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55-765: The HGS was founded in 1921. Many of the founders had been members of the Christian Historical Union (CHU). The party's support for female suffrage and the Catholic/Protestant Coalition were important reasons to create the HGS. The direct cause was a series of demonstrations held in Amsterdam by orthodox Protestants, who opposed the lifting of the ban on Catholic processions in the Northern provinces. The movement called itself

110-575: A coalition cabinet of the same parties, now joined by the moderate Democratic Socialists '70 , which broke away from the PvdA. The cabinet fell after one year. In the 1972 election campaign , the CHU lost three seats, and was left with seven. Furthermore, CHU was blocked from the newly formed cabinet by the PvdA and its allies, which cooperated with the KVP and ARP. Meanwhile, a process of merger had started between

165-416: A degraded form of government and the term is absent from his work. The threat of "mob rule" to a democracy is restrained by ensuring that the rule of law protects minorities or individuals against short-term demagoguery or moral panic . However, considering how laws in a democracy are established or repealed by the majority, the protection of minorities by rule of law is questionable. Some authors, like

220-561: A national cabinet was formed with the SDAP and the three confessional parties. De Geer, as a reliable, respected administrator, led this cabinet. During World War II , De Geer's position became less tenable, as he attempted to negotiate a peace with the Germans against the will of the government. When the Dutch government went into exile he was replaced by ARP-member Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy and

275-534: A new cabinet was formed and the VVD was replaced by the ARP, while the CHU retained two ministers. In the 1956 election , the party retained the same percentage of vote, but due to the expansion of parliament it gets 13 seats (out of 150). A new cabinet was formed with the same composition and the CHU retained its two ministers. In 1959 the cabinet fell prematurely. A caretaker cabinet was formed by ARP, KVP and CHU. After

330-483: A new coalition cabinet led by Ruys de Beerenbrouck, supplying two ministers, with one CHU-sympathiser also serving as a minister. After the 1933 election , in which the party lost one seat, another coalition cabinet led by Colijn was formed, which was joined by members of the liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and the Liberal State Party . The CHU supplied only one minister and a further CHU member

385-513: A pillar, the CHU appealed to unaffiliated conservative Protestants. The party did own its own newspaper, De Nederlander . The CHU had a separate party organisation for women, Centrale van Christelijk Historische Vrouwengroepen . The electorate of the CHU has seen three decisive shifts, especially in its relation with the ARP, the other Protestant party. Although dates are given here, the changes were gradual Ochlocracy List of forms of government Mob rule or ochlocracy or mobocracy

440-575: Is a pejorative term describing an oppressive majoritarian form of government controlled by the common people through the intimidation of more legitimate authorities. Ochlocracy is distinguished from democracy or similarly legitimate and representative governments by the absence or impairment of a procedurally civil process reflective of the entire polity. Ochlocracy comes from Latin ochlocratia , from Greek ὀχλοκρατία ( okhlokratía ), from ὄχλος ( ókhlos , "mass", "mob", or "common people") and κράτος ( krátos , "rule"). An ochlocrat

495-583: Is one who is an advocate or partisan of ochlocracy. The adjective may be either ochlocratic or ochlocratical. Ochlocracy is synonymous in meaning and usage to mob rule or mobocracy , which was coined in the 18th century from the sense of "mob" meaning the common rabble that arose from the Latin phrase mobile vulgus ("the fickle crowd ") in the 1680s during disputes over the United Kingdom 's Glorious Revolution . Polybius appears to have coined

550-405: The 1913 election the party stayed stable. Between 1913 and 1918 the country was governed by an extra parliamentary cabinet formed by liberals. Its main goal was to implement a constitutional reform combining both male universal suffrage and equal payment for religious schools. At the end of the cabinets term, two CHU ministers joined the cabinet, as they were relatively neutral politicians. In

605-622: The 1918 elections , in which male universal suffrage and proportional representation were used for the first time, the party lost three seats. Together the ARP, CHU and the Catholic RKSP won fifty seats. The CHU started to cooperate fully in the confessional coalition. They formed a cabinet led by the Catholic Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck . The CHU provided only one minister (De Visser became minister of Education, Arts and Sciences ) and two non-partisan sympathisers of

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660-464: The 1959 election (in which the party lost one seat), the De Quay cabinet is formed by KVP, ARP, CHU and VVD. The CHU still supplied two ministers. After the 1963 elections , in which the CHU gained one seat, the cabinet continued. In 1965 this cabinet fell, and a new cabinet was formed, without the CHU and the VVD, but with the PvdA. This cabinet fell after one year. In the 1967 election campaign ,

715-769: The Christian Democratic faction . The party had weak ties to many Protestant organisations, such as the Dutch Reformed Church , the Protestant broadcaster NCRV , the employers' organisation NCW , the trade union CNV and the Christian Farmers' Organisation. Together these organisations formed the Protestant pillar , over which the Anti-Revolutionary Party had far more control than the CHU. Rather than use

770-556: The Reformed Churches in the Netherlands ( Gereformeerde Kerken Nederland , whence Gereformeerd ). It sought to unite these two denominations in one national Protestant church. The party called itself a "state party" ( staatspartij ) because it sought to represented the general interest and not some partial interest. The acronym was taken by the party's founders to also mean Hoor Gods Stem ("Hear God's Voice"). The HGS

825-469: The diplomatic mission of the Netherlands to the Holy See , an issue that had divided Catholics and Protestants. In the 1929 general election , the party retained its seat. In 1931 Lingbeek stood down in favour of Peereboom. In the 1933 general election , Lingbeek was asked to return to parliament by his supporters. In the 1930s, the party was methodically isolated by other Protestant parties. The appeal of

880-567: The welfare state , in the case of the CPN, and the decolonisation of the Dutch East Indies in the case of the ARP. The CHU endorsed both these policies, creating considerable conflict internally. The CHU parliamentary group in the Senate voted for the independence of Indonesia. The CHU provided one minister, which was expanded to two after a 1951 cabinet crisis. After the 1952 election ,

935-494: The ARP's strongman Hendrikus Colijn , who promised to end the economic crisis, on the party's electorate as well as the appeal of the National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands among prominent party members, caused the party's downfall. The party also lacked a strong pillarized organization around it. It was unable to win a seat in the 1937 general election . After World War II , former members of

990-405: The ARP, CHU and KVP declared that they would continue to govern together. The CHU lost one seat but still supplied two ministers in the new KVP-ARP-CHU-VVD coalition De Jong cabinet . During this period the differences between the ARP and CHU became more pronounced, with the ARP becoming more progressive and the CHU remaining more conservative. In the 1971 election the party lost 3 seats. It joined

1045-469: The ARP, becoming increasingly clear over time. Many anti-revolutionary parliamentarians valued their independence from their electorate, leading to the formation of two distinct factions within the parliamentary group. The 1886 Dutch Reformed Church split , instigated by Kuyper, resulted in the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands in 1892. Some viewed the collaboration with the Catholics as a betrayal of

1100-679: The Bible. The word was first recorded in English in 1584, derived from the French ochlocratie (1568), which stems from the original Greek okhlokratia , from okhlos ("mob") and kratos ("rule", "power", "strength"). Ancient Greek political thinkers regarded ochlocracy as one of the three "bad" forms of government ( tyranny , oligarchy , and ochlocracy) as opposed to the three "good" forms of government: monarchy , aristocracy , and democracy . They distinguished "good" and "bad" according to whether

1155-577: The Bosnian political theoretician Jasmin Hasanović, connect the emergence of ochlocracy in democratic societies with the decadence of democracy in neo-liberal Western societies , in which "the democratic role of the people has been reduced mainly to the electoral process". During the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, English life was very disorderly. Although the Duke of Monmouth 's rising of 1685

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1210-482: The CHU parliamentary party. Each year the anti-Papist Reformed Political Party would propose a motion to remove the Dutch representative at the Holy See , (a symbolic motion to show their opposition to the Pope) which was supported by the CHU. In 1925, the left-liberal Free-thinking Democratic League and socialist Social Democratic Workers' Party supported this motion because they saw it as an opportunity to bring about

1265-502: The CHU provided one minister in these cabinets in exile. After the Second World War , prominent CHU politicians wanted to end the pillarisation of Dutch politics. Some wanted to unite the CHU with the ARP, others, like Piet Lieftinck , joined the new social democratic Labour Party (PvdA). Between 1945 and 1948, the CHU was marginalised politically as the re-founded Catholic People's Party (KVP) rejected cooperation with

1320-458: The CHU were appointed. During the cabinet's term one CHU member, Dirk Jan de Geer and another CHU sympathiser were appointed as ministers, while the two CHU-sympathisers stepped down. In the 1922 election , the party won four seats. The cabinet of Ruys de Beerenbrouck continued to govern; the CHU supplied two ministers and one non-partisan CHU-sympathiser is appointed. During the term one CHU minister, minister of finance De Geer, stepped down, after

1375-689: The Catholic Spaniards. The HGS feared the emancipation of the Dutch Catholics , because it saw Catholicism as a false religion and feared that the Catholics might try to take over the country. The party saw the 1886 Dutch Reformed Church split as a historic mistake as it weakened the power of the Protestant part of the population. In its manifesto of principles, it explained their view on the Ten Commandments . The first commandment ("Thou shalt have no other gods before Me...")

1430-735: The Dutch Reformed Church split. When reunification turned out to be impossible, they formed the Free Anti Revolutionary Party (VAR) in 1897. Around the same time, two other Reformed parties had been founded. In 1896, the Christian Historical Voters' League (CHP) was founded and in 1898 the Frisian League . Both rejected the secular state , emphasizing respectively the Protestant character and Dutch Reformed character of

1485-506: The HGS founded the Protestant Union, with several former members of the CHU. It contested the 1946 general election but was unable to win any seats. It continued to exist as a study club until the 1980s The party's name, Hervormd Gereformeerde Staatspartij, is rather difficult to translate because it refers to two Protestant denominations, the mainstream Dutch Reformed Church ( Nederlands Hervormde Kerk , whence Hervormd ), and

1540-717: The HGS was religiously based. Many of the party's supporters came from was supported by the Confessional Union, the orthodox wing of the Dutch Reformed Church. The party's youth movement was called the Jonge Geuzen ( Young Beggars ). Its bi-weekly periodical was the State and Church . The HGS was methodically isolated, and isolated itself. Because of its anti-Catholicism it was opposed to the Catholic Roman Catholic State Party . It

1595-455: The HGS's results of the HGS in elections to the House of Representatives and Senate , as well as the party's political leadership: the parliamentary leader and the lead candidate; these posts are normally taken by the party's leader. The party also held one to two seats Provincial Council of South Holland and municipal councils in cities like The Hague , Arnhem and Vianen . Support for

1650-547: The June Movement, in reference to the April movement of 1853 which had been crucial to the development of Christian democracy in the Netherlands . A driving force in the creation of the new party was the minister Casper Lingbeek. The party contested the 1925 general election and won one seat, which was taken by Lingbeek. The election was turbulent because the cabinet led by Charles Ruijs de Beerenbrouck had fallen over

1705-563: The KVP, ARP and CHU, under pressure of poor election results. In 1974, they founded a federation called the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA). In the 1977 election , they campaigned together under the name of the CDA. The power of the CHU current within the CDA is relatively small. Although there are some prominent CDA politicians with a background in the CHU, the better organised KVP and ARP are far stronger currents within

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1760-554: The Netherlands . The CHU is one of the predecessors of the Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA), into which it merged in September 1980. An important inspiration for the CHU was Guillaume Groen van Prinsterer (1801-1876), who coined the terms 'anti-revolutionary' and 'Christian-historical'. In 1879, the Anti-Revolutionary Party (ARP) was founded as mass party for Protestants led by Abraham Kuyper . Unlike previous anti-revolutionary politicians such as Groen van Prinsterer, Kuyper

1815-601: The Second World War and befriended with the queen , was considered reasonably progressive on social issues (decolonisation of the Dutch Indies, women emancipation, housing, prison reforms, welfare), as was her colleague, the unionist, Henk Kikkert (welfare, housing). The party had a federal organisation with strong local branches and an independent parliamentary party, without party discipline . It has been classified as an elite party . The party published

1870-631: The broader Protestant character the CHP advocated. Under influence of the Frisian League, it became more of a testimonial party . Later in 1912, members of the small National Historical Party also joined the CHU. Between 1908 and 1913, the CHU supported a minority confessional cabinet of ARP and the Catholic General League . In the 1909 election the party won 10 seats, two more than the CHP and Frisian League had won in 1905. In

1925-501: The budget of the ministry of the Navy had been rejected. In the 1925 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. A party which was closely related to the CHU, the HGS , an orthodox version of the CHU, also won one seat. Another RKSP-ARP-CHU cabinet was formed, now led by Hendrikus Colijn ; the CHU supplied two ministers. In 1925, the cabinet fell prematurely because of a motion supported by

1980-427: The confessional parties in favour of cooperation with the PvdA. Some prominent progressive CHU-members left the CHU to join this new PvdA. It was kept out of the progressive Schermerhorn–Drees cabinet . In the 1946 elections , it kept its eight seats, which it also had before the war. The CHU was also kept out of the first Beel cabinet which also just consisted of the KVP and PvdA. After the 1948 election (in which

2035-491: The counterpart of the ARP : Generally the political course of the party can be seen as (soft) conservative and Christian democratic . It saw the government as the servant of God and emphasised the special role of the Netherlands, with its history of Protestantism. The CHU had relatively constant positions on several issues: Although most CHU members of parliament were conservatives, some others were more moderate and belonged to

2090-543: The country – the growing disposition to substitute the wild and furious passions in lieu of the sober judgment of courts, and the worse than savage mobs for the executive ministers of justice." Mob violence played a prominent role in the early history of the Latter Day Saint movement . Examples include the expulsions from Missouri , the Haun's Mill massacre , the death of Joseph Smith , the expulsion from Nauvoo ,

2145-452: The downfall of the cabinet and form a progressive coalition after the election. After lengthy formation talks an extra-parliamentary cabinet was formed, led by De Geer of the CHU, with one other CHU member appointed and one further CHU member joining during the cabinet's lifetime. De Geer was chosen because he was a reliable administrator and a less divisive figure. In the 1929 election the party remained stable at 11 seats. It cooperated in

2200-399: The government form would act in the interest of the whole community ("good") or in the exclusive interests of a group or individual at the expense of justice ("bad"). Polybius' predecessor, Aristotle , distinguished between different forms of democracy, stating that those disregarding the rule of law devolved into ochlocracy. Aristotle's teacher, Plato , considered democracy itself to be

2255-648: The magazine "C.H. Nederlander" ("Christian Historical Dutchman"). Its youth organisation was the Christelijk-Historische Jongeren Organisatie (English: Christian Historical Youth Organisation Anti-Revolutionary Youth Studyclubs). Its scientific institute was the De Savornin Lohman foundation. Internationally, the CHU was a relatively isolated party. In the European Parliament , its members sat in

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2310-488: The nation's Protestant identity. The direct cause of a break was a proposal in 1892 by liberal minister Johannes Tak van Poortvliet to expand the suffrage . While Kuyper supported this, conservative parliamentarians led by Alexander de Savornin Lohman opposed it. After the 1894 election , they formed their own parliamentary group, mostly comprising members with an aristocratic background and who had not followed Kuyper in

2365-780: The nation. In 1903, the VAR merged with the Christian Historical Voters' League to form the Christian Historical Party . In 1908, the Christian Historical Party merged with the Frisian League to found the Christian Historical Union. The two merges resulted in a party manifesto , which was a combination of the constitutional views of the VAR and religious views of the other two, although it would emphasize

2420-484: The party won one seat), it was invited to join the cabinet again. It joined the broad basis cabinet Drees–Van Schaik cabinet which combined the KVP, PvdA, CHU and the conservative liberal VVD, that is every major party except for the Communist Party of the Netherlands and the Anti-Revolutionary Party . These parties were excluded because they opposed the major reforms the cabinets were implementing, including

2475-453: The party. The CHU derived its name "Christian Historical Union" from its combination of conservatism, the orientation to that which has historically grown with Protestant Christianity . The label conservative was already taken by a parliamentary group of monarchists and colonialists , who fell from favour during the late 19th century. In its early years, the terms anti-revolutionary and Christian-historical were used interchangeably. With

2530-594: The social wing of the party. The more socially oriented MP's were: Johan Reinhardt Snoeck Henkemans (1862–1945), Jan Rudolph Slotemaker de Bruïne (1869–1941), Frida Katz (1885–1963), Jouke Bakker (1873–1956), Piet Lieftinck (1902–1989), Henk Kikkert (1912–1988), Cor van Mastrigt (1909–1997), jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen (1901–1986), Arnold Tilanus (1910–1996), Coos Huijsen (*1939), Ernst van Eeghen (1920–2007), Wim Deetman (*1945) and Nellien de Ruiter (1926–2000). The highly popular Jkvr. Bob Wttewaall van Stoetwegen, long-time member of parliament after

2585-420: The split between the Anti-Revolutionary Party and the CHU the terms began to gain their own separate meanings. Furthermore, the party styled itself a loose union of individual MPs and municipal caucuses and therefore used the term Union instead of party. The CHU lacked a coherent political ideology as it was formed by politicians who emphasised their own independent position. Furthermore, many times it served as

2640-461: The term ochlocracy in his 2nd century BC work Histories (6.4.6). He uses it to name the "pathological" version of popular rule, in opposition to the good version, which he refers to as democracy. There are numerous mentions of the word "ochlos" in the Talmud , in which "ochlos" refers to anything from "mob", "populace", to "armed guard", as well as in the writings of Rashi , a Jewish commentator on

2695-472: The time, a proclamation painted on the wall of Newgate prison announced that the inmates had been freed by the authority of "His Majesty, King Mob". The Salem Witch Trials in colonial Massachusetts during the 1690s, in which the unified belief of the townspeople overpowered the logic of the law, also has been cited by one essayist as an example of mob rule. In 1837, Abraham Lincoln wrote about lynching and "the increasing disregard for law which pervades

2750-528: Was also opposed to the liberalism of the Liberal State Party and the socialism of the Social Democratic Workers' Party . The CHU and to a lesser extent the ARP were reminded by the party of their original ideals, but they rejected the HGS' ideological orthodoxy. Christian Historical Union The Christian Historical Union ( Dutch : Christelijk-Historische Unie , CHU) was a Protestant Christian democratic political party in

2805-566: Was an orthodox Protestant party with a strong nationalist tendency, based on two core ideas: virulent anti-Catholicism and theocracy . The party wanted to, in their view, return the Netherlands to its original form: a Protestant nation, based on principles of the Bible . It identified heavily with the Geuzen , the Protestant resistance movement which was crucial in Eighty Years' War against

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2860-476: Was appointed minister during the cabinet's term, who left after a cabinet crisis. During the 1930s, a group of the party's younger members, including Piet Lieftinck began to develop support for state intervention in the economy and form a Christian basis for this intervention on basis of the work of the theologian Karl Barth . In the 1937 election the party lost two additional seats, leaving eight. The party continued to govern in an ARP-RKSP-CHU coalition. In 1939,

2915-579: Was convinced God's will could be translated to politics. As part of Kuyper's antithesis , the ARP worked together with Roman Catholics as the coalition , with the goal of equal funding for religious schools (the School struggle ). After the 1888 election and 1888 formation , this tactic resulted in the Mackay cabinet , comprising Anti-revolutionaries and Catholics. This cabinet managed to partially fund religious schools. Meanwhile, divisions emerged within

2970-510: Was interpreted as a rejection of the false gods of Plutos ( capitalism ), Demos ( democracy ) and Ochlos ( socialism ). The party rejected both socialism and strikes as a political tool, and capitalism and exploitation . Both in their view were in contradiction with the eighth commandment ("Thou shalt not steal"). Practically, this meant that the party was opposed to government control of society, including compulsory voting , compulsory vaccination , and social security . This table show

3025-415: Was the last rebellion, there was scarcely a year in which London or the provincial towns did not see aggrieved people breaking out into riots. In Queen Anne 's reign (1702–14) the word "mob", first heard of not long before, came into general use. With no police force, there was little public order. Several decades later, the anti-Catholic Gordon Riots swept through London and claimed hundreds of lives; at

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