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49-413: In contrast to the lakebed along the northward-flowing Red River , this beach rises from the south to the north and east at a gradient of approximately 1:5000; this rise resulted from the isostatic rebound of the land after recession of the last ice sheet. This North Dakota location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This Minnesota state location article

98-706: A base for their contingent of the North American Boundary Commission. The commission was tasked with defining and marking the Canada-U.S. border. It later served an immigration station and police post. By 1879, the Canadian government no longer had use for the fort and sold the property. Fort Dufferin is best known as the starting point for the North-West Mounted Police 's infamous March West in 1874. This marked

147-541: A group of 100 who formed the new settlement of Emerson, which was named after writer and poet Ralph Waldo Emerson . With the promise that Emerson could be the new "gateway to the west", the settlement grew quickly and, by 1876, a church and a school were built. Manitoba's first railway, the Emerson Line, which ran along the east side of the Red River from St. Boniface to Emerson was completed in 1878. Soon after,

196-550: A key point along the Red River trade routes for both river and land traffic. After the railway to Emerson was completed in 1878, the importance of West Lynne diminished. In 1883, West Lynne and Emerson were amalgamated into one municipality, retaining the name Emerson. The Canadian port of entry on the west side of the river was officially known as West Lynne to distinguish it from the Emerson East port on east side until

245-701: A land area of 7.35 km (2.84 sq mi), it had a population density of 89.8/km (232.6/sq mi) in 2021. Emerson is located at the far southwest corner of the federal riding of Provencher , which is represented by Ted Falk . At the provincial level, the community is represented by Josh Guenter , MLA for the Borderland riding . The community's education needs are served by Emerson Elementary School (Kindergarten to Grade 8) and Roseau Valley School (Grades 9–12) in nearby Dominion City . Recreational facilities include an indoor skating rink, curling rink, public golf course, swimming pool, and park. Emerson

294-534: A population just under 700. The community still attracts many visitors each year who pass through the Port of Entry at Emerson. There are still some landmarks remaining from Emerson's "golden age", such as the courthouse, jail, and home of William Fairbanks, as well as the West Lynne post office and original customs house. The courthouse, which is designated as a historical landmark, is still in use today. West Lynne

343-475: A removable flood wall was constructed in the downtown area so that residents did not lose their connection to the river. In Winnipeg, the flood crested at 24.5 feet (7.5 m) above datum at the James Avenue pumping station, making it the third-highest flood at Winnipeg in recorded history . It was surpassed by the floods of 1825, and 1826. The city was largely spared the fate of Grand Forks thanks to

392-476: A specific vulnerable section near Grafton city, located between Grand Forks and Emerson, that is highly susceptible to severe floods. On May 8, 1950, the Red River reached its highest level at Winnipeg since 1861. Eight dikes protecting Winnipeg gave way and flooded much of the city, turning 1,600 km (600 sq mi) of farmland into an enormous lake. The city turned to the Canadian Army and

441-405: A total of $ 3.5 billion in damage and required temporary evacuation of towns and cities on both sides of the border. The cities of Grand Forks, North Dakota , and East Grand Forks, Minnesota , suffered the most damage, and most of their populations had to be evacuated. The river crested at more than 54 feet (16 m) above datum . The cities worked with FEMA and the state of Minnesota to clear

490-679: A wet summer in 2010, as well as an above average amount of snowfall through the winter in the Red River Valley, the Red River spilled its banks. It crested in Winnipeg at the James Avenue pumping station at 19.59 feet (5.97 m) above datum, as the sixth highest flood levels in recorded history if flood protection such as the Portage Diversion and the Red River Floodway were not in place. That same year there

539-614: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Red River of the North The Red River ( French : rivière Rouge ), also called the Red River of the North ( French : rivière Rouge du Nord ) to differentiate it from the Red River in the south of the continent, is a river in the north-central United States and central Canada . Originating at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers between

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588-570: Is an unincorporated community recognized as a local urban district (LUD) in south central Manitoba , Canada, located within the Municipality of Emerson – Franklin . It has a population of 678 as of the 2016 Canada census . Emerson is 96 kilometres south of Winnipeg along the Red River , just north of the United States border at the point where the province of Manitoba and states of Minnesota and North Dakota meet. Being in

637-646: Is bordered by the twin cities of Fargo, North Dakota  – Moorhead, Minnesota , and Grand Forks, North Dakota  – East Grand Forks, Minnesota . It crosses the Canada–United States border just before reaching the town of Emerson, Manitoba . Manitoba 's capital, Winnipeg, is at the Red's confluence with the Assiniboine River , at a point called The Forks . Together with the Assiniboine,

686-559: Is east, forming a 26,000-hectare (64,000-acre) wetland. Southern Manitoba has a frost-free season of between 120 and 140 days per year in the Red River Valley. The Red River flows across the flat lake bed of the ancient glacial Lake Agassiz , an enormous glacial lake created at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation from meltwaters of the Laurentide Ice Sheet . As this continental glacier decayed, its meltwaters formed

735-493: Is the lake bed of the ancient glacial lake. It is remarkably flat; from its origin near Breckenridge, Minnesota, to the international border near Emerson, Manitoba , its gradient is only about 1:5000 (1 metre per 5 kilometres), or approximately 1 foot per mile. The river, slow and small in most seasons, does not have the energy to cut a gorge. Instead it meanders across the silty bottomlands in its progress north. In consequence, high water has nowhere to go, except to spread across

784-560: Is valued at over $ 14 billion CAD . The ports of entry on both sides are open 24 hours and offer full border services. An estimated one million people pass through the border crossing each year. For many years, Emerson was among very few communities in Canada to have multiple border crossings. It was serviced by the current port of entry, originally designated as West Lynne, and the now-closed Emerson East port of entry opposite Noyes, Minnesota . In its original configuration, Highway 75 ended at

833-468: The Red Cross and The Salvation Army for help, and nearly 70,000 people were evacuated from their homes and businesses. Four of eleven bridges in the city were destroyed, and damage was estimated at between $ 900 million and $ 1 billion. As a result of the floods, a flood control project was constructed to prevent such damage in the future. The Red River Floodway around Winnipeg attracted some derision at

882-530: The Red River Trails , nineteenth-century oxcart trails developed originally by the Métis, supported the fur trade and these settlements. They contributed to further development of the region on both sides of the international border. The Red River begins at the confluence of the Bois de Sioux and Otter Tail rivers, on the border of Wahpeton, North Dakota and Breckenridge, Minnesota . Downstream, it

931-479: The flood of 1997 . 75% of the population in the former city was evacuated, and all of the latter. Many of the residential areas along the rivers were inundated and all the homes had to be destroyed. Afterward, a massive flood protection project was undertaken to protect both cities. Atashi et al. study conducted spatial analyses of the Permanent Water Area (PWA) and Seasonal Water Area (SWA), revealing

980-508: The floodplains of the river on both sides, prohibiting future housing or businesses in this area. They created the Greater Grand Forks Greenway on both sides, which includes city and state parks, a long bike trail, and other recreational amenities. The trees and greenery help absorb floodwaters. A dike system was constructed outside this area on both sides to protect the cities from future floods. In East Grand Forks,

1029-544: The Canadian government closed Emerson East in 2003 to consolidate operations. The original customs house and post office at West Lynne still stand about 200 meters from the modern facility used by the Canada Border Services Agency . The fort was located on the west side of the Red River, approximately two kilometers north of West Lynne. It was established by the Government of Canada in 1872 as

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1078-497: The Emerson East crossing, the busier of the two crossings during the early and mid parts of the 20th century, where it continued south as U.S. Route 75 . Travelers wishing to enter North Dakota turned south onto a short road leading to the border (later designated Highway 29 ) which continued into North Dakota as U.S. Route 81 . The importance of the Emerson East crossing declined after Interstate 29 superseded U.S. 81 in 1957 and subsequent realignment of Highways 75 and 29 to serve

1127-506: The Floodway, which was pushed to its capacity during the 1997 flood. In 2009 the Red River flooded in early spring. By Friday, March 27, the river at Fargo had reached the highest level in recorded history. Its discharge at that location was far in excess of normal flows. The river crested at the James Avenue pumping station in Winnipeg at 22.5 feet (6.9 m) above datum, making it the fourth-highest flood in recorded history. Due to

1176-539: The North Dakota–Minnesota border. Long an important highway for trade, the Red River has been designated a Canadian Heritage River . The watershed of the Red River was part of Rupert's Land , the concession established by the British Hudson's Bay Company in north central North America. The Red was a key trade route for the company, and contributed to the settlement of British North America. The river

1225-645: The Red River fully encloses the endorheic basin of Devils' Lake and Stump Lake. The Red flows further north before draining into Lake Winnipeg which then drains through the Nelson River into Hudson Bay , both part of the Hudson Bay watershed . The mouth of the Red River forms a freshwater river delta called the Netley–Libau Marsh. The Netley Marsh is west of the Red and the Libau Marsh

1274-477: The U.S. states of Minnesota and North Dakota , it flows northward through the Red River Valley , forming most of the border of Minnesota and North Dakota and continuing into Manitoba . It empties into Lake Winnipeg , whose waters join the Nelson River and ultimately flow into Hudson Bay . The Red River is about 885 kilometres (550 mi) long, of which about 635 kilometres (395 mi) are in

1323-560: The United States and about 255 kilometres (158 mi) are in Canada. The river falls 70 metres (230 ft) on its trip to Lake Winnipeg, where it spreads into the vast deltaic wetland known as Netley Marsh. Several urban areas have developed on both sides of the river, including the city of Winnipeg in Canada, as well as the Fargo-Moorhead and Grand Forks–East Grand Forks metropolitan areas, both of which straddle

1372-575: The United States. A migrant family of four Indian nationals was found frozen to death in January 2022 on the northern side of the US-Canada border. In 1873, American businessmen Thomas Carney and William Fairbanks, following advice from railroad entrepreneur James J. Hill , received a grant from the province of Manitoba for 640 acres along the east side of the Red River near the Canada–United States border . Hill had advised Carney and Fairbanks that

1421-880: The West Lynne-Pembina crossing. Dwindling use of the Emerson East port of entry prompted the Canadian government to close the border station in June 2003. The American government closed the Noyes port of entry three years later. South of Emerson, the Canadian National (CN) and Canadian Pacific (CP) Railways cross the border and are met, respectively, by the BNSF Railway and the Soo Line Railroad (CP's main U.S. subsidiary). There are customs inspection facilities for both lines on either side of

1470-410: The area had significant potential to become a railway hub for the region. The existing settlement of West Lynne on the west side of the river had already established itself as a key point along the trading routes between Winnipeg and St. Paul, Minnesota . With the emergence of railroads during this time, the addition of their own railway would bring great economic prosperity. In 1874, the two men led

1519-464: The border from Emerson; however, the border crossing between the two is now closed. The principal roads serving Emerson are Highway 75 and Provincial Road 200 , which run north to Winnipeg along either side of the Red River. As of 2020 Highway 75 at Emerson was being redeveloped in order to accommodate expansion of the Emerson port of entry. As part of this project, Emerson's access to Highway 75

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1568-696: The border. With the passage of Donald Trump 's Executive Order 13769 in 2017, Emerson has seen a large influx of immigrants walking across the border to apply for asylum. Many of them have found assistance with the Manitoba Interfaith Immigration Council. In 2018, Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party of Canada Pablo Rodriguez began a series of visits to immigrant communities, warning potential border crossers that those who do not qualify for refugee status could be returned to their countries of origin rather than

1617-433: The community absorbed the neighbouring community of West Lynne. A court house, town hall, and other large, elaborate structures were erected as businesses thrived, thanks to immigrants and travelers from the east stopping in Emerson before embarking west. To help cement its status as "gateway to the west", the town negotiated with Canadian Pacific Railway to build a new railway west from Emerson. However, shortly after work on

1666-432: The cross-border distribution line was removed. On January 1, 2015, the town and neighbouring Rural Municipality of Franklin were amalgamated by direction of the provincial government to create the Municipality of Emerson – Franklin . Following the merger, the former Town of Emerson was designated as a local urban district within the new municipality and allotted two seats on the municipal council. Today, Emerson has

1715-560: The dike that was constructed around the community. From around 1936 to 1956, Emerson obtained its power across the border from a long 2400-volt distribution circuit originating from Pembina. This line was initially operated by the Interstate Power Company and was sold to the Otter Tail Power Company in 1944. In 1956, the town made arrangements to obtain its electrical needs from Manitoba Hydro and

1764-696: The far southwestern corner of municipality, the LUD shares borders with the Rural Municipality of Montcalm in Manitoba, Pembina County in North Dakota, and Kittson County in Minnesota. The towns of St. Vincent, Minnesota , and Pembina, North Dakota , are just a few kilometres south of the border in the United States. The unincorporated community of Noyes, Minnesota , lies immediately across

1813-418: The lake. Over thousands of years, sediments precipitated to the bottom of the lakebed. These lacustrine soils are the parent soils of today's Red River Valley . The river is very young; it developed only after Lake Agassiz drained, about 9,500 years ago. The word "valley" is a misnomer. While the Red River drains the region, it did not create a valley wider than a few hundred feet. The much wider floodplain

1862-421: The line began, CPR reconsidered and the railway was never built. Coupled with the completion of CPR's transcontinental railway through Winnipeg, the loss of the western railway ended the prospects of Emerson being the "gateway to the west", a title that would be bestowed upon Winnipeg. Businesses relocated to Winnipeg and travelers who would previously would have come to Manitoba through Emerson were now taking

1911-444: The new all-Canadian CPR route to Winnipeg and then west. By 1884, only ten years after the settlement was founded, the community was bankrupt. It would take the community years to recover. A fire destroyed the original town hall in 1917. A new town hall was built to replace it, with help from the Manitoba government. Many of the abandoned buildings were eventually destroyed by Red River floods , while others were removed to make way for

1960-411: The old lakebed in "overland flooding". Heavy snows or rains, especially on saturated or frozen soil, have caused a number of catastrophic floods, which often are made worse by the fact that snowmelt starts in the warmer south, and waters flowing northward are often dammed or slowed by ice. These periodic floods have the effect of refilling, in part, the ancient lake. Floods happen in the Red River when

2009-496: The only time the entire force was ever assembled at one place. Today, the Fort Dufferin site is owned by the province of Manitoba. A cairn and plaque mark the historic site, which is open to the public during the summer. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Emerson had a population of 660 living in 294 of its 321 total private dwellings, a change of -2.7% from its 2016 population of 678. With

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2058-417: The railway from St. Paul to St. Vincent, Minnesota was completed and the two lines were connected. The arrival of the railway to Emerson brought prosperity, and instantly elevated Emerson's status as one of Manitoba's most important settlements. Emerson was originally incorporated as a town in 1879. Over the next four years, the community experienced a boom. Its population swelled to over 10,000 and in 1883,

2107-553: The subject of scholarly studies. After the disastrous 1950 flood, which resulted in extensive property damage and losses in Winnipeg , the province of Manitoba undertook flood prevention by constructing the Red River Floodway . Completed in 1968, it diverts floodwaters around the city to less settled areas farther down the river. Grand Forks, North Dakota, and East Grand Forks, Minnesota, suffered widespread destruction in

2156-400: The time, as some people thought it was massively overbuilt and was the then-largest earth-moving project in the world. The project was completed under-budget, and has been used for at least some flood control 20 times in the 37 years from its completion to 2006. The Floodway has saved an estimated CA$ 10 billion in flood damages. In the spring of 1997 a major flood of the Red River caused

2205-570: The water level increases over the tops of riverbanks due to significant precipitation over the same area for long periods, in the forms of persistent thunderstorms, rain, or snow combined with spring snow melt and ice jam. Major floods in historic times include those of 1826 , 1897 , 1950 , 1997 , 2009 , 2011 , and there has been significant flooding many years in between. Geologists have found evidence of many other floods in prehistoric times of equal or greater size. These " paleofloods " are known from their effects on local landforms, and have been

2254-515: Was a surprise major flood on the Assiniboine River . In May 2011, a Manitoba-wide state of emergency was declared in the wake of a 300-year flood on the Assiniboine River at Brandon . Many residents had to be evacuated. Below are the estimated, measured, and calculated peak flow rates of the Red River at various locations for the top ten floods of the Red River Valley, as measured at Winnipeg. Emerson, Manitoba Emerson

2303-539: Was established in the early 1870s by the Hudson's Bay Company , next to their North Pembina post, prior to which the company had operated a post at Fort Pembina two miles to the south, in American territory. After losing the fort in a Fenian raid in 1871, they withdrew and established the post inside Canadian territory. A post office, telegraph station, and customs house were soon constructed at West Lynne, making it

2352-691: Was long used by fur traders , including the French and the Métis people , who established a community in this area some time before the British defeated France in the Seven Years' War . Following that, they took over French possessions in Canada. Settlers of the Red River Colony established farming along the river, and their primary settlement developed as Winnipeg , Manitoba. What became known as

2401-517: Was moved 1.2 kilometres (0.7 miles) north of the former junction (removed in 2019). The border crossing at Emerson, Manitoba and Pembina, North Dakota is the fifth-busiest along the Canada–United States border , and the second-busiest west of the Great Lakes . It is part of a large trade corridor that links the Canadian prairies with the United States and Mexico . Annual cross-border trade

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