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72-572: The Herschel Space Observatory was a space observatory built and operated by the European Space Agency (ESA). It was active from 2009 to 2013, and was the largest infrared telescope ever launched until the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope in 2021. Herschel carries a 3.5-metre (11.5 ft) mirror and instruments sensitive to the far infrared and submillimetre wavebands (55–672 μm). Herschel

144-563: A High Throughput Heterodyne Spectroscopy mission as one of its cornerstone missions. In 1986, FIRST was adopted as this cornerstone mission. It was selected for implementation in 1993, following an industrial study in 1992–1993. The mission concept was redesigned from Earth-orbit to the Lagrangian point L2, in light of experience gained from the Infrared Space Observatory [(2.5–240 μm) 1995–1998]. In 2000, FIRST

216-541: A body of scientifically validated data. Following Herschel 's demise, some European astronomers have pushed for the joint European-Japanese SPICA far-infrared observatory project, as well as ESA's continued partnership in NASA's James Webb Space Telescope . James Webb covers the near-infrared spectrum from 0.6 to 28.5 μm, and SPICA covers the mid-to-far-infrared spectral range between 12 and 230 μm. While Herschel 's dependence on liquid helium coolant limited

288-453: A near vacuum at a temperature of approximately 1.4 K (−272 °C). The supply of helium on board the spacecraft was a fundamental limit to the operational lifetime of the space observatory; it was originally expected to be operational for at least three years. Herschel carried three detectors: NASA developed and built the mixers, local oscillator chains and power amplifiers for this instrument. The NASA Herschel Science Center , part of

360-545: A neighbouring commune of the agglomeration, is also home to TARMAC, a company dedicated to the dismantling of aircraft for which it was necessary to construct an imposing building. The platform is, again, installed on the Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées airport area, and revolves around the three activities of storage, maintenance and deconstruction. Boostec , based in Bazet , collaborated with EADS - Astrium to build

432-463: A reduced majority (51.3%) in 1995, against Gérard Trémège (UDF-RPR). 2001 then marked a brand new change: Gérard Trémège, after a merger of the lists of DL-UDF and RPR, became mayor with 50.1% of the vote (26 votes in advance). He was re-elected on 17 March 2008 under the UMP - Radical Party label "Valoisien" this time with 54.3% (1,705 votes ahead of Jean Glavany ) and again on 23 March 2014, this time in

504-403: A week, respectively. Meridiana connects to Rome and finally Air Nostrum (Iberia Regional) offers two flights per week to Madrid Barajas . The airport also offers seasonal charter flights to and from the largest European cities. The Gare de Tarbes railway station offers direct connections with Paris, Bordeaux, Toulouse, Bayonne and several regional destinations. Tarbes is also served by

576-470: A year. The galaxy, termed HFLS3 , is located at z = 6.34, originating only 880 million years after the Big Bang . Just days before the end of its mission, ESA announced that Herschel 's observations had led to the conclusion that water on Jupiter had been delivered as a result of the collision of Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 in 1994. On 22 January 2014, ESA scientists using Herschel data reported

648-542: Is a Pre-Pyrenees town within the rich agricultural plain of the river Adour , 155 kilometres (96 miles) southwest of Toulouse , 144 kilometres (89 miles) to the east of Bayonne , 70 kilometres (43 miles) southwest of Auch and 20 kilometres (12 miles) northeast of Lourdes . Tarbes is 1 hr 30 mins from the Atlantic Ocean , 2 hrs 50 mins from the Languedoc coast and 35 minutes from the nearest ski resorts . It

720-686: Is a commune in the Hautes-Pyrénées department in the Occitanie region of southwestern France. It is the capital of Bigorre and of the Hautes-Pyrénées. It has been a commune since 1790. It was known as Turba or Tarba in Roman times . Tarbes is part of the historical region of Gascony . Formerly of strong industrial tradition, Tarbes today tries to diversify its activities, particularly in aeronautics and high tech around

792-405: Is dedicated to accommodate a designated set of warm units, while taking into account the heat dissipation requirements of the different warm units, of the instruments, as well as the spacecraft. Furthermore, on both spacecraft a common design has been achieved for the avionics systems, attitude control and measurement systems (ACMS), command and data management systems (CDMS), power subsystems and

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864-516: Is located at an average elevation of 304 metres (997 feet). To the south of Tarbes, along with the pilgrimage town of Lourdes, is the border with Spain. The Pyrenees mountains, lying along the border between France and Spain, can be seen from the town. Tarbes is crossed to the east by the Adour river and to the west by the Échez and by the Gespe, a tributary which joins the Échez on the territory of

936-530: Is mild and sunny. Winter, meanwhile, is less rigorous but can still hold some surprises. The lowest temperature was recorded in January 1985 with a temperature under shelter of −17.9 °C (−0.2 °F). Conversely, there was a maximum temperature of 39 °C (102 °F) in August 2003. The name of the town was recorded in the 5th century as Civitas Turba ubi castrum Bigòrra (The town of Turba (possibly 'of

1008-524: Is performed by the attitude control computer (ACC) which is the platform for the ACMS. It is designed to fulfil the pointing and slewing requirements of the Herschel and Planck payload. The Herschel spacecraft is three-axis stabilized . The absolute pointing error needs to be less than 3.7 arc seconds. The main sensor of the line of sight in both spacecraft is the star tracker . The spacecraft, built in

1080-563: Is still the second of the Midi-Pyrénées. Also in the town centre, the Rex Hotel, a designer hotel addressing a rather affluent clientele, and the arrival of brands such as H&M and new places of leisure ( CGR  [ fr ] , etc.) seem to attest to the attractiveness of the town. Often presented as a "market town", Tarbes is home to important halls and market squares, allowing opportunities for local agriculture. Symbol of

1152-409: Is subject neither to twinkling nor to light pollution from artificial light sources on Earth. As a result, the angular resolution of space telescopes is often much higher than a ground-based telescope with a similar aperture . Many larger terrestrial telescopes, however, reduce atmospheric effects with adaptive optics . Space-based astronomy is more important for frequency ranges that are outside

1224-559: The A64 allowing in the direction of Toulouse, to drive freely to Lannemezan or Capvern , and towards Bayonne and joining Pau, which is also accessible from the RD 817  [ fr ] . The communes of Grand Tarbes  [ fr ] are served by a bus network called Alezan . An electric shuttle for the town centre. Finally, it is possible to rent cycles in the Place du Foirail , under

1296-531: The Adour to found the town of Tarbes, and its sister, on the banks of the Gave de Pau , arose as Lourdes . In the 3rd century BC, the foundations of Tarbes began to emerge, based on the testimonies of the exhumed remains which had been buried. By need for salt trade, merchants who were likely Aquitanians travelled across the Pyrenean foothills. To continue their journey, they had to use a ford in order to cross

1368-496: The Adour which descended from the mountain. It was more prudent to split the loads to cross the ford as a result of which a pause was necessary. The bottom of the valley was dominated by a sandy emergence which prompted people to settle there. Then, Tarba experienced a Roman colonisation and acquired ancient villas and large agricultural estates, found particularly in the Ormeau quarter. The existence of craft has been verified by

1440-525: The Atlantic Ocean and three hours from the Mediterranean via the La Pyrénéenne autoroute , the city offers a certain lifestyle and boasts a cultural life which is packed with clubs and sport. Being farther away from Toulouse than other cities the former region of Midi-Pyrénées, Tarbes may appear to display greater economic independence. It also often occupies the second place in

1512-664: The CNSA , scientists fear that there would be gaps in coverage that would not be covered immediately by future projects and this would affect research in fundamental science. On 16 January 2023, NASA announced preliminary considerations of several future space telescope programs, including the Great Observatory Technology Maturation Program, Habitable Worlds Observatory , and New Great Observatories. Tarbes Tarbes ( French pronunciation: [taʁb] ; Gascon : Tarba )

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1584-832: The Cannes Mandelieu Space Center , under Thales Alenia Space Contractorship, was successfully launched from the Guiana Space Centre in French Guiana at 13:12:02 UTC on 14 May 2009, aboard an Ariane 5 rocket, along with the Planck spacecraft , and placed on a very elliptical orbit on its way towards the second Lagrangian point . The orbit's perigee was 270.0 km (intended 270.0 ± 4.5 ), apogee 1,197,080 km (intended 1 193 622 ± 151 800 ), inclination 5.99 deg (intended 6.00 ± 0.06 ). On 14 June 2009, ESA successfully sent

1656-531: The Fifth Republic was marked by several waves. In the elections of 1959, the outgoing Socialist mayor, Marcel Billières, was a victim of the resilience of the Communist Party but especially also the shift to the right, which managed to seize the city hall with the election of Paul Boyrie. He was comfortably re-elected in 1965 (58.4%) and 1971 (55.2%). However, his sudden death a few weeks before

1728-560: The Herschel space telescope , launched on 14 May 2009. In addition to the Aerospace Valley involving DeciElec, Socata/Daher, Pearl and Tarmac, Tarbes is developing several business parks. Tarbes also houses the second University centre of the Midi-Pyrénées with a University Institute of technology (IUT) and National School of Engineers of Tarbes (ENIT) having more than 5,000 students. The Tarbes–Lourdes–Pyrénées Airport

1800-583: The Hubble Space Telescope , which was launched on April 24, 1990, by the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-31). This was launched due to many efforts by Nancy Grace Roman, "mother of Hubble", who was the first Chief of Astronomy and first female executive at NASA. She was a program scientist that worked to convince NASA, Congress, and others that Hubble was "very well worth doing". The first operational space telescopes were

1872-530: The National Stud of Tarbes  [ fr ] and Tarbes gave birth to the Anglo-Arabian horse breed. In 1859, Tarbes was connected to Paris by rail. In the 19th century, various legacies enrich the public spaces of Tarbes. In 1853, Placide Massey  [ fr ] bequeathed to the city the eponymous garden, still unfinished. In 1877, a donation by the former Mayor Antoine Brauhauban

1944-539: The TBM 850 and TB 20 . Its headquarters and its main industrial site are located on the outskirts of the Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport in the canton of Ossun, south of Grand Tarbes, where its facilities are spread over 53 hectares (130 acres), of which 80,000 square metres (860,000 sq ft) are covered surfaces. At the end of 2006, its strength stood at more than 1,050 people. Ossun ,

2016-519: The Vikings led a devastating raid following which the Bishop of Bigorre reported that the city Bigorre was beginning with the cathedral, named with originality, la Sède . At the end of the 12th century, the count of Bigorre settled in his castle of Tarbes, resulting with the court of justice being in his suite. Then, the capital of Bigorre received a Royal Seneschal. Two noble houses were founded in

2088-599: The Vél'en Ville system. Tarbes is the capital of the Hautes-Pyrénées department and concentrates various utilities including the court of grand instance, a branch of the Bank of France , the Chamber of Commerce and local industry, the Chamber of skilled crafts, crafts and Services. In 2011, the municipality of Tarbes was rewarded with the label " Ville Internet  [ fr ] @@@@". The municipal history of Tarbes under

2160-784: The optical window and the radio window , the only two wavelength ranges of the electromagnetic spectrum that are not severely attenuated by the atmosphere. For example, X-ray astronomy is nearly impossible when done from Earth, and has reached its current importance in astronomy only due to orbiting X-ray telescopes such as the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the XMM-Newton observatory . Infrared and ultraviolet are also largely blocked. Space telescopes are much more expensive to build than ground-based telescopes. Due to their location, space telescopes are also extremely difficult to maintain. The Hubble Space Telescope

2232-511: The second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth-Sun system , 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth. On 21 July 2009, Herschel commissioning was declared successful, allowing the start of the operational phase. A formal handover of the overall responsibility of Herschel was declared from the programme manager Thomas Passvogel to the mission manager Johannes Riedinger. Herschel was instrumental in

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2304-616: The 13th century, outside the walls, one the convent of the Cordeliers near Carrère Longue , the other being that of the Carmelites in the vicinity of the Bourg Crabé. At the end of the medieval centuries, the city was composed of six separate fortified towns, juxtaposed and aligned on an east–west axis, where the original core was ordered around the cathedral. There were thus la Sède, Carrère, Maubourguet and Bourg Vieux flanked to

2376-596: The 1977 elections caused confusion in the ranks of the outgoing majority. In this election, the Communist Paul Chastellain  [ fr ] prevailed in the first round (50.6%), at the head of a list of union of the left. He was reelected in 1983 with 54.8% against Jean Journé (UDF-RPR), but took ill with a heart attack during the count. Raymond Erracarret (FCP) was elected mayor by the municipal council. The new councillor regained his chair in 1989 with 54.1% against Jean Journé (UDF-RPR), then with

2448-573: The American Orbiting Astronomical Observatory , OAO-2 launched in 1968, and the Soviet Orion 1 ultraviolet telescope aboard space station Salyut 1 in 1971. Performing astronomy from ground-based observatories on Earth is limited by the filtering and distortion of electromagnetic radiation ( scintillation or twinkling) due to the atmosphere . A telescope orbiting Earth outside the atmosphere

2520-472: The Heterodyne Receiver for OST (HERO). Space observatory In 1946, American theoretical astrophysicist Lyman Spitzer , "father of Hubble" proposed to put a telescope in space. Spitzer's proposal called for a large telescope that would not be hindered by Earth's atmosphere. After lobbying in the 1960s and 70s for such a system to be built, Spitzer's vision ultimately materialized into

2592-680: The Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology, also in Pasadena, has contributed science planning and data analysis software. A common service module (SVM) was designed and built by Thales Alenia Space in its Turin plant for the Herschel and Planck missions, as they were combined into one single program. Structurally, the Herschel and Planck SVMs are very similar. Both SVMs are of octagonal shape and, for both, each panel

2664-609: The Pyrenean Days of Gynecology, of worldwide recognition. The population of the commune of Tarbes as of 1 January 2017 is 41,518 inhabitants, thus placing the commune as 12th of the Occitanie region. In 2017, the Communauté d'agglomération de Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées (86 communes, 123,588 inhabitants) was created which, regionally, ranks 8th in population. The urban unit ( unité urbaine ) has 78,594 inhabitants. It includes

2736-429: The accretion disc of a young star. Unlike warm water vapor, previously detected near forming stars, cold water vapor would be capable of forming comets which then could bring water to inner planets, as is theorized for the origin of water on Earth . On 18 April 2013, the Herschel team announced in another Nature paper that it had located an exceptional starburst galaxy which produced over 2,000 solar masses of stars

2808-511: The battery charging and discharging. For Herschel, the solar array is fixed on the bottom part of the baffle designed to protect the cryostat from the Sun. The three-axis attitude control system maintains this baffle in direction of the Sun. The top part of this baffle is covered with optical solar reflector (OSR) mirrors reflecting 98% of the Sun's energy , avoiding heating of the cryostat. This function

2880-483: The command for the cryocover to open which allowed the PACS system to see the sky and transmit images in a few weeks. The lid had to remain closed until the telescope was well into space to prevent contamination. Five days later the first set of test photos, depicting M51 Group , was published by ESA. In mid-July 2009, approximately sixty days after launch, it entered a halo orbit of 800,000 km average radius around

2952-470: The commune. Tarbes features an oceanic climate ( Köppen climate classification : Cfb ), with relatively hot summers, mild winters and abundant rainfall. Tarbes benefits from its privileged location in the area of the Adour , a milder microclimate than at Lourdes, from a higher altitude, and somewhat less rainy than in Pau, and sunnier. Summers are warm and often stormy, while spring is rainy and cool and autumn

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3024-956: The crowd') where the castle of Bigòrra is located). It was an important town in Novempopulania , one of the Roman provinces at that time. In the 6th century Gregory of Tours referred to it as Talvam vicum . In the Middle Ages it was called Tarbé (1214), Tursa , Tarvia (1284) and also Tarbia . Not to be confused with the Tarbelli , whose capital was Dax . Legend holds that the Queen of Ethiopia , Tarbis, proposed her love to Moses and that he refused. Inconsolable, she decided to leave her throne and hide her disappointment. After many wanderings, she arrived in Bigorre and built her home on

3096-590: The current Rue Maréchal-Foch ). Then, the Constituent Assembly, which included Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (Deputy of Bigorre to the Estates-General), decided to undertake administrative reform and Tarbes benefitted by becoming capital of the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées. From 1800, Tarbes became the chef-lieu and headquarters of a prefecture (an increase of its administrative role and its functions). In 1806, Napoleon I re-established

3168-403: The design life to around three years, SPICA would have used mechanical Joule-Thomson coolers to sustain cryogenic temperatures for a longer period of time. SPICA's sensitivity was to be two orders of magnitude higher than Herschel. NASA's proposed Origins Space Telescope (OST) would also observe in the far-infrared band of light. Europe is leading the study for one of OST's five instruments,

3240-457: The detection, for the first definitive time, of water vapor on the dwarf planet , Ceres , largest object in the asteroid belt . The finding is unexpected because comets , not asteroids , are typically considered to "sprout jets and plumes". According to one of the scientists, "The lines are becoming more and more blurred between comets and asteroids." On 29 April 2013, ESA announced that Herschel 's supply of liquid helium , used to cool

3312-574: The different zones of activities which are increasing. The recent development of Tarbais beans and other regional specialties also shows a willingness to develop the agri-food industry thus justifying its nickname of "market town". Its 42,888 inhabitants are called Tarbaises and the Tarbais . It is the seat of the diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes . The 1st Parachute Hussar Regiment and 35th Parachute Artillery Regiment are stationed in Tarbes. Tarbes

3384-400: The discoverer of the infrared spectrum and planet Uranus , and his sister and collaborator Caroline Herschel . The observatory was capable of seeing the coldest and dustiest objects in space; for example, cool cocoons where stars form and dusty galaxies just starting to bulk up with new stars. The observatory sifted through star-forming clouds—the "slow cookers" of star ingredients—to trace

3456-419: The discovery of an unknown and unexpected step in the star forming process. The initial confirmation and later verification via help from ground-based telescopes of a vast hole of empty space, previously believed to be a dark nebula , in the area of NGC 1999 shed new light in the way newly forming star regions discard the material which surround them. In July 2010 a special issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics

3528-566: The east of the Count's castle, with Bourg Neuf and Bourg Crabé each surrounded by their own walls. During the Wars of Religion , in 1569, the troops of Jeanne d'Albret burned the cathedral, the convents and other churches as well as the bishopric. Despite the strategic destruction to try to defend Bourg Vieux, the inhabitants were massacred. In the 17th century, after the plague and the problems of housing people of war, Tarbes ensured its revival with

3600-727: The first round with 52.95% of the votes. Since the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015, the city of Tarbes is subdivided into 3 cantons: Since January 2017 Tarbes is part of the Communauté d'agglomération Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées . This was created by the merger of the Communauté d'agglomération du Grand Tarbes with 6 neighbouring Communautés de communes . Grand Tarbes had been created in December 1995 from

3672-569: The former Communauté de communes de l'agglomération tarbaise . The Communauté d'agglomération has competences related to transportation, travellers , culture, sports, environment, the university and the city's policy. It now includes 86 municipalities and has some 123,000 inhabitants (2014 legal population, INSEE). The city has also a medical centre spread over three sites that make up the Intercommunal Hospital Centre of Tarbes – Vic-en-Bigorre (CHIC-TV). On 6 June 2003,

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3744-732: The institution changed its name and became the Hospital Centre of Bigorre (CHB): A short stay site ("La Gespe" in Tarbes) and two geriatric sites ("L'Ayguerote" in Tarbes and Vic en Bigorre); in 2016 the new hospital of Tarbes and Lourdes will be in Lanne , opposite the airport. The Ormeau Polyclinic in collaboration with the Pyrenees-Bigorre Clinic is the second centre of health in Tarbes. Every year in October, are organised

3816-467: The instruments and detectors on board, had been depleted, thus ending its mission. At the time of the announcement, Herschel was approximately 1.5 million km from Earth. Because Herschel 's orbit at the L2 point is unstable, ESA wanted to guide the craft on a known trajectory. ESA managers considered two options: The managers chose the first option because it was less costly. On 17 June 2013, Herschel

3888-859: The largest optical telescope ever deployed in space. It was made not from glass but from sintered silicon carbide . The mirror's blank was manufactured by Boostec in Tarbes , France ; ground and polished by Opteon Ltd. in Tuorla Observatory , Finland ; and coated by vacuum deposition at the Calar Alto Observatory in Spain . The light reflected by the mirror was focused onto three instruments, whose detectors were kept at temperatures below 2 K (−271 °C). The instruments were cooled with over 2,300 litres (510 imp gal; 610 US gal) of liquid helium , boiling away in

3960-504: The local food industry, a Cooperative of tarbais beans including emerged at the heart of the Bastillac zone. The small Tarbes-Lourdes-Pyrénées Airport is situated 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the town centre. This airport is served by HOP! which provides three daily and two weekend air services to Paris-Orly . Jetairfly , which ensures a connection of two flights a week during the summer. Ryanair serves London Stansted, Dublin, Lisbon and Milan Bergamo , with two and three flights

4032-452: The path by which potentially life-forming molecules, such as water, form. The telescope's lifespan was governed by the amount of coolant available for its instruments; when that coolant ran out, the instruments would stop functioning correctly. At the time of its launch, operations were estimated to last 3.5 years (to around the end of 2012). It continued to operate until 29 April 2013 15:20 UTC, when Herschel ran out of coolant. NASA

4104-474: The reconstruction of the Episcopal Palace in 1652 (today the office of the prefecture), the foundation of a third hospital in 1690 and two new convents ( Capuchins and Ursulines ). Irrigation of the land and the water power used by the craftsmen were produced by the system of canals derived from the Adour. The 18th century announced a growth of the population, and the development of agriculture, crafts and trade. The town expanded and new quarters appeared (such as

4176-462: The regional urban hierarchy. It maintains close relations with Nouvelle-Aquitaine and, in particular, with Pau , a nearby town of the Pre-Pyrenees. Tarbes is the second industrial city of the former region of Midi-Pyrénées. this is particularly illustrated in the field of railway construction and aeronautics with the presence of nearby companies such as Alstom and Daher . Daher-Socata manufactures business and tourism aircraft there, including

4248-414: The remains of the workshops of potters and weavers. The urban core, meanwhile, assumed the administrative functions and would have had an early Christian church in the 4th century. In the 5th and 6th centuries, as a result of the barbarian invasions which swept in successive waves, the city shrank around the castrum , of which a remnant remains in the rear courtyard of the prefecture. In about 840 AD,

4320-428: The second time scientists have found the molecule in space. It had been previously reported by the Odin team. An October 2011 report published in Nature states that Herschel 's measurements of deuterium levels in the comet Hartley 2 suggests that much of Earth's water could have initially come from cometary impacts. On 20 October 2011, it was reported that oceans-worth of cold water vapor had been discovered in

4392-425: The tracking, telemetry, and command subsystem (TT&C). All spacecraft units on the SVM are redundant. On each spacecraft, the power subsystem consists of the solar array , employing triple-junction solar cells , a battery and the power control unit (PCU). It is designed to interface with the 30 sections of each solar array, provide a regulated 28 V bus, distribute this power via protected outputs and to handle

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4464-471: Was a partner in the Herschel mission, with US participants contributing to the mission; providing mission-enabling instrument technology and sponsoring the NASA Herschel Science Center (NHSC) at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center and the Herschel Data Search at the Infrared Science Archive . In 1982 the Far Infrared and Sub-millimetre Telescope ( FIRST ) was proposed to ESA . The ESA long-term policy-plan "Horizon 2000", produced in 1984, called for

4536-428: Was awarded the Croix de Guerre . After the return of peace, the industry diversified and there was an expansion of the population. Tarbes remained a city of strong military character. Today, Tarbes has also become a university city and the main activities are now within the tertiary sector (services). In addition to its privileged geographical situation, less than an hour from the Pyrenees mountains, two hours from

4608-400: Was charged with four primary areas of investigation: During the mission, Herschel "made over 35,000 scientific observations" and "amass[ed] more than 25,000 hours' worth of science data from about 600 different observing programs". The mission involved the first space observatory to cover the full far infrared and submillimetre waveband. At 3.5 metres wide (11 ft), Herschel carried

4680-448: Was fully deactivated, with its fuel tanks forcibly depleted and the onboard computer programmed to cease communications with Earth. The final command, which severed communications, was sent from European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) at 12:25 UTC. The mission's post-operations phase continued until 2017. The main tasks were consolidation and refinement of instrument calibration, to improve data quality, and data processing, to create

4752-414: Was privatized in 2021. The goal is to augment that number by a factor of three, come 2025. During World War I , Tarbes intensified its production of artillery by virtue of its geographical position in the back country. Marshal Foch , Commander-in-Chief of all allied armies, was born in Tarbes in 1851. During World War II , the Resistance was also part of the everyday life of the town of Tarbes, which

4824-428: Was published with 152 papers on initial results from the observatory. A second special issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics was published in October 2010 concerning the sole HIFI instrument, due its technical failure which took it down over 6 months between August 2009 and February 2010. It was reported on 1 August 2011, that molecular oxygen had been definitively confirmed in space with the Herschel Space Telescope,

4896-476: Was renamed Herschel. After being put out to tender in 2000, industrial activities began in 2001. Herschel was launched in 2009. The Herschel mission cost €1,100 million . This figure includes spacecraft and payload, launch and mission expenses, and science operations. Herschel specialised in collecting light from objects in the Solar System as well as the Milky Way and even extragalactic objects billions of light-years away, such as newborn galaxies , and

4968-424: Was responsible for the construction of an imposing hall which bore his name (this building was destroyed in 1970 to establish outdoor parking). The end of the 19th century still saw the construction of the two fountains of Place Marcadieu , a legacy of the benefactor Félicitée Duvignau. After the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–1871, General Verchère de Reffye transformed the experimental workshop of Meudon , which

5040-555: Was serviced by the Space Shuttle , but most space telescopes cannot be serviced at all. Satellites have been launched and operated by NASA , ISRO , ESA , CNSA , JAXA and the Soviet space program (later succeeded by Roscosmos of Russia). As of 2022, many space observatories have already completed their missions, while others continue operating on extended time. However, the future availability of space telescopes and observatories depends on timely and sufficient funding. While future space observatories are planned by NASA, JAXA and

5112-409: Was the fourth and final cornerstone mission in the Horizon 2000 programme, following SOHO / Cluster II , XMM-Newton and Rosetta . The observatory was carried into orbit by an Ariane 5 in May 2009, reaching the second Lagrangian point (L2) of the Earth–Sun system , 1,500,000 kilometres (930,000 mi) from Earth, about two months later. Herschel is named after Sir William Herschel ,

5184-609: Was transferred by train to Tarbes, into a fully-fledged artillery workshop (called an arsenal by the townspeople). Thus, Tarbes became an industrial and working-class town but also asserted its military vocation by the construction of the Larrey, Soult and Reffye neighbourhoods. Today Les Forges de Tarbes still produce artillery shells for the French Army's Leclerc MBT and CAESAR self-propelled howitzer . The firm, which in March 2024 produced around 4,000 artillery shells per month,

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