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47-770: [REDACTED] Look up hermie in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Hermie may refer to: Hermie (slur) , a pejorative term for an intersex person Hermies , a village in France Hermie, a character in Summer of '42 Hermie and Friends , a Christian video series Hermie, a fictional character in The Smurfs Hermie, a character in Jungle Jam and Friends: The Radio Show! Hermie Sadler ,

94-472: A language documentation project, researchers work to develop records of the language - these records could be field notes and audio or video recordings. To follow best practices of documentation, these records should be clearly annotated and kept safe within an archive of some kind. Franz Boas was one of the first anthropologists involved in language documentation within North America and he supported

141-476: A final example of this third paradigm, a group of linguistic anthropologists have done very creative work on the idea of social space. Duranti published a groundbreaking article on Samoan greetings and their use and transformation of social space. Before that, Indonesianist Joseph Errington, making use of earlier work by Indonesianists not necessarily concerned with language issues per se, brought linguistic anthropological methods (and semiotic theory) to bear on

188-466: A linguistic anthropological approach to ethnopoetics . Hymes had hoped that this paradigm would link linguistic anthropology more to anthropology. However, Hymes' ambition backfired as the second paradigm marked a distancing of the sub-discipline from the rest of anthropology. The third paradigm, which began in the late 1980s, redirected the primary focus on anthropology by providing a linguistic approach to anthropological issues. Rather than prioritizing

235-506: A more anthropological focus on the study. This term was preferred by Dell Hymes , who was also responsible, with John Gumperz , for the idea of ethnography of communication . The term linguistic anthropology reflected Hymes' vision of a future where language would be studied in the context of the situation and relative to the community speaking it. This new era would involve many new technological developments, such as mechanical recording. This paradigm developed in critical dialogue with

282-466: A powerful attempt to transcend the shame the larger Brazilian public might try to foist off on them, again by loud public discourse and other modes of performance . In addition, scholars such as Émile Benveniste , Mary Bucholtz and Kira Hall Benjamin Lee , Paul Kockelman , and Stanton Wortham (among many others) have contributed to understandings of identity as " intersubjectivity " by examining

329-654: A racing car driver Hermey , character in the TV special Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Hermie . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermie&oldid=1017073080 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

376-447: A single utterance, finds the underlying question anthropologists ask of the practice—Why do they do that?—reflects a dominant linguistic ideology. It is the ideology that people should "really" be monoglot and efficiently targeted toward referential clarity rather than diverting themselves with the messiness of multiple varieties in play at a single time. Much research on linguistic ideologies probes subtler influences on language, such as

423-492: A way for queer people to communicate with one another while avoiding detection by mainstream society. Queer people have always existed, but historically, they have had to be discreet about their identities and lives, particularly when being LGBTQ+ was illegal and or socially condemned. LGBTQ slang is used as a way to signal one's identity and build solidarity within the community. When queer people use these certain words and phrases, they demonstrate to others that they are part of

470-568: Is a method of recording text versions of oral poetry or narrative performances (i.e. verbal lore) that uses poetic lines, verses, and stanzas (instead of prose paragraphs) to capture the formal, poetic performance elements which would otherwise be lost in the written texts. The goal of any ethnopoetic text is to show how the techniques of unique oral performers enhance the aesthetic value of their performances within their specific cultural contexts. Major contributors to ethnopoetic theory include Jerome Rothenberg, Dennis Tedlock, and Dell Hymes. Ethnopoetics

517-466: Is a more extensive use of slang as a form of dialect or way of speaking. Other argots are spoken in southern Africa ( Gayle language and IsiNgqumo ) and Indonesia ( Bahasa Binan ). More specifically, in a country like Thailand , LGBTQ slang was always present in their history due to their religious, behavioral, and social nature. However, before the term LGBTQ was introduced, the Thai community would use

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564-545: Is considered a subfield of ethnology, anthropology, folkloristics, stylistics, linguistics, and literature and translation studies. Endangered languages are languages that are not being passed down to children as their mother tongue or that have declining numbers of speakers for a variety of reasons. Therefore, after a couple generations these languages may no longer be spoken. Anthropologists have been involved with endangered language communities through their involvement in language documentation and revitalization projects. In

611-462: Is devoted to themes unique to the sub-discipline. This area includes documentation of languages that have been seen as at-risk for extinction , with a particular focus on indigenous languages of native North American tribes. It is also the paradigm most focused on linguistics. Linguistic themes include the following: The second paradigm can be marked by reversing the words. Going from anthropological linguistics to linguistic anthropology , signals

658-621: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Hermie (slur) LGBTQ slang , LGBTQ speak , queer slang , or gay slang is a set of English slang lexicon used predominantly among LGBTQ+ people. It has been used in various languages since the early 20th century as a means by which members of the LGBTQ+ community identify themselves and speak in code with brevity and speed to others. LGBTQ slang has played an integral part in LGBTQ+ culture for decades. Slang language initially emerged as

705-482: Is the Lenape language course taught at Swathmore College, Pennsylvania. The course aims to educate indigenous and non-indigenous students about the Lenape language and culture. Language reclamation, as a subset of revitalization, implies that a language has been taken away from a community and addresses their concern in taking back the agency to revitalize their language on their own terms. Language reclamation addresses

752-453: The LGBT community : Linguistic anthropology Linguistic anthropology explores how language shapes communication, forms social identity and group membership, organizes large-scale cultural beliefs and ideologies , and develops a common cultural representation of natural and social worlds . Linguistic anthropology emerged from the development of three distinct paradigms that have set

799-584: The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) to the late 19th Century. Conversely, words such as " banjee ", while well-established in a subset of gay society, have never made the transition to popular use. Conversations between gay men have been found to use more slang and fewer commonly known terms about sexual behavior than conversations between straight men. In the Philippines, many LGBTQ people speak with Swardspeak , or "gay lingo", which

846-461: The criminalization of homosexuality , LGBTQ slang has served as an argot or cant , a secret language and a way for the LGBTQ community to communicate with each other publicly without revealing their sexual orientation to others. Since the advent of queer studies in universities, LGBTQ slang and argot has become a subject of academic research among linguistic anthropology scholars. During

893-403: The gospel of Mark , chapter 2, verses 6–8). In a third example of the current (third) paradigm, since Roman Jakobson 's student Michael Silverstein opened the way, there has been an increase in the work done by linguistic anthropologists on the major anthropological theme of ideologies , —in this case " language ideologies ", sometimes defined as "shared bodies of commonsense notions about

940-684: The magic of textual and nontextual metricalizations, synchronized." Addressing the broad central concerns of the subfield and drawing from its core theories, many scholars focus on the intersections of language and the particularly salient social constructs of race (and ethnicity), class, and gender (and sexuality). These works generally consider the roles of social structures (e.g., ideologies and institutions) related to race, class, and gender (e.g., marriage, labor, pop culture, education) in terms of their constructions and in terms of individuals' lived experiences. A short list of linguistic anthropological texts that address these topics follows: Ethnopoetics

987-555: The 1960s and 1970s, the terms "cottage" (chiefly British) and "tearoom" (chiefly American) were used to denote public toilets used for sex. By 1999, this terminology had fallen out of use to the point of being greatly unrecognizable by members of the LGBTQ community at large. Many terms that originated as gay slang have become part of the popular lexicon . For example, the word drag was popularized by Hubert Selby Jr. in his book Last Exit to Brooklyn . Drag has been traced back by

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1034-481: The LGBTQ+ community and share a common experience. This connection can create a sense of belonging for those historically rejected and isolated by mainstream society. LGBTQ slang is also used by the community as a means of reclaiming language and deconstructing oppressive norms. Queer slang often includes playful references to sexual acts, which can serve as an assertion of sexual agency and a rejection of shame. Because of sodomy laws and threat of prosecution due to

1081-470: The development of three key materials: 1) grammars, 2) texts, and 3) dictionaries. This is now known as the Boasian Trilogy. Language revitalization is the practice of bringing a language back into common use. The revitalization efforts can take the form of teaching the language to new speakers or encouraging the continued use within the community. One example of a language revitalization project

1128-490: The display of hed (personal autonomy). To speak Tok Pisin is to index a modern, Catholic identity, based not on hed but on save, an identity linked with the will and the skill to cooperate. In later work, Kulick demonstrates that certain loud speech performances in Brazil called um escândalo, Brazilian travesti (roughly, 'transvestite') sex workers shame clients. The travesti community, the argument goes, ends up at least making

1175-430: The distribution of participant roles such as protagonist (often a child but sometimes mother and almost never the father) and "problematizer" (often the father, who raised uncomfortable questions or challenged the competence of the protagonist). When mothers collaborated with children to get their stories told, they unwittingly set themselves up to be subject to this process. Schieffelin's more recent research has uncovered

1222-451: The exemplary center idea is one of linguistic anthropology's three most important findings. He generalizes the notion thus, arguing "there are wider-scale institutional 'orders of interactionality,' historically contingent yet structured. Within such large-scale, macrosocial orders, in-effect ritual centers of semiosis come to exert a structuring, value -conferring influence on any particular event of discursive interaction with respect to

1269-408: The expectations and desires of linguistic minority families "regarding the relevance of these languages in their children’s lives as well as when, where, how, and to what ends these languages should be used." Although this is arguably a fledgling line of language ideology research, this work is poised to contribute to the understanding of how ideologies of language operate in a variety of settings. In

1316-425: The fields of folklore on the one hand and linguistics on the other. Hymes criticized folklorists' fixation on oral texts rather than the verbal artistry of performance. At the same time, he criticized the cognitivist shift in linguistics heralded by the pioneering work of Noam Chomsky , arguing for an ethnographic focus on language in use. Hymes had many revolutionary contributions to linguistic anthropology,

1363-467: The first of which was a new unit of analysis . Unlike the first paradigm, which focused on linguistic tools like measuring of phonemes and morphemes , the second paradigm's unit of analysis was the "speech event". A speech event is defined as one with speech presented for a significant duration throughout its occurrence (ex., a lecture or debate). This is different from a speech situation, where speech could possibly occur (ex., dinner). Hymes also pioneered

1410-762: The first seven decades of the 20th century, a specific form of Polari was developed by gay men and lesbians in urban centres of the United Kingdom within established LGBTQ communities. Polari was featured on the BBC radio programme Round the Horne in 1964, exposing the wider public to the secret language. Although there are differences, contemporary British gay slang has adopted many Polari words. The 1964 legislative report Homosexuality and Citizenship in Florida contains an extensive appendix documenting and defining

1457-464: The homosexual slang in the United States at that time. SCRUFF launched a gay-slang dictionary app in 2014, which includes commonly used slang in the United States from the gay community. Specialized dictionaries that record LGBTQ slang have been found to revolve heavily around sexual matters. Slang is ephemeral; terms used in one generation may pass out of usage in another. For example, in

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1504-557: The island of Sumba , Indonesia . And, even though it pertains to Tewa Indians in Arizona rather than Indonesians, Paul Kroskrity 's argument that speech forms originating in the Tewa kiva (or underground ceremonial space) forms the dominant model for all Tewa speech can be seen as a direct parallel. Silverstein tries to find the maximum theoretical significance and applicability in this idea of exemplary centers. He feels, in fact, that

1551-427: The meanings and significance of the verbal and other semiotic forms used in it." Current approaches to such classic anthropological topics as ritual by linguistic anthropologists emphasize not static linguistic structures but the unfolding in realtime of a " 'hypertrophic' set of parallel orders of iconicity and indexicality that seem to cause the ritual to create its own sacred space through what appears, often, to be

1598-408: The nature of language in the world." Silverstein has demonstrated that these ideologies are not mere false consciousness but actually influence the evolution of linguistic structures, including the dropping of " thee " and " thou " from everyday English usage. Woolard, in her overview of " code switching ", or the systematic practice of alternating linguistic varieties within a conversation or even

1645-536: The notion of the exemplary center, the center of political and ritual power from which emanated exemplary behavior. Errington demonstrated how the Javanese priyayi , whose ancestors served at the Javanese royal courts, became emissaries, so to speak, long after those courts had ceased to exist, representing throughout Java the highest example of "refined speech." The work of Joel Kuipers develops this theme vis-a-vis

1692-451: The power dynamics associated with language loss. Encouraging those who already know the language to use it, increasing the domains of usage, and increasing the overall prestige of the language are all components of reclamation. One example of this is the Miami language being brought back from 'extinct' status through extensive archives. While the field of linguistics has also been focused on

1739-403: The process of language acquisition , but that children acquire language and culture together in what amounts to an integrated process. Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that baby talk is not universal , that the direction of adaptation (whether the child is made to adapt to the ongoing situation of speech around it or vice versa) was a variable that correlated, for example, with the direction it

1786-660: The pull exerted on Tewa, a Kiowa-Tanoan language spoken in certain New Mexican pueblos and on the Hopi Reservation in Arizona, by "kiva speech", discussed in the next section. Other linguists have carried out research in the areas of language contact , language endangerment , and ' English as a global language '. For instance, Indian linguist Braj Kachru investigated local varieties of English in South Asia,

1833-536: The socializing role of pastors and other fairly new Bosavi converts in the Southern Highlands, Papua New Guinea community she studies. Pastors have introduced new ways of conveying knowledge, new linguistic epistemic markers —and new ways of speaking about time. And they have struggled with and largely resisted those parts of the Bible that speak of being able to know the inner states of others (e.g.

1880-525: The standard for approaching linguistic anthropology. The first, now known as " anthropological linguistics ," focuses on the documentation of languages. The second, known as "linguistic anthropology," engages in theoretical studies of language use. The third, developed over the past two or three decades, studies issues from other subfields of anthropology with linguistic considerations. Though they developed sequentially, all three paradigms are still practiced today. The first paradigm, anthropological linguistics,

1927-461: The study of anthropological issues through linguistic means, is an affluent area of study for current linguistic anthropologists. A great deal of work in linguistic anthropology investigates questions of sociocultural identity linguistically and discursively. Linguistic anthropologist Don Kulick has done so in relation to identity, for example, in a series of settings, first in a village called Gapun in northern Papua New Guinea . He explored how

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1974-438: The technical components of language, third paradigm anthropologists focus on studying culture through the use of linguistic tools. Themes include: Furthermore, similar to how the second paradigm used new technology in its studies, the third paradigm heavily includes use of video documentation to support research. Contemporary linguistic anthropology continues research in all three paradigms described above: The third paradigm,

2021-468: The terms Kathoey and Tom. The term Kathoey was used to describe transgender women who dress, act, or partake in surgery to become female, and the term Tom as well as "handsome girls" in Thai was used to describe women who liked women. Homosexuality and transgenderism has always existed throughout their history, as their behavioral nature did not align with heterosexual ideals. The following slang terms have been used to represent various types of people within

2068-566: The use of two languages with and around children in Gapun village: the traditional language ( Taiap ), not spoken anywhere but in their own village and thus primordially "indexical" of Gapuner identity, and Tok Pisin , the widely circulating official language of New Guinea. ("indexical" points to meanings beyond the immediate context.) To speak the Taiap language is associated with one identity: not only local but "Backward" and also an identity based on

2115-862: The ways in which English functions as a lingua franca among multicultural groups in India. British linguist David Crystal has contributed to investigations of language death attention to the effects of cultural assimilation resulting in the spread of one dominant language in situations of colonialism. More recently, a new line of ideology work is beginning to enter the field of linguistics in relation to heritage languages . Specifically, applied linguist Martin Guardado has posited that heritage language ideologies are "somewhat fluid sets of understandings, justifications, beliefs, and judgments that linguistic minorities hold about their languages." Guardado goes on to argue that ideologies of heritage languages also contain

2162-460: The ways it is discursively constructed. In a series of studies, linguistic anthropologists Elinor Ochs and Bambi Schieffelin addressed the anthropological topic of socialization (the process by which infants, children, and foreigners become members of a community, learning to participate in its culture), using linguistic and other ethnographic methods. They discovered that the processes of enculturation and socialization do not occur apart from

2209-642: Was held vis-à-vis a caregiver's body. In many societies caregivers hold a child facing outward so as to orient it to a network of kin whom it must learn to recognize early in life. Ochs and Schieffelin demonstrated that members of all societies socialize children both to and through the use of language. Ochs and Schieffelin uncovered how, through naturally occurring stories told during dinners in white middle class households in Southern California , both mothers and fathers participated in replicating male dominance (the "father knows best" syndrome) by

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