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90-575: At the time of disestablishment, the raion consisted of two hromadas , Hertsa urban hromada with the administration in Hertsa and Ostrytsia rural hromada with the administration in the selo of Ostrytsia . The Hertsa region was part of the Principality of Moldavia since its founding in the 14th century. After the unification of Moldavia and Wallachia in 1859, it became part of Romania (which gained its formal independence in 1877), as one of

180-779: A Ukrainian middle school and a Ukrainian elementary school, with 15 classes and 259 students. In 1930, the region had a population of 30,082, of which 27,919 (92.8%) Romanians, 1,931 (6.4%) were Jews, and 232 (0.8%) people of other ethnicities. In 2001, the population of Hertsa Raion was 32,316, of which 29,554 or 91.45% identified themselves as Romanians , 1,616 or 5.0% as Ukrainians , and 756 or 2.34% as Moldovans (out of which 511 self-identified their language as Moldovan and 237 as Romanian), 0.9% as Russians , and 0.3% as being of other ethnicities ( see: Ukrainian Census, 2001 ). Hertsa raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 32,316 inhabitants in 2001, including 4.83% Ukrainian-speakers, 93.82% Romanian-speakers, and 1.21% Russian-speakers. In

270-403: A balance between the various ethnic groups." In the 1880 census, there were 239,690 Ruthenians and Hutzuls , or roughly 41.5% of the regions population, while Romanians were second with 190,005 people or 33%, a ratio that remained more or less the same until World War I . The percentage of Romanians fell from 85.3% in 1774 to 34.1% in 1910. Ruthenians is an archaic name for Ukrainians , while

360-635: A campaign in Moldavia, whose result was an alliance between Khmelnytsky and its hospodar Vasile Lupu . Other prominent Ukrainian leaders fighting against the Turks in Moldovia were Severyn Nalyvaiko and Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny . For short periods of time (during wars), the Polish Kingdom (to which Moldavians were hostile) again occupied parts of northern Moldavia. However, the old border

450-565: A core part of the old Principality of Moldavia, and of great significance to its history . It contained many prominent historical Moldavian monuments, art and architecture and remained a strong cultural anchor for Moldavians in particular. During the Habsburg period, the Ukrainian population increased in the north of the region, while in the south the ethnic Romanian population remained the majority population. The Austrians "managed to keep

540-821: A group of scholars surrounding the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand were planning to turn Austria-Hungary into a federation . These plans included creating a majority-Romanian state of Transylvania within the federation which would have included Bukovina, including Czernowitz. After they acquired Bukovina, the Austrians opened only one elementary school in Chernivsti, which taught exclusively in Romanian. They later did open German schools, but no Ukrainian ones. Ukrainian language would appear in Chernivsti's schools as late as 1851, but only as

630-477: A mere county seat for the last 20 years, became again a (regional) capital. Also, Bukovinian regionalism continued under the new brand. During its first months of existence, Ținutul Suceava suffered far right ( Iron Guard ) uproars, to which the regional governor Gheorghe Alexianu (the future governor of the Transnistria Governorate ) reacted with nationalist and anti-Semitic measures. Alexianu

720-473: A minority of 50 Ukrainian speakers (5.29%). In the 1989 census, the number of residents who declared themselves Romanian plus Moldovan was 865, representing 96.11% of the locality's population out of 900, including 108 self-identified Romanians (12%) and 757 self-identified Moldovans (84.11%), and there were 31 ethnic Ukrainians (3.44%). Another locality where a significant amount of identity change from Moldovan and Moldovan-speaking to Romanian and Romanian-speaking

810-511: A part of Bukovina ; in two, the population identified its language overwhelmingly as Romanian in 2001 (see below). In the village of Ostrytsia in the Hertsa Raion , in 2001, 93.73% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language (93.22% self-declared Romanian and 0.52% self-declared Moldovan), while 4.96% spoke Ukrainian. In the Soviet census of 1989, the number of inhabitants of

900-414: A population of 13,868, 960 of the inhabitants (6.92%) spoke Ukrainian as their native language, while 12,796 (92.27%) spoke Romanian (out of which 12,428 or 89.62% called the language Romanian and 371 or 2.68% called the language Moldovan), and 89 (0.64%) spoke Russian. The raion included only three localities in which there were more self-identified Moldovans than Romanians in 1989, all of them historically

990-574: A portion of the northeastern Carpathian Mountains and the neighbouring plain, was settled by both Vlachs and Ruthenians . After being inhabited by ancient peoples and tribes ( Trypillian , Scythians, Dacians, Getae) starting from the Paleolithic, Germanic culture and language emerged in the region in the 4th century by the time of the Goths, archeological research has also indicated that the Romans had

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1080-560: A presence in the region. Later, Slavic culture spread, and by the 10th century the region was part of Turkic, Slavic and Romance people like Pechenegs, Cumans, Ruthinians and Vlachs. Among the first references of the Vlachs (Romanians) in the region is in the 10th century by Varangian Sagas referring to the Blakumen people i.e. Vlachs in the land of Pechenegs. By late 12th century chronicle of Niketas Choniates , writes that some Vlachs seized

1170-489: A renewed programme of Romanianization aiming its assimilationist policies at the Ukrainian population of the region. In addition to the suppression of the Ukrainian people, their language and culture, Ukrainian surnames were Rumanized, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church was persecuted. In the 1930s an underground nationalist movement, which was led by Orest Zybachynsky and Denys Kvitkovsky, emerged in

1260-691: A river ( Moldova River ) flowing in Bukovina. During a Vlach revolt in Bukovina against Balc, Dragoș's grandson, Bogdan the Founder joined the revolt and deposed Balc, securing independence from the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat

1350-606: A subject, at the local university (in spite of this, the city attracted students from other parts of Bukovina and Galicia, who would study in the German language of instruction). Lukjan Kobylytsia , a Ukrainian Bukovinian farmer and activist, died of torture-related causes after attempting to ask for more rights for the Bukovinian Ukrainians to the Austrians. He died of the consequence of torture in 1851 in Romania. At

1440-549: A total of 24 villages (Romanian names listed in brackets): The 10 unincorporated villages are: Hromada A hromada ( Ukrainian : територіальна громада , romanized :  terytorialna hromada , lit.   'territorial community') is a basic unit of administrative division in Ukraine , similar to a municipality . It was established by the Government of Ukraine on 12 June 2020. A hromada

1530-466: Is " community ", similar to the terms used in western European states, such as Germany ( Gemeinde ), France ( commune ), Italy ( comune ), and Portugal ( freguesia ), or in several English-speaking countries ( township ). In total, there are 1469 hromadas (as of 1 October 2023), including: Prior to 2020, the basic units of administrative division in Ukraine were rural councils, settlement councils and city councils, which were often referred to by

1620-627: Is designated urban hromada if its administration is located in a city ; settlement hromada if it is located in a settlement ( selyshche ), and rural hromada if it is located in a village ( selo ) or another rural settlement. Territories of hromadas (which, in turn, are divided into 7744 starosta okruhs (elderships)) form raions (districts) and several raions form oblasts (regions). Similar terms exist in Poland ( gromada ) and in Belarus ( hramada ). The literal translation of this term

1710-809: Is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". The region had been under Polish nominal suzerainty from its foundation (1387) to the time of this battle (1497). Shortly thereafter, it became a vassal of the Ottoman Empire (1514). In this period, the patronage of Stephen the Great and his successors on the throne of Moldavia saw the construction of the famous painted monasteries of Moldovița , Sucevița , Putna , Humor , Voroneț , Dragomirna , Arbore and others. With their renowned exterior frescoes , these monasteries remain some of

1800-626: Is the linguistic composition, and Jews were not recorded as a separate group). According to Romanian historiography, popular enthusiasm swept the whole region, and a large number of people gathered in the city to wait for the resolution of the Congress. The council was quickly summoned by the Romanians upon their occupation of Bukovina. The Congress elected the Romanian Bukovinian politician Iancu Flondor as chairman, and voted for

1890-512: The Hertsa raion split from the Hlyboka raion after the 1989 Soviet census, we do not have the breakdown of the inhabitants of Hertsa raion by native language in 1989. In 2001, this was Ukraine's only raion in which an absolute majority of the population was recorded by the census as having a Romanian identity, and the raion in Ukraine with the largest proportion of Romanian-speakers. According to

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1980-748: The Austrian Empire as the Austro-Hungarian Empire , it became part of the Cisleithanian or Austrian territories of Austria-Hungary and remained so until 1918. The 1871 and 1904 celebrations held at Putna Monastery , near the tomb of Stephen the Great , constituted tremendous moments for Romanian national identity in Bukovina. Since gaining its independence, the Kingdom of Romania had had designs on incorporating this province into its new Kingdom. Romanians considered it to be

2070-520: The First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Austrians claimed that they needed it for a road between Galicia and Transylvania . Bukovina was formally annexed in January 1775. On 2 July 1776, at Palamutka, Austrians and Ottomans signed a border convention, Austria giving back 59 of the previously occupied villages, retaining 278 villages. Bukovina was a closed military district (1775–1786), then

2160-667: The Government of Ukraine approved the territories and administrative centers of the hromadas, which cover settlements in all regions of Ukraine except for Crimea . A total of 1470 hromadas were approved. On 12 August 2020 the Sokoliv hromada of the Cherkasy Oblast became a part of the Zhashkiv hromada. Thus, there were 1469 hromadas. Each hromada carries out two types of task: own and commissioned. Own tasks are public tasks exercised by self-government, which serve to satisfy

2250-842: The Hutsuls are a regional Ukrainian subgroup. Ukrainian national sentiment re-ignited in the 1840s. Officially started in 1848, the nationalist movement gained strength in 1869, when the Ruska Besida Society was founded in Chernivtsi . By the 1890s, Ukrainians were represented in the regional diet and Vienna parliament, being led by Stepan Smal-Stotsky . Beside Stotsky, other important Bukovinian leaders were Yerotei Pihuliak , Omelian Popovych , Mykola Vasylko , Orest Zybachynsky  [ uk ] , Denys Kvitkovsky  [ uk ] , Sylvester Nikorovych, Ivan and Petro Hryhorovych, and Lubomyr Husar. The first periodical in

2340-656: The Kievan Rus' and Pechenegs ' territory early on during the 10th century and an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia in the 14th century where the capital of Moldavia, Suceava, was founded, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea . Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region during the early Middle Ages . During the time of the Golden Horde , namely in

2430-594: The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. The region was temporarily recovered by Romania as an ally of Nazi Germany after the latter invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, but retaken by the Soviet army in 1944. Bukovina's population was historically ethnically diverse. Today, Bukovina's northern half is the Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while

2520-633: The region's annexation from the Principality of Moldavia to the possessions of the Habsburg monarchy , which became the Austrian Empire in 1804, and Austria-Hungary in 1867. The official German name of the province under Austrian rule (1775–1918), die Bukowina , was derived from the Polish form Bukowina , which in turn was derived from the common Slavic form of buk , meaning beech tree (compare Ukrainian бук [buk] ; German Buche ; Hungarian bükkfa ). Another German name for

2610-833: The 14th century (or in the High Middle Ages ), Bukovina became part of Moldavia under Hungarian suzerainty (i.e. under the medieval Kingdom of Hungary ). According to the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans (i.e. Byzantines ) and the New Romans (i.e. Vlachs ) to fight the Tatars . During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the New Romans. Eventually, Dragoș dismounted Moldavia named from

2700-485: The 2001 census, in the Hertsa urban hromada (urban community) created in 2020, with a population of 17,519, 572 of the inhabitants (3.27%) spoke Ukrainian as their native language, while 16,627 (94.91%) spoke Romanian, including 16,485 who called their language Romanian (94.1%) and 142 who called it Moldovan (0.81%) and 298 (1.7%) spoke Russian. In 2001, in the Ostrytsia rural hromada (rural community) created in 2020, with

2790-658: The Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand created a plan (that never came to pass) of United States of Greater Austria . The specific proposal was published in Aurel C. Popovici's book "Die Vereinigten Staaten von Groß-Österreich" [The United States of Greater Austria], Leipzig, 1906. According to it, most of Bukovina (including Czernowitz) would form, with Transylvania , a Romanian state, while the north-western portion (Zastavna, Kozman, Waschkoutz, Wiznitz, Gura Putilei, and Seletin districts) would form with

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2880-580: The Moldavian territory. Notably, Ivan Pidkova , best known as the subject of Ukraine's bard Taras Shevchenko 's Ivan Pidkova (1840), led military campaigns in the 1570s. Many Bukovinians joined the Cossacks during the Khmelnytsky uprising . As part of the peasant armies, they formed their own regiment, which participated to the 1648 siege of Lviv. Ukrainian Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky himself led

2970-711: The Mukha rebellion, led by the Ukrainian hero Petro Mukha , took place in Galicia. This event pitted the Moldavians against the oppressive rule of the Polish magnates. A rebel army composed of Moldavian peasants took the fortified towns of Sniatyn, Kolomyia, and Halych, killing many Polish noblemen and burghers, before being halted by the Polish Royal Army in alliance with a Galician levée en masse and Prussian mercenaries while marching to Lviv. Many rebels died in

3060-461: The Paleolithic. The area was first settled by Trypillian culture tribes, in the Neolithic. It was then settled by now extinct tribes ( Dacians / Getae , Thracian / Scythian tribes). Meanwhile, many nomads crossed the region (3rd to 9th century A.D). By the 4th century, the Goths appeared in the region. And later by the 5th and 6th century Slavic people appeared in the region. They were part of

3150-679: The Principality of Moldavia and the Polish Kingdom . Pokuttya was inhabited by Ruthenians (the predecessors of modern Ukrainians together with the Rus' , and of the Rusyns ). In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland . The battle

3240-586: The Rohatyn Battle, with Mukha and the survivors fleeing back to Moldavia. Mukha returned to Galicia to re-ignite the rebellion, but was killed in 1492. In May 1600 Mihai Viteazul (Michael the Brave) , became the ruler the two Danubian principalities and Transylvania. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Ukrainian warriors ( Cossacks ) were involved in many conflicts against the Turkish and Tatar invaders of

3330-593: The Soviets controversial in Romania. Furthermore, unlike Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, the region had not been a part of Imperial Russia or Austria-Hungary before World War I , but had been a part of Romania and one of its predecessor states, Moldavia , before that. In 1962, the raion was merged into Hlyboka Raion , and in 1991, it was reinstated again. In 2003/2004, the raion had 10 Romanian middle schools, 7 incomplete meiddle schools and 11 elementary schools in Romanian, with 315 classes and 5,446 students, and

3420-567: The USSR on 28 June 1940. The withdrawal of the Romanian Army, authorities, and civilians was disastrous. Mobs attacked retreating soldiers and civilians, whereas a retreating unit massacred Jewish soldiers and civilians in the town of Dorohoi . The Red Army occupied Cernăuți and Storojineț counties, as well as parts of Rădăuți and Dorohoi counties (the latter belonged to Ținutul Suceava, but not to Bukovina). The new Soviet-Romanian border

3510-615: The Ukrainian language, Bukovyna (published from 1885 until 1918) was published by the populists since the 1880s. The Ukrainian populists fought for their ethnocultural rights against the Austrians. Peasant revolts broke out in Hutsul areas in the 1840s, with the peasants demanding more rights, socially and politically. Likewise, nationalist sentiment spread among the Romanians. As a result, more rights were given to Ukrainians and Romanians, with five Ukrainians (including notably Lukian Kobylytsia ), two Romanians and one German elected to represent

3600-573: The beginning, Bukovina joined the fledging West Ukrainian National Republic (November 1918), but it was occupied by the Romanian army immediately thereafter. A Constituent Assembly on 14/27 October 1918 formed an executive committee, to whom the Austrian governor of the province handed power. After an official request by Iancu Flondor , Romanian troops swiftly moved in to take over the territory, against Ukrainian protest. Although local Ukrainians attempted to incorporate parts of Northern Bukovina into

3690-566: The bigger part of Galicia a Ukrainian state, both in a federation with 13 other states under the Austrian crown. In World War I , several battles were fought in Bukovina between the Austro-Hungarian , German , and Russian armies, which resulted in the Russian army invading Chernivtsi for three times (30 August to 21 October 1914, 26 November 1914 to 18 February 1915 and 18 June 1916 to 2 August 1917). The regime that had occupied

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3780-417: The church hierarchy and the Romanians, complaining that Old Church Slavonic was favored to Romanian , and that family names were being slavicized . In spite of Romanian-Slavic speaking frictions over the influence in the local church hierarchy, there was no Romanian-Ukrainian inter-ethnic tension, and both cultures developed in educational and public life. After the rise of Ukrainian nationalism in 1848 and

3870-555: The city pursued a policy of persecution of "nationally conscious Ukrainians". The situation was not improved until the February Revolution of 1917 . The Russian were driven out in 1917. Bukovina suffered great losses during the war. With the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, both the local Romanian National Council and the Ukrainian National Council based in Galicia claimed the region. In

3960-564: The division. However, the Romanian conservatives, led by Iancu Flondor , rejected the idea. In spite of Ukrainian resistance, the Romanian army occupied the Northern Bukovina, including Chernivtsi, on 11 November. Under the protection of Romanian troops, the Romanian Council summoned a General Congress of Bukovina for 15/28 November 1918, where 74 Romanians, 13 Ruthenians, 7 Germans, and 6 Poles were represented (this

4050-542: The end of the 19th century, the development of Ukrainian culture in Bukovina surpassed Galicia and the rest of Ukraine with a network of Ukrainian educational facilities, while Dalmatia formed an archbishopric, later raised to the rank of Metropolitanate . In 1873, the Eastern Orthodox Bishop of Czernowitz (who was since 1783 under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitan of Karlovci)

4140-454: The fact that the university was one of only five in Romania, and was considered prestigious. In the decade following 1928, as Romania tried to improve its relations with the Soviet Union , Ukrainian culture was given some limited means to redevelop, though these gains were sharply reversed in 1938. According to the 1930 Romanian census, Romanians made up 44.5% of the total population of Bukovina, and Ukrainians (including Hutsuls) 29.1%. In

4230-429: The five districts ( plăși ) of Dorohoi County . The region was occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 following the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact with Nazi Germany , and was added to the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic . It was recaptured by Romania in 1941 in the course of the Axis attack on the Soviet Union in World War II , but it was recaptured again by the Soviet Army in 1944. The annexation

4320-429: The following rise of Romanian nationalism, Habsburg authorities reportedly awarded additional rights to Ukrainians in an attempt to temper Romanian ambitions of independence. On the other hand, the Ukrainians had to struggle against the Austrians, with the Austrians rejecting both nationalist claims, favoring neither Romanians nor Ukrainians, while attempting to "keep a balance between the various ethnic groups." Indeed,

4410-562: The future Byzantine emperor, Andronikos Komnenos , when "he reached the borders of Halych " in 1164. In the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, writes the events of year 1342, that the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans and the New Romans to fight the Tatars, by that they will earn a sit in Maramureș. During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the Romans . In the year 1359 Dragoș dismounted Moldavia and took with him many Vlachs and German colonists from Maramureș to Moldavia. First traces of human occupation date back to

4500-502: The generic term hromada . The Constitution of Ukraine and some other laws, including the "Law on local self-governance", delegate certain rights and obligations for hromadas. Types of hromadas include cities, urban-type settlements , rural settlements , and villages. In his draft constitutional amendments of June 2014, President Petro Poroshenko proposed changing the administrative divisions of Ukraine , which he felt should include oblasts , raions and hromadas. On 12 June 2020

4590-420: The greatest cultural treasures of Romania; some of them are World Heritage Sites , part of the painted churches of northern Moldavia . The most famous monasteries are in the area of Suceava , which today is part of Romania. Also part of Romania is the monastery of John the New  [ ro ; uk ] , an Orthodox saint and martyr, who was killed by the Tatars in Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi . From 1490 to 1492,

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4680-412: The historical Bukovina). The territory of Bukovina had been part of Kievan Rus' since the 10th century. It then became part of the Principality of Galicia , and then part of Moldavia in the 14th century. It was first delineated as a separate district of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in 1775, and was made a nominal duchy within the Austrian Empire in 1849. The region, which is made up of

4770-401: The identity change of a number of previously self-identified ethnic Romanians or Russians to ethnic Ukrainians from among those who had attended Ukrainian schools. While 51 Romanians and 6 Moldovans declared that their native language was Ukrainian, 89 Ukrainians were speaking Romanian as their mother tongue in 2001. Hertsa Raion was composed of 1 city and 13 incorporated localities, containing

4860-399: The lands of Moldavia [Bukovina, vassal of the Turks] from our Polish lands by the river Dniester." Strikingly similar sentences were used in other sayings and folkloristic anecdotes, such as the phrase reportedly exclaimed by a member of the Aragonese Cortes in 1684. In the course of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 , the Ottoman armies were defeated by the Russian Empire , which occupied

4950-402: The largest district, Bukovina District (first known as the Czernowitz District), of the Austrian constituent Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (1787–1849). On 4 March 1849, Bukovina became a separate Austrian Kronland 'crown land' under a Landespräsident (not a Statthalter , as in other crown lands) and was declared the Duchy of Bukovina Herzogtum Bukowina (a nominal duchy, as part of

5040-421: The last Soviet census of 1989, out of 29,611 inhabitants, 1,569 declared themselves Ukrainians (5.30%), 23,539 Romanians (79.49%), 3,978 Moldovans (13.43%), and 431 Russians (1.46%). The decline in the number (from 3,978 to 756) and proportion of Moldovans (from 13.43% to 2.34%) was explained by a switch from a census Moldovan to a census Romanian ethnic identity, and has continued after the 2001 census. By contrast,

5130-471: The late 10th century and Pechenegs. Parts of Bukovina were first conquered in 981 by Vladimir the Great . The rest was incorporated into the Principality of Terebovlia in 1084. When Kievan Rus' was partitioned at the end of the 11th century, Bukovina became part of the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia . After the fragmentation of Kievan Rus', Bukovina passed to the Principality of Galicia ( Principality of Galicia-Volhynia ) in 1124. The Church in Bukovina

5220-463: The locality who declared themselves Romanians plus Moldovans was 2,965 (324, or 10.05% Romanians plus 2,641 or 81.92% Moldovans) out of 3,224, representing 91.97% of the locality's population, and there were 205 ethnic Ukrainians (6.36%). In 2001, 893, or 94.4% of the 946 inhabitants of the village of Tsuren of the Hertsa Raion spoke Romanian as their native language (630 self-declared it Romanian or 66.6%, and 263 declared in Moldovan, or 27.8%), with

5310-413: The migration of the Romanians from Maramureș and Transylvania . The Moldavian state was formed by the mid-14th century, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea . Upon its foundation, the Moldovan state recognized the supremacy of Poland, keeping on recognizing it from 1387 to 1497. Later (1514) it was vassalized by the Ottoman Empire. Bukovina and neighboring regions became

5400-483: The much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland . The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished". The territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 (officially May 7, 1775 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji ) to 1919 ( Peace Treaty of Paris St Germain en Laye ), an administrative division of the Habsburg monarchy , the Austrian Empire , and Austria-Hungary . The first census that recorded ethnicity

5490-433: The name Буковина ( Bukovyna ) is unofficial, but is common when referring to the Chernivtsi Oblast , as over two-thirds of the oblast is the northern part of Bukovina. In Romania, the term Northern Bukovina is sometimes synonymous with the entire Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while Southern Bukovina refers to the Suceava County of Romania (although 30% of the present-day Suceava County covers territory outside of

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5580-721: The needs of the community. The tasks can be twofold: Own high objectives include matters such as spatial harmony, real estate management, environmental protection and nature conservation, water management , country roads, public streets, bridges, squares and traffic systems, water supply systems and source, the sewage system, removal of urban waste, water treatment, maintenance of cleanliness and order, sanitary facilities, dumps and council waste, supply of electric and thermal energy and gas, public transport, health care, welfare, care homes, subsidised housing, public education, cultural facilities including public libraries and other cultural institutions, historic monuments conservation and protection,

5670-407: The northern part of the region, however, Romanians made up only 32.6% of the population, with Ukrainians significantly outnumbering Romanians. On 14 August 1938 Bukovina officially disappeared from the map, becoming a part of Ținutul Suceava , one of ten new administrative regions . At the same time, Cernăuți, the third most populous town in Romania (after Bucharest and Chișinău ), which had been

5760-425: The nucleus of the Moldavian Principality, with the city of Iași as its capital from 1564 (after Baia , Siret and Suceava ). The name of Moldavia ( Romanian : Moldova ) is derived from a river ( Moldova River ) flowing in Bukovina. Petru II moved the seat of Moldova from Siret to Suceava in 1388. In the 15th century, Pokuttya , the region immediately to the north, became the subject of disputes between

5850-426: The number of self-identified ethnic Romanians has increased (from 23,539 to 29,554), and so has their proportion of the population of the former raion (from 79.49% to 91.45%), and the process has continued after the 2001 census. Some authors have argued that most of the inhabitants of the former Hertsa Raion who had self-identified themselves as Moldovans in 1989 self-identified themselves as Romanians in 2001. Since

5940-401: The official full style of the Austrian Emperors). In 1860 it was again amalgamated with Galicia but reinstated as a separate province once again on 26 February 1861, a status that would last until 1918. In 1849 Bukovina got a representative assembly, the Landtag ( diet ). The Moldavian nobility had traditionally formed the ruling class in that territory. In 1867, with the re-organization of

6030-433: The province was recognized internationally in the Treaty of St. Germain in 1919. Bukovina's autonomy was undone during Romanian occupation, the region being reduced to an ordinary Romanian province. It was subject to martial law from 1918 to 1928, and again from 1937 to 1940. The Ukrainian language was suppressed, "educational and cultural institutions, newspapers and magazines were closed." Romanian authorities oversaw

6120-479: The raion (30,310, or 93.79%) was slightly lower than the number of Romanian-speakers (30,337, or 93.88%); 99.65% of the Romanians plus Moldovans used Romanian as their native language, a figure comparable to that of the Romanian ethnic population in Transcarpathia. The number of ethnic Ukrainians in the raion increased from 1,569 to 1,616, but their percentage of the population decreased from 5.3% to 5%. The number of ethnic Ukrainians due to natural increase and because of

6210-463: The region (mostly emigrating to North America) between 1891 and 1910, in the aforementioned migrations. Nonetheless, the percentage of Ukrainians has significantly grown since the end of the eighteenth century. In 1783, by an imperial decree of Joseph II , the local Eastern Orthodox Eparchy of Bukovina (with its seat in Czernowitz ) was placed under spiritual jurisdiction of the Metropolitanate of Karlovci . Some friction appeared in time between

6300-459: The region from 15 December 1769 to September 1774, and previously during 14 September–October 1769. Bukovina was the reward the Habsburgs received for aiding the Russians in that war. Prince Grigore III Ghica of Moldavia protested and was prepared to take action to recover the territory, but was assassinated, and a Greek- Phanariot foreigner was put on the throne of Moldavia by the Ottomans. Austria occupied Bukovina in October 1774. Following

6390-428: The region, das Buchenland , is mostly used in poetry, and means 'beech land', or 'the land of beech trees'. In Romanian, in literary or poetic contexts, the name Țara Fagilor ('the land of beech trees') is sometimes used. In some languages a definite article, sometimes optional, is used before the name: the Bukovina , increasingly an archaism in English , which, however, is found in older literature. In Ukraine,

6480-505: The region. The Romanian government suppressed it by staging two political trials in 1937. At the same time, Ukrainian enrollment at the Cernăuți University fell from 239 out of 1671, in 1914, to 155 out of 3,247, in 1933, while simultaneously Romanian enrollment there increased several times to 2,117 out of 3,247. In part this was due to attempts to switch to Romanian as the primary language of university instruction, but chiefly to

6570-530: The region. The Ukrainians won representation at the provincial diet as late as 1890, and fought for equality with the Romanians also in the religious sphere. This was partly achieved only as late as on the eve of World War I. However, their achievements were accompanied by friction with Romanians. Overpopulation in the countryside caused migration (especially to North America), also leading to peasant strikes. However, by 1914 Bukovina managed to get "the best Ukrainian schools and cultural-educational institutions of all

6660-513: The regions of Ukraine." Beside Ukrainians, also Bukovina's Germans and Jews, as well as a number of Romanians and Hungarians, emigrated in 19th and 20th century. Under Austrian rule, Bukovina remained ethnically mixed: Romanians were predominant in the south, Ukrainians (commonly referred to as Ruthenians in the Empire) in the north, with small numbers of Hungarian Székelys , Slovak , and Polish peasants, and Germans , Poles and Jews in

6750-480: The self-government initiatives and cooperation within the commune including with non-governmental organizations, interaction with regional communities from other countries, etc. Commissioned tasks cover the remaining public tasks resulting from legitimate needs of the state, commissioned by central government for the units of local government to implement. The tasks are handed over on the basis of statutory by-laws, charters and regulations, or by way of agreements between

6840-468: The self-government units and central-government administration. Bukovina Bukovina is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe . The region is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine . Inhabited by many cultures and peoples, settled by both Ukrainians ( Ruthenians ) and Romanians ( Moldavians ), it became part of

6930-491: The short-lived West Ukrainian People's Republic , this attempt was defeated by Polish and Romanian troops. The Ukrainian Regional Committee, led by Omelian Popovych, organized a rally in Chernivtsi on 3 November 1918, demanding Bukovina's annexation to Ukraine. The committee took power in the Ukrainian part of Bukovina, including its biggest center Chernivtsi. The Romanian moderates, who were led by Aurel Onciul , accepted

7020-596: The southern part is Suceava County of Romania. Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes. The name first appears in a document issued by the Voivode of Moldavia Roman I Mușat on 30 March 1392, by which he gives to Ionaș Viteazul three villages, located near the Siret river . The name Bukovina came into official use in 1775 with

7110-453: The sports facilities and tourism including recreational grounds and devices, marketplaces and covered markets, green spaces and public parks, communal graveyards, public order and safety, fire and flood protection with equipment maintenance and storage, maintaining objects and devices of the public utility and administrative buildings, pro-family policy including social support for pregnant women, medical and legal care, supporting and popularising

7200-441: The towns. The 1910 census counted 800,198 people, of which: Ruthenians 38.88%, Romanians 34.38%, Germans 21.24% (Jews 12.86% included), Polish people 4.55%, Hungarian people 1.31%, Slovaks 0.08%, Slovenes 0.02%, Italian people 0.02%, and a few Croats , Romani people , Serbs and Turkish people . While reading the statistics it should be mentioned that, due to "adverse economic conditions", some 50,000 Ukrainians left

7290-597: The tribal alliance of the Antes . In the 9th century Tivertsi and White Croatians and Cowari composed the local population. United by Prince Oleg in the 870s, Kievan Rus' was a loose federation of speakers of East Slavic and Uralic languages from the late 9th to the mid-13th century, under the reign of the Rurik dynasty , founded by the Varangian prince Rurik . Bukovina gradually became part of Kievan Rus' from

7380-501: The union with the Kingdom of Romania , with the support of the Romanian, German, and Polish representatives; the Ukrainians did not support this. The reasons stated were that, until its takeover by the Habsburg in 1775, Bukovina was the heart of the Principality of Moldavia , where the gropnițele domnești (voivods' burial sites) are located, and dreptul de liberă hotărâre de sine (right of self-determination). Romanian control of

7470-460: Was Mamornytsia (see the Ukrainian language article on it at https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8F and the Romanian language one at https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamorni%C8%9Ba,_Her%C8%9Ba ), though the self-identified Moldovan speakers (21 people) were more numerous than the self-identified Romanian speakers (20 people) by one person in 2001. The number of self-declared ethnic Romanians plus Moldovans in

7560-587: Was confirmed by the Paris Peace Treaties in 1947 between the USSR and Romania. The fact that neither the secret protocol (appendix) of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, which specified the expansionist claims of both sides, nor the June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum demanding from the Kingdom of Romania the adjacent territory of Northern Bukovina and Bessarabia included Hertsa makes the capture by

7650-464: Was elevated to the rank of Archbishop, when a new Metropolitanate of Bukovinian and Dalmatia was created. The new archbishop of Czernowitz gained supreme jurisdiction in all Cisleithania , over "Serbian" eparchies of Dalmatia and Kotor , which were also (until then) under the spiritual jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Karlovci . In the early 20th century, a group of scholars surrounding

7740-734: Was initially administered from Kiev . In 1302, it was passed to the Halych metropoly . After the Mongols under Batu invaded Europe, with the region nominally falling into their hands, ties between Galician-Volhynian and Bukovina weakened. As a result of the Mongol invasion, the Shypyntsi land , recognizing the suzerainty of the Mongols, arose in the region. Eventually, this state collapsed, and Bukovina passed to Hungary. King Louis I appointed Dragoș, Voivode of Moldavia as his deputy, facilitating

7830-477: Was made in 1851 and shows a population of 184,718 or 48.5% Romanians, 144,982 or 38.1% Ukrainians and 51,126 or 13.4% others, with a total population of 380,826 people. By 1910, Romanians and Ukrainians were almost in equal numbers with the Romanians concentrated mainly in the south and the Ukrainians mainly in the north. In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of

7920-538: Was re-established each time, as for example on 14 October 1703 the Polish delegate Martin Chometowski said, according to the Polish protocol, "Between us and Wallachia (i.e. the Moldavian region, vassal of the Turks) God himself set Dniester as the border" ( Inter nos et Valachiam ipse Deus flumine Tyras dislimitavit ). According to the Turkish protocol the sentence reads, "God (may He be exalted) has separated

8010-456: Was replaced by Gheorghe Flondor on 1 February 1939. As a result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact , the USSR demanded not only Bessarabia but also the northern half of Bukovina and Hertsa regions from Romania on 26 June 1940 (Bukovina bordered Eastern Galicia , which the USSR had annexed during the Invasion of Poland ). Initially, the USSR wanted the whole of Bukovina. Nazi Germany , which

8100-444: Was surprised by the Soviet claim to Bukovina, invoked the German ethnics living in the region. As a result, the USSR only demanded the northern, overwhelmingly Ukrainian part, arguing that it was a "reparation for the great loss produced to the Soviet Union and Bassarabia 's population by twenty-two years of Romanian domination of Bassarabia ". Following the Soviet ultimatum, Romania ceded Northern Bukovina, which included Cernăuți, to

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