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110-774: Theodore Martin Hesburgh , CSC (May 25, 1917 – February 26, 2015) was an American Catholic priest and academic who was a member of the Congregation of Holy Cross . He is best known for his service as president of the University of Notre Dame for thirty-five years (1952–1987). In addition to his career as an educator and author, Hesburgh was a public servant and social activist involved in numerous American civic and government initiatives, commissions, international humanitarian projects, and papal assignments. Hesburgh received numerous honors and awards for his service, most notably

220-674: A "sabbatical" by Fr. Christopher O'Toole, CSC, the Provincial of the Southern Province at the time. In 1973 Fr. Fred assumed the pastoral responsibility for a large parish in Ahuacatlan, San Luis Potosí , Nuestro Padre Jesús. He served as pastor for 25 years. In 1998 when Fr. Francisco Garcia, a priest from the Diocese of Ciudad Valles, was appointed pastor, Fr. Fred became the pastor emeritus. When Fr. Schmidt died in 2003, he

330-406: A Catholic University (1994), a collection of essays on Catholic higher education. Hesburgh continued to deliver speeches and lectures, as well as serving on numerous boards and committees, including his controversial decision in 1994 to co-chair the legal defense fund for President Bill Clinton and First Lady Hillary Clinton with former U.S. Attorney General Nicholas Katzenbach . Hesburgh

440-736: A board member of the American Council on Education ; and a board member of the Institute of International Education , among other education-related groups. In 1990, during his retirement years, Hesburgh became the first priest to be elected to the Harvard Board of Overseers (board of directors), and served from 1994 to 1996 as the board's president. Hesburgh also served as co-chairman of the Knight Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics that made significant revisions to

550-516: A child, John Cavanaugh served in the choir at Saint Paul's Church in Owosso, Michigan. He assisted his father in the family's grocery store, as well. He retained a lifelong connect to the town, having been baptized, confirmed and celebrating his first mass at Saint Paul's. Entering Notre Dame in 1917, he earned his way through college working as a secretary for Presidents John W. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. (1905–1919) and James A. Burns, C.S.C. (1919–1922). Cavanaugh

660-534: A commitment to academic freedom with independent governance and insisted that "a Catholic university properly developed can even more fully achieve the ideal of a true university." The statement created some controversy because it declared that Catholic universities should be autonomous, free from all authority, including the Catholic Church . Despite the conflicts that the statement initiated, Hesburg's commitment to excellence "transformed Notre Dame into one of

770-611: A degree from the Gregorian University at Rome, Italy. Ordained in 1931, he was employed by his alma mater, University of Notre Dame . Cavanaugh was then assigned as prefect of religion from 1933 to 1938. Then he served as assistant provincial for the Congregation of the Holy Cross until 1940. In 1940, he was elevated to vice president of the university and in 1941 he was made Notre Dame's president. According to

880-559: A family of five children that included two boys and three girls. He attended Most Holy Rosary, a parochial school in Syracuse, and also served as an altar boy. Hesburgh claimed that he had wished to become a priest since the age of six. Thomas Duffy, a missionary priest from the Congregation of Holy Cross , which owned the University of Notre Dame , encouraged Hesburgh's interest in joining the priesthood. Hesburgh graduated from Most Holy Rosary High School in Syracuse in 1934 and enrolled in

990-442: A friendship with Father Cavanaugh when he became a member of University of Notre Dame's Board of Trustees. Beginning in 1958, Father Cavanaugh advised Joseph P. Kennedy on a strategy for addressing American Protestant concerns about the potential election of a Roman Catholic president. In 1959, Father Cavanaugh also advised Joseph P. Kennedy on the hiring of Harris Wofford for the 1960 Presidential Campaign. The future Senator from

1100-530: A group, which he called "Auxiliary Priests", to serve the educational and evangelization needs of the Diocese of Le Mans. On July 15, 1820, a priest of the Diocese of Le Mans, Jacques-Francois Dujarié , brought together a group of zealous men to serve the educational needs of the people in the French countryside. Fr. Dujarié named this group the Brothers of St. Joseph . By 1835 this group was well established in

1210-403: A helicopter on the school's compound for discussions with Ugandan President Museveni . A third parish opened in 1994 at Kyrausozi. In the new millennium the first [East] African district superior of Holy Cross was named in 2003. This was a step towards congregational and district maturity as the past nine superiors had been Americans. John J. Cavanaugh Cavanaugh's family emigrated from

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1320-693: A hundred distinguished professorships. Hesburgh supervised dramatic growth at the university and expansion of its endowment, as well as its transition to a coeducational institution which occurred in 1972. During his presidency (1952–87), the annual operating budget increased from $ 9.7 million to $ 176.6 million and the university's endowment increased from $ 9 million to $ 350 million. Research funding increased from $ 735,000 to $ 15 million. Student enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,676, and its faculty more than doubled from 389 to 951. The average faculty salary rose from $ 5,400 to $ 50,800. The number of degrees conferred annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,663. While Hesburgh

1430-569: A large part of Assam , the Arakan district (former name of the Rakhine State of western Burma , and the Diocese of Agartala in eastern India. It was a huge area, but when Holy Cross arrived in 1853, there were only three priests working there - a Portuguese Augustinian and two young Irish diocesan priests , both of whom were dead of disease by 1854. There were about 13,000 Catholics in

1540-500: A leader to forge strong alliances, even with those who held different political philosophies. For Hesburgh, civil rights were a moral issue, as he once declared: Our moral blindness has given us a divided America and ugly America complete with black ghettos. …We allow children to grow up in city jungles, to attend disgraceful schools, to be surrounded with every kind of physical and moral ugliness, and then we are surprised if they are low in aspiration and accomplishment. While Hesburgh

1650-563: A letter written on February 27, 1969, that included suggestions for potential actions that could be taken to control the violence on college campuses. Hesburgh, who generally disagreed with the Nixon administration's policy in Vietnam and favored an accelerated withdrawal of the troops, advised against repressive legislation to control campus protests. Hesburgh argued that university and college administrations should be allowed to continue to decide

1760-533: A member of the Holy See 's U.N. delegation in 1974. Pope John Paul II appointed Hesburgh to the Pontifical Council for Culture in 1983. Throughout his career, Hesburgh was active on many advisory boards related to higher education, science, business, and civic affairs. He also traveled the world on behalf of the university and the organizations he served. In the field of higher education, Hesburgh

1870-509: A mighty tree and constantly shoot forth new limbs and new branches which will be nourished by the same sap and endowed with the same life." Holy Cross Priests and Brothers can be found across the globe, including these countries (date of first appearance in parentheses): The first group of Holy Cross missionaries to reach India left England January 17, 1853. It was composed of three brothers, three sisters, one priest and one seminarian. (Two priests dropped out due to severe illness when

1980-465: A military installation. He also ran a large United Service Organization (USO) club in a Knights of Columbus hall in Washington, D.C. Although Hesburgh expressed an interest in serving as a chaplain in the U.S. Navy during World War II, he returned to Notre Dame, Indiana , in 1945, after completion of his studies in Washington, D.C., to begin a teaching career at the university. Hesburgh joined

2090-553: A number of posts on government commissions that included National Science Board and the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, and also served on the boards of non-profit organizations, such as the Rockefeller Foundation , and Vatican missions. His career included at least sixteen presidential appointments involving some of the major social issues of his era: civil rights, campus unrest, Third World development, peaceful uses of atomic energy, and immigration reform, "including

2200-535: A private office on the library's thirteenth floor. Hesburgh, one of the country's "most respected clergyman," was a strong supporter of interfaith dialogue. He also brought a Catholic perspective to the numerous government commissions, civic initiatives, and other projects in which he was involved. From his position within the American political establishment and as a major figure in the Catholic Church from

2310-704: A program for postulants and a program for professed seminarians. The novitiate for the formation program is in Peru. In 1999, Holy Cross Family Ministries founded Family Rosary in México. Their offices and meeting rooms are located in an Archdiocesan pastoral center in San Francisco Javier parish, close to La Luz parish in the Archdiocese of Monterrey . Their offices serve as a "hub" for the growing Holy Cross apostolate of fostering family prayer, especially

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2420-417: A public statement on May 4. In an address to a crowd of approximately 2,000 students, Hesburgh spoke against the war and objected to Nixon's decision to send troops into Cambodia . During his conciliatory remarks, Hesburgh also outlined steps that he thought the government could take to address student concerns. On May 18, Hesburgh sent a letter to President Nixon and a copy of his address, which became known as

2530-480: A salesman for the University. Cavanaugh's reorganization created five vice presidents, who focused their attention on the various aspects of the rapidly growing University. Father Theodore Hesburgh, at age 32, was appointed executive vice president - the one vice president to whom all the others reported. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the University, which continue today and are vital to

2640-411: A school of first through 12th graders. Today, Saint George's College serves 2,650 students. Its history is rich and is closely tied with the history of Chile, including the 1970s when the school was taken over by the military government and Holy Cross was ousted. The Congregation returned to the school in 1986. Strong faith formation and service have been a hallmark of Saint George's. Over the decades,

2750-506: A visible image of the Holy Family in this Congregation of Holy Cross which he had conceived as an association of religious men and women working together on equal footing for the building of the reign of God. He intended that this Congregation, composed at its origins of three distinct Societies, namely, Sisters, Priests, and Brothers, be an apostolic institute. Calling on the spiritual aid of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph, Moreau gave to each of

2860-526: Is a res sacra , a sacred reality, and as such is entitled to the opportunity of fulfilling those great human potentials with which God has endowed every man. In 1961 Hesburgh persuaded the Indiana Conference of Higher Education to support a Notre Dame-based pilot project for President John F. Kennedy 's new Peace Corps initiative that trained new volunteers for service in Chile , but he felt that

2970-461: Is made up primarily of children from working-class families. With improvements to the physical plant and the strong Holy Cross commitment, the school has been able to reach new heights academically. From the beginning, the mission of Holy Cross in Chile also included parish ministry and social service. Within three years of arriving, the Congregation had begun both its ministry at San Roque, a parish in

3080-518: The Washington Post . Although Hesburgh received harsh criticism from Notre Dame's students, including requests for his resignation, responses to editorials in 250 newspapers about his "fifteen-minute rule" were nearly all favorable. In addition, President Richard Nixon sent Hesburgh a telegram praising his "tough stance" on the campus's student protests. At President Nixon's request, Hesburgh offered advice to Vice President Spiro Agnew in

3190-623: The Basilica of the Sacred Heart ). Inspired by an inscription carved in stone above the church's door, Hesburgh dedicated his life to "God, Country, and Notre Dame." Afterwards, Father Ted, as he preferred to be called, returned to Washington, D.C. , to complete his studies and assist at area parishes. In addition, Hesburgh served as a chaplain at the National Training School for Boys (a juvenile detention facility) and at

3300-584: The French Revolution . When Moreau decided to enter the priesthood , he was forced to undergo his seminary training in secret for fear that the French government would arrest him. He completed his studies and was ordained for the Diocese of Le Mans in 1821. The French government continued to work for the removal of the Church from the educational system, which left many Catholics without a place to be educated or catechized. In 1835, Moreau had formed

3410-681: The Medal of Freedom , the nation's highest civilian honor. In 2000, Hesburgh was awarded the Congressional Gold Medal , the first person from higher education to receive the honor. On September 1, 2017, the United States Postal Service (USPS) released a First Class postage stamp honoring Hesburgh in the year of the 100th anniversary of his birthday. The release ceremony was held at the Joyce Center at

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3520-674: The Midwestern Universities Research Association and the Nutrition Foundation Board. While serving on the board of the United States Institute of Peace , Hesburgh "helped organize a meeting of scientists and representative leaders of six faith traditions who called for the elimination of nuclear weapons." Hesburgh was a board member of numerous business and civic organizations. From 1961 to 1982 he served on

3630-532: The New York Times , Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was "devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body" and stressing "advanced studies and research" at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established

3740-670: The United States , establishing the first Holy Cross institution in North America at Notre Dame , Indiana . The institute expanded further by establishing missions in Canada in 1847 and in East Bengal in 1852. This association of priests, brothers, and sisters, would continue in roughly the same form until May 13, 1857, when Pope Pius IX approved the first constitutions of the priests and brothers. From that point on

3850-681: The University of Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic in 1970 raised $ 300,000 for Notre Dame's scholarship fund. Notre Dame, as with other colleges and universities around the country, continued to experience antiwar protests as the Vietnam War proceeded to escalate. In early May 1970, after learning of rumors that a group of students and antiwar activists planned to firebomb the Notre Dame campus's Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) building, Hesburgh responded with

3960-460: The 1950s to the 1990s, he used his influence to urge support of political policies and legislation to help solve national problems. Hesburgh remained an activist for most of his adult life, especially in the area of civil rights and equality. He played a significant role in national affairs, beginning in the mid-twentieth century, and became well known for his liberal point of view, which was based on concepts of freedom and autonomy. Hesburgh supported

4070-483: The 1960s, when student demonstrations were held at colleges and universities across the United States, Hesburgh and many other collegiate presidents came under attack. For Notre Dame the climax of student unrest occurred in 1968–69. On February 17, 1969, Hesburgh took a controversial position in dealing with anti-Vietnam War student activism on campus when he issued an eight-page letter to the student body outlining

4180-474: The 1970s and 1980s. To increase student involvement in the administration's decision-making process, Hesburgh added student representatives to university committees. Hesburgh's career included many civic activities, as well as American and international initiatives beyond his work at Notre Dame. Hesburgh estimated he spent about 40 percent of his time off-campus and believed that his civic involvement "enriched" his priesthood. Beginning in 1955, Hesburgh served in

4290-680: The 250 guests at the wedding reception at the Plaza Hotel included Greer Garson , Marion Davies , Bernard Baruch , Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas , Mr. and Mrs. Igor Cassini , and Mr. and Mrs. Morton Downey Sr. He was the personal priest of the Kennedy family and a good friend of John F. Kennedy 's father, Joseph Kennedy . John Cavanaugh was Virginia Joan Bennett 's preferred celebrant for her wedding to Edward Moore Kennedy in 1958, but Rose and Joseph Kennedy chose Cardinal Francis Spellman instead. Joseph P. Kennedy sparked up

4400-496: The American policy of amnesty for immigrants in the mid-1980s." Hesburgh's first presidential appointment occurred in 1954, when President Dwight Eisenhower appointed him to the National Science Board. Although Hesburgh had no previous experience as an activist supporting civil rights issues, President Eisenhower made him a member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission in 1957, beginning fifteen years of service on

4510-567: The Archdiocese of Monterrey, Nuevo León. The parish grew dramatically and eventually gave birth to a new parish, Nuestra Madre Santisima de La Luz. Holy Cross opted to shift from Santo Tomas Moro to this new parish with greater needs. Holy Cross continues to serve this community. In 1993 the Southern Province founded a program of vocation promotion and initial formation for young Mexican men who believe they are called to religious life and priesthood in Holy Cross. The Southern Province established

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4620-567: The Association officially became the Congregation of Holy Cross. Doubting the propriety of a mixed congregation of men and women, Rome separated the women into an independent community at that time. Moreau, in his role as their founder, continued to work for Rome's approval of the sisters' constitution. In 1865, Rome approved the constitutions of the Marianites of Holy Cross , granting them the status of an Apostolic congregation. Moreau saw

4730-670: The Auxiliary Priests and the Brothers of St. Joseph. In 1837, Moreau made the decision to combine his two communities into one society so that the priests and brothers could share resources and ministries in common. On March 1, 1837, the priests and brothers gathered in the church of Notre-Dame de Sainte-Croix, Le Mans in the Sainte-Croix district of Le Mans to sign the Fundamental Act of Union which legally joined them into one association. This new group took on

4840-568: The Congregation established "Yancana Huasy" (literally "House of Work" in the language of the Incas). Yancana Huasy attends to the needs of children who live with physical and mental challenges, including Downs' Syndrome, and their families. In November 1958, four Holy Cross priests arrived in Entebbe, Uganda to begin their ministry. The dioceses of Toro and Bunyoro were too large for the bishop to handle. He granted Holy Cross permission to minister to

4950-628: The Congregation of Holy Cross to a mixed lay and religious board and oversaw the admittance of women students in 1972. He was also the chairman of the United States Commission on Civil Rights and of the Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy. He received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964) and a Congressional Gold Medal (1999), and more than 150 honorary degrees. He

5060-464: The District continues its work with abandoned children. Currently there are approximately 50 children in residence, ages 4 to 18. There is also a new prevention program ministering to 100 children that has been recognized as the first of its kind in Chile. Initially the members of the Congregation of Holy Cross were sent to Mexico from Texas. In 1972, Fr. Frederick Schmidt, CSC, was sent to Mexico for

5170-532: The Hesburgh Declaration. Although campus unrest caused classes to be canceled on May 6, Notre Dame's seven days of protest ended without damage, violence, or National Guard presence as it did on other college campuses, such as Columbia University , the University of California, Berkeley , and elsewhere. By the early 1970s, Hesburgh had become the most well-known American Catholic in the United States. He continued to respond to student concerns during

5280-785: The Hesburgh Institute for International Studies, which Hesburgh founded in 1985, the Hesburgh-Yusko Scholarship, and the Hesburgh International Scholar Experience. Hesburgh's papers are housed in the Archives of the University of Notre Dame. Notre Dame's Hesburgh Library initially opened as the Memorial Library on September 18, 1963, and was renamed in his honor in 1987. In his retirement, Hesburgh maintained

5390-657: The Holy Cross Seminary at Notre Dame in the fall. In 1937, his teachers decided to send the promising young seminarian to study in Rome , Italy , where he graduated from the Pontifical Gregorian University with a bachelor of philosophy degree in 1940. When the American consul in Rome ordered all U.S. citizens to leave Italy in 1940, due to the outbreak of World War II , Hesburgh returned to

5500-814: The Kennedy administration had a poor record on civil rights issues. In contrast to his assessment of the Kennedy administration's civil rights efforts, Hesburgh praised Lyndon B. Johnson 's work to secure passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 in the U.S. Congress and his courage for supporting the Voting Rights Act of 1965 . Hesburgh also made public appearances to show his support for the civil rights movement. On July 21, 1964, Hesburgh delivered an impromptu speech during Martin Luther King Jr. 's civil rights rally in Chicago , Illinois . At

5610-552: The Kennedy family included thoughts on the handling of materials censored by the Vatican , as when Rose Kennedy asked for judgments on Victor Hugo 's Les Misérables , all of Émile Zola 's works, and some tomes by Jean-Jacques Rousseau . But the relationship was reciprocated. When the United States Military Academy uncovered excessive cheating on its Varsity Football team, Father Cavanaugh obtained

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5720-745: The Kennedy family weddings, said a special Mass in the East Room of the White House prior to John Fitzgerald Kennedy's funeral at St. Matthew's Cathedral , and was one of the three priests serving at the funeral itself. As spiritual and secular advisor to the Kennedys, Father Cavanaugh also performed other rites for the family. On April 24, 1954, for instance, Cavanaugh performed the marriage of Peter Lawford and Patricia Kennedy at The Church of Saint Thomas More in New York, New York. Some of

5830-618: The Knight Commission with William C. "Bill" Friday, former president of the University of North Carolina , and joining the Harvard Board of Overseers in 1990. In 2009, he supported the invitation to Barack Obama to speak at Notre Dame, which was controversial because of Obama's strong endorsement of pro-choice legislation. Hesburgh died on February 26, 2015, at the age of 97. His death, funeral, and memorial service gained widespread media attention. Attendees and speakers at

5940-739: The Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh reorganized the administration in order to free himself to pursue fundraising activities and to act as

6050-403: The Marianites of Holy Cross for women, now divided into three independent congregations of sisters: the Marianites of Holy Cross ( Le Mans, France ), the Sisters of the Holy Cross ( Notre Dame, Indiana ), and the Sisters of Holy Cross ( Montreal, Quebec , Canada). Basile Antoine-Marie Moreau was born at Laigné-en-Belin , near Le Mans , France , on February 11, 1799, in the final months of

6160-478: The Notre Dame faculty as an instructor in the university's Department of Religion in 1945. In 1948 Hesburgh was named head of the Department of Theology, and in 1949 Notre Dame's president, John J. Cavanaugh , C.S.C., appointed Hesburgh executive vice president. Three years later, at the age of thirty-five, Hesburgh succeeded Cavanaugh as president. Hesburgh served as Notre Dame's president for thirty-five years, from 1952 until his retirement in 1987. At that time his

6270-471: The State of Pennsylvania was a civil rights attorney then teaching at Notre Dame Law School . Father Cavanaugh, as former president of the University, approached Father Theodore Hesburgh to arrange a leave of absence. Cavanaugh was present with the Kennedy family at Hyannisport in 1960, as they anxiously awaited returns from the swing states of Michigan, Illinois, Minnesota and California in the unexpectedly close Presidential election. Father John's advice to

6380-411: The United States to continue his studies. He spent three years (1940–43) studying theology at the Holy Cross College in Washington, D.C., and two years (1943–45) studying at The Catholic University of America , where he earned a doctorate in sacred theology in 1945. On June 24, 1943, Hesburgh was ordained a priest for the Congregation of Holy Cross at Notre Dame's Sacred Heart Church (later renamed

6490-442: The United States's Presidential Medal of Freedom (1964) and Congressional Gold Medal (2000). As of 2013, he also held the world's record for the individual with the most honorary degrees with more than 150. Hesburgh is credited with bringing Notre Dame, long known for its football program, to the forefront of American Catholic universities and its transition to a nationally respected institution of higher education. He supervised

6600-423: The University of Notre Dame in 1987, Hesburgh took a year off for travel and vacation. Upon his return, he came to campus to work each day at his new office on the thirteenth floor of the library that eventually bore his name, and wrote his autobiography, God, Country, Notre Dame: The Autobiography of Theodore M. Hesburgh (1990) with Jerry Reedy. The book spent six weeks on the New York Times best-seller list. At

6710-410: The University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. Hesburgh's awards include, among many others: In a flight that took place on February 28, 1979, Hesburgh, one of a very few number of civilians to ride in a Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird, flew at Mach 3.35 (about 2,200 miles per hour) as a favor owed to him by President Jimmy Carter. In 1982, after receiving his ninetieth honorary degree, Hesburgh's name

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6820-482: The University's governance and development. In 1952, President Cavanaugh was required to resign as president in order to retain his position as a superior in the Holy Cross community. But he continued to serve the university as the Director of the Notre Dame Foundation. His successor was Rev. Theodore M. Hesburgh . During his many years of association with Joseph P. Kennedy , Father John was called on for advice and assistance in times of difficulty. He officiated many of

6930-413: The amendment quoting support from Hesburgh. President Jimmy Carter appointed Hesburgh to a blue-ribbon immigration reform commission in 1979; the commission's finding that any national immigration reform proposals can succeed only if the American national border is properly secured beforehand was cited by various opponents of illegal immigration to the United States . His efforts on the commission led to

7040-430: The appropriate action to take on their respective campuses. The National Governors Conference agreed with his view; the majority of state governors opposed the proposed legislation. In October 1969, Hesburgh publicly expressed his opposition to the war by signing a letter with other college presidents calling for withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam and was present at an on-campus peace Mass with 2,500 Notre Dame students

7150-549: The area. In Dhaka, there was no church or chapel at all under the jurisdiction of Rome. The District of Chile is the longest-running mission still overseen by the United States Province. Three Holy Cross religious arrived in Santiago, Chile, on March 1, 1943, at the invitation of Cardinal José María Caro , Archbishop of Santiago (Chile) , to administer Saint George's College . Fathers William Havey, Alfred Send, and Joseph Dougherty believed they were going to do university work. Little did they know that "college" in this context meant

7260-451: The board of the Rockefeller Foundation, and from 1977 to 1982 as board chairman. Hesburgh also served as a director for the Chase Manhattan Bank and was one of the four main founders of People for the American Way , which was among many other organizations he served with. Hesburgh's interest in international affairs also led to his service on numerous international commissions and humanitarian projects. After his retirement as president of

7370-432: The college has formed many influential leaders in Chilean society. Also Holy Cross' first Chilean vocation, Fr. Jorge Canepa, was a 1946 graduate of the school. Additionally, the District administers Colegio Nuestra Señora de Andacollo , located in the older sector of Central Santiago. The Congregation took responsibility for the school in the 1970s, after its expulsion from Saint George's. The student body, numbering 1,100,

7480-541: The commission, and the Nixon administration about civil rights policies. Hesburgh objected to the president's slowdown policy on school desegregation, opposed Nixon's anti-busing policy, and advocated for the renewal of the Voting Rights Act, which the Nixon administration wanted to amend. Hesburgh publicly explained that he believed the primary reason for his dismissal was due to the commission's report on minority employment in government. According to Rick Perlstein in Nixonland (2008), when Thomas Eagleton dropped out of

7590-443: The commission. Hesburgh emerged as a civil rights advocate and spokesperson for the commission. In an appendix to the commission's annual report in 1959, Hesburgh outlined his position on civil rights and equality: I believe that civil rights were not created, but only recognized and formulated, by our Federal and State constitutions and charters. Civil rights are important corollaries of the great proposition … that every human person

7700-411: The community. Along with other religious institutes, they began a seminary in Kenya called Tangaza in 1986. By 1989, Holy Cross and a consortium of religious congregations and societies established the Queen of Apostles Philosophy Centre in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Jinja ("PCJ") due largely to the political crises between Kenya and Uganda. It was then difficult for Ugandans to study at Tangaza. PCJ

7810-476: The conclusion of the book, Hesburgh remarked: I believe that with faith in God and in our fellow humans, we can aim for the heights of human endeavor, and that we can teach them, too. Hesburgh kept busy in his retirement years, which also included time to relax at the Holy Cross property at Land O' Lakes, Wisconsin . He wrote regularly, including a second book, Travels with Ted and Ned (1992), which received mixed reviews, and edited The Challenge and Promise of

7920-433: The conclusion of the event, he joined hands with King and other civil rights supporters as the group sang " We Shall Overcome ." Hesburgh served as chairman of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission from 1969, when President Nixon appointed him to the leadership position, until 1972, when White House aides asked for Hesburgh's resignation. His dismissal from the commission in 1972 followed a series of disagreements between Hesburgh,

8030-454: The diocese, but Dujarié was getting older and they were in need of a new leader. Dujarié and Moreau had met previously and discussed their views on the future of the Church in France and so Dujarié knew that Moreau was just the man he was looking for. With the consent of the bishop, Moreau was given control of the Brothers of St. Joseph on August 31, 1835. He was now the head of two organizations,

8140-489: The early 1960s and expanded for a time to Puno and Tacna , on the border of Bolivia and Chile, and finally came to develop an organized presence and pastoral strategy in the Diocese of Chosica . The parish, El Señor de la Esperanza, is about the size of a small diocese in the U.S. Approximately 250,000 Catholics live in a parish that has 19 chapels. In 1982, within the boundaries of Lord of Hope Parish in Canto Grande,

8250-625: The first attempt to sail in November 1852 failed due to storms.) The group arrived in Calcutta in May 1853. Fr. Verite took the sisters to Dhaka , while the brothers and seminarian went to Noakhali . Fr. Verite soon joined them as pastor of Noakhali, which included Agartala and Sylhet in its territory. Chittagong became the headquarters of Holy Cross in December 1853. The East Bengal mission

8360-515: The first missionaries left in April 1840 the association took on the identity of a religious institute . On August 15, 1840, Moreau and four others became the first professed religious in the Association of Holy Cross. As part of his plan to form this religious institute, Moreau also brought together the first group of women who would become the Marianites of Holy Cross. In 1841 he sent a group to

8470-441: The following day. Hesburgh, a member and later chair of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission , was publicly vocal in his support for equal rights, but he did not immediately recognize or take significant action to eliminate institutional racism at Notre Dame, where the number of black students and employees "remained at token levels until the late 1960s." In 1969, after some of Notre Dame's African American student activists criticized

8580-676: The language of the people, and Fr. Antonio comes from this indigenous group. In 2011 the Holy Cross community in Mexico became a part of the newly formed U.S. Province of Priests and Brothers. The mission of Holy Cross in Peru began with an exhortation of Pope John XXIII to religious orders to send missionaries to Latin America, and Holy Cross arrived in the north of Peru in Cartavio in September 1963. The presence soon included Chimbote in

8690-524: The low level of blacks enrolled at the university, Hesburgh appointed a student-faculty committee to assess the issue. The committee's findings caused him to take immediate measures to increase minority employment and aggressively recruit minority students. Hesburgh also persuaded the university's trustees to lift their forty-year ban on participation in postseason football games and used revenue generated from Notre Dame's bowl game appearances to fund minority scholarships. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish 's win over

8800-425: The memorial service included former President Jimmy Carter , Condoleezza Rice , Lou Holtz , then cardinal Theodore McCarrick and cardinal Roger Mahony , former U.S. senator Harris L. Wofford , Indiana governor Mike Pence , former First Lady Rosalynn Carter , former U.S. senator Alan K. Simpson , U.S. senator Joe Donnelly , William G. Bowen , and a video message from President Barack Obama . Father Hesburgh

8910-503: The most recognizable and prestigious Catholic universities in the United States". In 1967, Hesburgh ended the university's exclusive, century-long leadership by the Congregation of Holy Cross clergy. Hesburgh and Howard Kenna worked together to establish a plan for transferring ownership of the university from the Congregation of Holy Cross priests to the University of Notre Dame Board of Trustees. The new governing board included laypersons and Holy Cross priests as trustees and fellows. During

9020-421: The name of where they met and became the Association of Holy Cross. Initially Holy Cross was a diocesan group and so they primarily served in whatever capacity the bishop asked of them. In 1840 this changed when Moreau received a request to send a delegation from his society to Algeria with the purpose of establishing schools and a seminary. It was at this point that Moreau shifted the focus of Holy Cross and after

9130-750: The passing of the Refugee Act of 1980, and the creation of a professional Asylum Corps in the 1990s. Hesburgh served as a permanent Holy See representative from 1956 to 1970 to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna , Austria . Pope Paul VI appointed Hesburgh as head of the Vatican representatives attending the twentieth anniversary of the United Nations ' human rights declaration in Tehran, Iran , and as

9240-399: The peaceful use of atomic energy, aid to developing Third World countries (especially Africa and Latin America ), and civil rights and equality. Although his remarks and actions were controversial at times, "he nearly always came through unscathed." As a fifteen-year member of the U.S. Civil Rights Commission, Hesburgh took a public stand against racism and prejudice. He used his skills as

9350-544: The people of Fort Portal and Butiti. Soon thereafter Holy Cross began administrating St. Leo's College, a high school in Kyegobe, Fort Portal diocese. Near Christmas of 1960, Holy Cross began its first parish at Bukwali. Around the end of February 1961, Cardinal Agaginian , the Armenian Patriarch at the time, told Fr. Christopher O'Toole, CSC, the superior general of Holy Cross, that missionary Vincent J. McCauley

9460-488: The race as George McGovern 's vice presidential running mate in the 1972 presidential election , Hesburgh was among many people considered as a replacement candidate for Eagleton, but he declined the offer. In the 1970s, Hesburgh made public his approval for the ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment . During that decade, the organization Catholics Act for ERA sent out marketing materials on behalf of

9570-469: The regulation of American collegiate sports. Hesburgh was involved with several science-related projects and organizations. From 1956 until 1970, he served as the permanent Vatican representative to the International Atomic Energy Agency in Vienna , Austria . In addition to serving on the U.S. National Science Board, Hesburgh was appointed U.S. ambassador to the 1979 United Nations Conference on Science and Technology for Development . He also served with

9680-531: The rosary, as well as devotion to Mary throughout Mexico. In 2000, the local Holy Cross community in Monterrey established an immersion program at La Luz parish. This program provides an intercultural experience of life and ministry with and for the poor. It is offered principally to students from Holy Cross universities, high schools, and parishes in the United States. One group of Chilean laywomen also participated. The program has been temporarily suspended due to

9790-624: The sector of Penalolen in Santiago, as well as its outreach to abandoned children in Santiago and later in Talagante. Today, the District administers two parishes in addition to San Roque: Nuestra Señora de Andacollo , in the same area as the school; and Nuestra Señora de la Merced, in Calle Larga, in the Diocese of San Felipe . The parishes are known for their youth ministry and social justice work. Then through Fundamor and Fundación Moreau,

9900-620: The three groups a patron: he consecrated the priests to the Sacred Heart of Jesus ; he consecrated the brothers to the pure heart of St. Joseph; and he consecrated the sisters to the Immaculate Heart of Mary . He also established Mary, under her title of Our Lady of Sorrows , as special patroness for all of Holy Cross, whose members in their several congregations continue to cherish these devotions. As Moreau stated in one of his letters, he envisioned that: "Holy Cross will grow like

10010-656: The tri-County region of southwest County Wicklow , on the Cos. Carlow and Wexford border. They settled originally in Erinsville, Ontario and later trekked to the upper Middle West , settling in Owosso, Michigan . Cavanaugh was a first cousin to the Honorable John Franklin Kinney of Rochester, New York . The Kenney, Cavanaugh, and Keegan families are all native to the region around Coolkenno . As

10120-455: The university's dramatic growth, as well as the successful transfer of its ownership from Holy Cross priests to the Notre Dame board of trustees in 1967. During his tenure as president, the university also became a coeducational institution. In addition to his service to Notre Dame, Hesburgh held leadership positions in numerous groups involved in civil rights, peaceful uses of atomic energy, immigration reform, and Third World development. Hesburgh

10230-559: The university's stance on protests. Hesburgh's letter stated that student protesters who violated the rights of others or disrupted the school's operations would be given fifteen minutes to cease and desist before facing suspension, or expulsion if they refused to disperse. Hesburgh's action provoked controversy and made national headlines. The letter was reprinted in the New York Times , the Wall Street Journal , and

10340-486: The wave of violence in Mexico. In 2010, Fr. Marín Hernández, CSC, and Fr. Paulino Antonio, CSC, the first two Mexicans to be ordained as Holy Cross priests, were assigned to Parroquia San José in Tamán, San Luis Potosí. The Bishop of the Diocese of Ciudad Valles offered this parish to Holy Cross in part because of the indigenous community's need for pastoral care and evangelization. Frs. Hernández and Antonio speak Nahuatl ,

10450-500: Was "the longest presidency in American higher education." Hesburgh immediately began efforts to transform the school, primarily known for its football program, "into a nationally respected institution of higher learning." In 1953 the university created the Distinguished Professors Program to attract top scholars to Notre Dame. By the time of Hesburgh's retirement in 1987, the school had established more than

10560-632: Was a contributor to The Pursuit of Excellence (1958), an analysis of the U.S. education system that the Rockefeller Brothers Fund commissioned as part of its Special Studies Project . Hesburgh also served as a member of the International Federation of Catholic Universities , and as its president from 1963 to 1970; a board member and eventual president of the Association of American Colleges and Universities ;

10670-473: Was a steadfast champion for human rights, the cause of peace, and care for the poor. Hesburgh's leadership as president of the University of Notre Dame brought it to the forefront of American Catholic universities. A Time magazine cover story from February 9, 1962, named him as "the most influential figure in the reshaping of Catholic higher education in the U.S." Long known for its football program, Notre Dame also became known for its academics. While Hesburgh

10780-652: Was added to the Guinness Book of World Records as the individual with the "Most Honorary Degrees." As of 2013, he had received more than 150 honorary degrees. Hesburgh was the recipient of more than 150 honorary degrees . These include: Congregation of Holy Cross The Congregation of Holy Cross ( Latin : Congregatio a Sancta Cruce ), abbreviated CSC , is a Catholic clerical religious congregation of pontifical right for men founded in 1837 by Basil Moreau , in Le Mans , France . Moreau also founded

10890-459: Was also active on the boards of numerous businesses, nonprofits, civic organizations, and Vatican missions. Hesburgh was born on May 25, 1917, in Syracuse, New York , to Theodore Bernard Hesburgh, a Pittsburgh Plate Glass warehouse manager, and Anne Murphy Hesburgh. His father was of Luxembourgish ancestry; his mother's family was of Irish descent. Theodore was the second child and oldest son in

11000-423: Was an athlete, editor of the student-run The Observer , as well as student government president. In 1923, John Cavanaugh initially entered the automobile industry, working in the advertising department at Studebaker Corporation . He later served as private secretary to Henry Ford . In 1926, he left private industry to undertake religious discernment. John Cavanaugh then took his master's at Notre Dame in 1927, and

11110-430: Was buried at the parish in the crypt of the convent church that he helped build. With his death, Holy Cross withdrew from this parish, although one of its members has become a Holy Cross priest. The relationship with the parish and pastor continues to be one of friendship and Holy Cross offers occasional assistance. In 1987, the Southern Province assumed the responsibility for the pastoral care of Santo Tomas Moro parish in

11220-503: Was called at the time, "unquestionably the most destitute in East Asia and perhaps in any other part of the world." Because it was such a difficult and dangerous place to live and work, no other religious congregation showed any interest in it. Though the mission was named East Bengal, the Church jurisdiction and the political territory or civil jurisdiction called East Bengal were quite different from each other. The Province of East Bengal

11330-440: Was criticized by some for his social and political ideas, many praised his "contributions to ecumenism, civil rights, and world peace" In 2018, Hesburgh , a documentary film directed by Patrick Creadon , was released. It covers Hesburgh's life, particularly his presidency at Notre Dame and his work in civil rights. Hesburgh received numerous honors and awards for his public service. In 1964, President Johnson awarded Hesburgh

11440-713: Was especially active in the development of five institutions he organized: the Ecumenical Institute for Theology Studies at Tantur, Jerusalem ; Notre Dame's Center for Civil and Human Rights; the Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies; the Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies; and the Hank Family Environmental Research Center. Other retirement activities included co-chairing

11550-642: Was first created in 1905. The Church territory was officially called the Vicariate of East Bengal, set up in 1845 by the Sacred Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith at the Vatican . Its first superior was Bishop Thomas Olliffe, an Irish Jesuit . The Vicariate of East Bengal embraced the present-day Archdiocese of Dhaka , Diocese of Mymensingh , and Diocese of Chittagong , as well as

11660-454: Was president, the university also initiated forty new building projects, including the $ 8 million library with the famous "Word of Life" mural, better known as "Touchdown Jesus," on its façade . Hesburgh played a key role in developing the Land O'Lakes Statement that North American representatives of the International Federation of Catholic Universities issued in 1967. The document outlined

11770-477: Was slow to recognize that Notre Dame's "policies and practices unintentionally produced unequal outcomes," he took decisive action after its minority students challenged him to do so. By the 1970s Notre Dame was a "much more diverse university than it had been ten years earlier." The university has named several buildings, scholarships, and academic programs in his honor, including the Hesburgh Library ,

11880-486: Was the president of the University of Notre Dame from 1952 to 1987. He was an American Catholic priest and educator who achieved national prominence through his public service work. He increased the stature and size of the university, liberalized the rules regulating student life, promoted academic freedom, and worked toward making Notre Dame one of the top universities in the country, doubling its enrollment and greatly increasing its endowment. He transferred its governance from

11990-586: Was to be a seminary for philosophical and religious studies for these (mostly Ugandan) postulants. On August 17, 1991, Holy Cross ordained its first Ugandan priest, Fr. Fulgens Katende. Five Holy Cross Brother's and one priest died in the genocide of 1994 . In Bugembe and Wanyange, two villages of the Jinja Diocese , a primary school and secondary were opened: Holy Cross Primary and Holy Cross Lakeview Secondary respectively. In 1998, Lakeview made world news when United States President Bill Clinton landed in

12100-478: Was to be made Bishop of Fort Portal . In 1967, a house, and later novitiate (in 1984), was built on the shores of Lake Saaka in Fort Portal. During the military dictatorship of Idi Amin , the Congregation decided at one point to leave the Diocese of Fort Portal. This proposal was later abandoned. Bishop McCauley died on November 1, 1982. By 1962, the institute had begun accepting Ugandan religious aspirants to

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