 12, 2011, Yukihiro "Matz" Matsumoto , the chief designer of the Ruby programming language , joined the company as Chief Architect for Ruby. That same month, Heroku added support for Node.js and Clojure . On September 15, 2011, Heroku and Facebook introduced Heroku for Facebook. At present Heroku supports Redis databases in addition to its standard PostgreSQL . On April 7, 2022, Heroku suffered

256-431: Was the primary repository GitHub identified as a target. It is unclear if the original source of the breach is known or not. In August 2022, Heroku announced that its free plans would be discontinued, citing fraud and abuse as reasons for the change. In March 2024 at Kubecon Paris, Heroku announced that it was replatforming onto Kubernetes. The name "Heroku" is a portmanteau of "heroic" and "haiku". The Japanese theme

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