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64-617: † H. regalis Marsh, 1872 † H. crassipes (Marsh, 1876) † H. gracilis Marsh, 1876 † H. altus (Marsh, 1893) † H. montana Schufeldt, 1915 † H. rossicus Nesov & Yarkov, 1993 † H. bairdi Martin & Lim, 2002 † H. chowi Martin & Lim, 2002 † H. macdonaldi Martin & Lim, 2002 † H. mengeli Martin & Lim, 2002 † H. lumgairi Aotsuka & Sato, 2016 Lestornis Marsh, 1876 Coniornis Marsh, 1893 Hargeria Lucas , 1903 Hesperornis (meaning "western bird")

128-533: A microscope slide ", his interests being confined to avian osteology and the mounting and tagging of specimens for exhibition. Yet his competency in this area was sufficient to provide him an appointment to mount and prepare avian specimens at the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, DC in 1882, at the age of 21 where he was given the title of curator . Lucas was prominent figure in

192-830: A saurian in 1869 from the Republican River near the northern state line. His expedition in 1870 was near Fort Wallace and saw the discovery of numerous plesiosaurs and fish from the Saurodontidae family. 1871 saw plants, molluscs, vertebrates, and the bird Hesperornis from western Kansas. In 1872 more vertebrates and plants were discovered in Smith County , while in 1873 new species were discovered in Trego and Ellis Counties , and plesiosaurs were found in 1874 in Jewell and Gove Counties . While he maintained

256-624: A collection expedition to Funk Island to the National Museum, for the purpose of collecting skeletal remains of the great auk , that had been extinct since 1852. The proposal was not carried out due to the expected time and investment required. However, on 2 July 1887, Lucas was detailed to join the USFC Grampus on an expedition north to investigate reports of mackerel. While the ship passed northern islands, he collected biological specimens, aiming primarily to retrieve any remains of

320-689: A conclusion that supported and vindicated the board and its proposed method of herd management. After instruction in the techniques of scientific writing and manuscript preparation by a friend early in his career, he published more than 350 articles, primarily in the area of avian osteology but also relating to natural history and the role of the museum and public education. Lucas also contributed heavily to several encyclopedias, writing descriptions for animals, relying primarily on his own observations rather than other textual sources. Frederic Lucas died on February 9, 1929, at his home in Flushing, New York at

384-529: A different genus. Most later researchers disagreed with this, and have placed Coniornis altus in the same genus as Hesperornis as H. altus . A second species from Montana has also been described from the Claggett Shale. H. montana was named by Shufeldt in 1915, and while its known material (a single dorsal vertebra ) cannot be directly compared to H. altus , Shufeldt and others have considered it distinct due to its apparently smaller size. In 1993,

448-513: A large reward for their recovery, and his home and life were threatened in a midnight attack. He would not yield to threats, however, but protected the refugees, and saved them from being dragged back into slavery. He had a keen interest in natural history. His protégé Williston wrote in 1898: The first to make any systematic collections of fossils from the Cretaceous of Kansas was the late Prof. B. F. Mudge, at that time professor of geology in

512-622: A loon while propelling Hesperornis through water, its toes moved and functioned more like those of a grebe while undergoing propulsion in water. Like loons, the legs were probably encased inside the body wall up to the ankle, causing the feet to jut out to the sides near the tail. This would have prevented them from bringing the legs underneath the body to stand, or under the center of gravity to walk. Instead, they likely moved on land by pushing themselves along on their bellies, like modern seals. However, more recent studies on hesperornithean hindlimbs suggest they were more functionally similar to those of

576-471: A mosasaur, but a reevaluation in 1967 and new specimens confirmed Marsh's assessment. This was the first bird described with teeth; Richard Owen 's original description of the London Specimen of Archaeopteryx in 1861 did not recognize its associated teeth, and assumed the bird had a beak. This was also the start of Mudge's association with Marsh, as the rivalry between Cope and Marsh (known as

640-539: A much stronger demonstration of an evolutionary link between reptiles and birds than had been possible before. Many species have been described in this genus, though some are known from very few bones or even a single bone and cannot be properly compared with the more plentiful (but also incomplete) remains of other similar-sized taxa . In many cases, species have been separated by provenance, having been found in strata of different ages or in different locations, or by differences in size. The first species to be described,

704-974: A small collection at KSAC, the majority of his finds were sent to Eastern paleontologists to be described. He initially corresponded in this fashion with Fielding Bradford Meek at the Smithsonian (primarily concerning molluscs), Leo Lesquereux (plants), Edward Drinker Cope at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia ( vertebrates ), Othniel Charles Marsh at the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale, Louis Agassiz at Harvard , and James Dwight Dana at Yale . In turn, Cope visited Mudge in 1871, and Cope, Marsh, and Lesquerenx all visited in 1872. Cope and Lesquerenx published most of Mudge's discoveries from this period. Mudge discovered Ichthyornis in 1872. While he initially planned to ship

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768-632: Is a genus of cormorant -like Ornithuran that spanned throughout the Campanian age, and possibly even up to the early Maastrichtian age, of the Late Cretaceous period. One of the lesser-known discoveries of the paleontologist O. C. Marsh in the late 19th century Bone Wars , it was an early find in the history of avian paleontology. Locations for Hesperornis fossils include the Late Cretaceous marine limestones from Kansas and

832-546: Is depicted with a mode of locomotion similar to modern loons or grebes, and study of their limb proportions and hip structure has borne out this comparison. In terms of limb length, shape of the hip bones, and position of the hip socket, Hesperornis is particularly similar to the common loon ( Gavia immer ), probably exhibiting a very similar manner of locomotion on land and in water. Like loons, Hesperornis were probably excellent foot-propelled divers, but might have been ungainly on land. Whereas its tibiotarsus moved like that of

896-623: Is due to Prof. B. F. Mudge, who collected for Marsh during the summers of 1874–1876. The industry and thoroughness with which he work [sic] the Niobrara Chalk, the excellence and number of his specimens, and the relative accuracy and completeness of his field journal were outstanding for his time Mudge was not a prolific publisher of scientific papers. According to the Kansas Geological Survey Online Bibliography of Geology, his entire output

960-980: Is now considered to be a specimen of Platecarpus tympaniticus , Liodon remains as a junior synonym . The jaw of the Ichthyornis that Marsh originally believed belonged to a saurian was named Colonosaurus mudgei . Lesquerenx also a named a species of oak Quercus mudgeii in 1872. Mudge himself named the Fort Hays member of the Niobrara Formation in 1876. During his career, he discovered specimens of mosasaurs and plesiosaurs ; late Cretaceous leaves; various saurian and pythonomorphan reptiles; many genera of fish including Xiphactinus , Ichthyodectes , Erisichthe , Protosphyraena , and Saurocephalus ; molluscs ; and trace fossils including gastroliths and Pennsylvanian footprints. In addition to more than 80 species, his finds are in

1024-662: The American Civil War in 1861, Mudge moved to Quindaro (now part of Kansas City ) where he took a job teaching public school in Kansas City . In Quindaro, Mudge and his family operated a waystation of the Underground Railroad , aiding slaves fleeing from Missouri, He lectured around the state, and in 1864 delivered a series on "Scientific and Economical Geology" to the legislature in Topeka while

1088-735: The American West , including the Niobrara Chalk , the Morrison Formation , and the Dakota Sandstone . While not formally trained in paleontology , he kept extensive and accurate field notes and sent most of his fossils East to be described by some of the most noted paleontologists of his time, including the rivals Othniel Charles Marsh and Edward Drinker Cope . His discoveries included at least 80 new species of extinct animals and plants, and are found in

1152-506: The type species , is Hesperornis regalis . H. regalis is also the best known species, and dozens of specimens (from fragments to more complete skeletons) have been recovered, all from the Smoky Hill Chalk Member of the Niobrara Formation (dating to the early Campanian age, between 90 and 60 million years ago). It is the only species of Hesperornis for which a nearly complete skull is known. Hesperornis crassipes

1216-475: The " Bone Wars ") heated up. After his dismissal from KSAC in 1874, Mudge wrote to Marsh: When you were here, you stated that you should like to employ one or more young men to collect fossils in western Kansas. As perhaps you may have learned, I have been summarily discharged (with two other professors) from this college. This has been done by an incompetent, conceited clergyman, who is acting as president. Marsh hired Mudge to lead fossil hunting expeditions. He

1280-482: The Brooklyn Museum. In 1909, Lucas was appointed to the U.S. Department of Commerce and Labor Fur Seal Advisory Board, alongside fellow members from past commissions including Jordan, Townsend, Stejneger, Edward W. Sims, and Clinton H. Merriam . The board advocated for a complete ban on pelagic hunting, but also recommended the continuation of land hunting, as without herd management policies, fighting amongst

1344-480: The Kansas Agricultural College. I was a student at that time under him at this college, and well remember the ardent enthusiasm that he evinced in the discoveries he made. Mudge had a systematic approach, and kept excellent records of both the locality of his discoveries and the actual specimens. From Dale Russell's 1967 Systematics and Morphology of American Mosasaurs : ... special mention

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1408-610: The Niobrara chalk, Hesperornis altus , lived about 78 million years ago in Montana , and is known from a partial lower leg from the base of the freshwater Judith River Formation (or, possibly, the top of the underlying, marine Claggett Shale formation). While initially placed in the new genus Coniornis by Marsh, this was due mostly to his belief that Hesperornis existed only in Kansas, so any species from Montana should be placed in

1472-489: The age of 76. He was buried at Plymouth, Massachusetts . He was married to Annie Edgar in 1884 and they had two daughters. Benjamin Mudge Benjamin Franklin Mudge (August 11, 1817 – November 21, 1879) was an American lawyer , geologist and teacher . Briefly the mayor of Lynn, Massachusetts , he later moved to Kansas where he was appointed the first State Geologist . He led

1536-533: The age of 9 and the second (1869-1870) when he was 17. His mother was Eliza Oliver, and his paternal great-grandmother Ruby Fuller was a descendant of Dr Samuel Fuller on the Mayflower . He became fascinated with sea life , especially the marine birds, many of which he was able to snare, skin and prepare as mounted specimens. From this he developed an ambition to become a taxidermist and entered Ward's Natural Science Establishment at Rochester, New York , to learn

1600-573: The animals in the collection of the National Museum. He also decried the mass death of animals from manmade causes and argued for protective measures to prevent extinction within the report. In 1896, due to his experience in the National Museum, Lucas was appointed by President Grover Cleveland to the Joint High Commission of the Fur Seal, alongside American scientists Charles H. Townsend , Leonhard Stejnege , and David S. Jordan ,

1664-596: The bill to establish the first state geological survey was being debated in the House . The Topeka Tribune wrote: The lectures of Hon. B. F. Mudge are exciting considerable interest, among the members of the legislature, and the people of Topeka. He has spoken three times in Representative Hall, to large audiences whose close attention attests how deeply they are interested in his lectures After Watson Foster withdrew due to opposition, and George C. Swallow

1728-420: The bone surface show that at least the tips of the jaws supported a hard, keratinous beak similar to that found in modern birds. The palate (mouth roof) contained small pits that allowed the lower teeth to lock into place when the jaws were closed. They also retained a primitive-like joint between the lower jaw bones. It is believed that this allowed them to rotate the back portion of the mandible independently of

1792-571: The chair of Natural Sciences at the Kansas State Agricultural College (KSAC, now Kansas State University ) and started teaching in 1865. He left KSAC in 1873 after a dispute with the administration. over back pay. Mudge began geological and paleontological field expeditions in 1865, while still employed at KSAC. He collected footprints near Junction City in 1865, and invertebrates and Late Cretaceous deciduous leaves near Ellsworth in 1866, and more plants and

1856-584: The collections of major museums, including more than 300 specimens in the collection of the Peabody Museum at Yale. Mudge was a member of temperance organizations, and during his tenure as mayor of Lynn closed many saloons. In Kentucky and later in abolitionist Kansas, was known for opposition to slavery. Parker notes that during the Civil War: Some runaway slaves from Missouri came to Prof. Mudge for work and protection. Their masters offered

1920-484: The collections of some of the most prestigious U.S. institutions of natural history , including the Smithsonian and Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History . One of his most notable finds is the holotype of the first recognized " bird with teeth", Ichthyornis . While working for Marsh, he also discovered the type species of the sauropod dinosaur Diplodocus , and the theropod dinosaur Allosaurus , with his protégé Samuel Wendell Williston . Mudge

1984-419: The condyle, shows signs of infection, indicating the bird survived the initial attack and escaped the predator. The discovery was published in the journal Cretaceous Research in 2016. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Frederic Augustus Lucas The son of Augustus Henry, a merchant seaman who was captain of a sailing vessel , he accompanied his father on two long voyages, the first (1861-1862) at

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2048-539: The creature's jaws had been lined with teeth. Marsh saw important evolutionary implications of this find, along with Benjamin Mudge 's find of the toothed bird Ichthyornis . In an 1873 paper Marsh declared that "the fortunate discovery of these interesting fossils does much to break down the old distinction between Birds and Reptiles". Meanwhile, Marsh's relationship with his rival Edward Drinker Cope soured further after Cope accidentally received boxes of fossils, including

2112-978: The development of American museums, which sought to bring Natural Science to the American public. Lucas served as osteologist and curator for the National Museum of Natural History in Washington, D.C. from 1882 to 1904. Lucas served as Curator-in-Chief of the Brooklyn Museum in Brooklyn , New York from 1904 to 1911, and subsequently enjoyed an appointment as director at the American Museum of Natural History in Manhattan from 1911 to 1923 and honorary director from 1924 to his death in 1929. Lucas came to be recognized by his contemporaries as an authority on ancient animals. His description of himself

2176-591: The end of his term, but the position was renewed and Swallow was appointed to head the 1865 survey with a larger budget and staff, and completed a more extensive survey. Due to funding problems, both the 1864 and 1865 reports were not published until 1866. After the two surveys, the Kansas Geologic Survey went into abeyance until 1895, when it was permanently established at the University of Kansas . After his term as state geologist, Mudge became

2240-612: The end of the year, with a budget of US$ 3,500 and a staff of five. In the 1860s, there were no railroads and very few towns west of Topeka, and the area had seen a resurgence of " Indian trouble". Mudge moved to Manhattan, Kansas , and despite not being able to visit all the areas of the state, he submitted Geology of Kansas by the November 30, 1864, deadline, the first book on the geology of Kansas. The document covered stratigraphy but primarily focused on exploitable economic resources, particularly coal and salt . Mudge resigned at

2304-427: The extinct bird. The expedition returned September 2, partially successful in collection efforts. Thousands of bones of varying quality were collected but were able to only form around a dozen complete skeletons of the extinct bird, which were then distributed to various natural history museums. The great auk was later included, among other endangered and extinct animals, in a report by Lucas assessing representation of

2368-430: The first Hesperornis remains from outside of North America were recognized as a new species by Nessov and Yarkov. They named Hesperornis rossicus for a fragmentary skeleton from the early Campanian of Russia near Volgograd . Several other specimens from contemporary deposits have since been referred to this species. At about 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) long, H. rossicus was the largest species of Hesperornis and among

2432-459: The first geological survey of the state in 1864, and published the first book on the geology of Kansas. He lectured extensively, and was department chair at the Kansas State Agricultural College (KSAC, now Kansas State University ). He also avidly collected fossils , and was one of the first to systematically explore the Permian and Mesozoic biota in the geologic formations of Kansas and

2496-618: The former in 1877 and the latter in 1878. As long as science has a name and place in the great central plains of the North American continent, Prof. Mudge will not be forgotten as a scientific explorer and discoverer With John D. Parker of Lincoln College (now Washburn University ), Mudge founded the Kansas Natural History Society in 1867 (which became the Kansas Academy of Science in 1871). He

2560-453: The front, thus allowing the lower teeth to disengage. The first Hesperornis specimen was discovered in 1871 by Othniel Charles Marsh . Marsh was undertaking his second western expedition, accompanied by ten students. The team headed to Kansas where Marsh had dug before. Aside from finding more bones belonging to the flying reptile Pteranodon , Marsh discovered the skeleton of a "large fossil bird, at least five feet in height". The specimen

2624-500: The largest hesperornithines, slightly smaller than the large Canadian genus Canadaga . Aside from its large size and different geographic location, H. rossicus differs from other Hesperornis in several features of the lower leg and foot, including a highly flattened metatarsus. In 2002, Martin and Lim formally recognized several new species for remains that had previously been unstudied or referred without consideration to previously named North American hesperornithines. These include

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2688-752: The latter undetermined taxon. It is also suggested that Hesperornis likely lived throughout the Campanian age based on remains found on middle to late Campanian age rocks, and possibly even up to the early Maastrichtian age. Hesperornis was primarily marine, and lived in the waters of such contemporary shallow shelf seas as the Western Interior Seaway , the Turgai Strait , and the North Sea , which then were subtropical to tropical waters, much warmer than today. However, some of

2752-568: The leader of the commission, and British scientists D'Arey W. Thompson and James M. Macoun. The commission was tasked with investigating the condition of fur seal herds at the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea . In seeing firsthand the decimation of the herds, Lucas began a personal campaign advocating for the animal, interjecting environmentalist themes into the label of a fur seal taxidermy group directed by him and displayed in

2816-623: The marine shales from Canada . Nine species are recognised, eight of which have been recovered from rocks in North America and one from Russia. Hesperornis was a large bird, measuring about 1.5–2 metres (4.9–6.6 ft) long and weighing around 10.6 kilograms (23 lb). It had virtually no wings, and swam with its powerful hind legs. Studies on the feet initially indicated that Hesperornis and kin had lobed toes similar to modern-day grebes , as opposed to webbed toes as seen in most aquatic birds such as loons . More recent work looking at

2880-438: The morphometrics of the feet in hesperornithiformes and modern sea birds has thrown this interpretation into question, making webbed toes equally as likely as lobed toes for this group. Like many other Mesozoic birds such as Ichthyornis , Hesperornis had teeth as well as a beak . In the hesperornithiform lineage they were of a different arrangement than in any other known bird (or in non-avian theropod dinosaurs), with

2944-407: The same institution, and passed the bar and began practicing as a lawyer in 1842. On September 16, 1842, he married Mary E. Beckford ; he continued his practice, and was elected mayor of Lynn in 1852 on a temperance platform. In 1859 he moved to Cloverport, Kentucky , where he briefly worked as a chemist at Breckinridge Coal and Oil Company, a local oil refinery . With the start of

3008-429: The skull. Marsh explicitly named his second species of Hesperornis in 1876 for an incomplete metatarsus recovered from the same layers of the Niobrara chalk as H. regalis . He named this smaller species H. gracilis , and it was subsequently involved in the rather confused taxonomy of a specimen which would eventually form the basis of the new genus and species Parahesperornis alexi . The type specimen of P. alexi

3072-410: The specimen to Cope, he heard of Othniel Charles Marsh 's interest and sent it instead to his former acquaintance from Connecticut . Marsh first described the bird in 1872, but misidentified the toothed jaw as belonging to a type of lizard . Marsh associated the jaw with the avian postcranial elements and published the new data the next year. An analysis in 1952 concluded the jaw actually belonged to

3136-441: The still upright walking cormorants . Young Hesperornis grew fairly quickly and continuously to adulthood, as is the case in modern birds, but not Enantiornithes . A Hesperornis leg bone uncovered in the 1960s was examined by David Burnham, Bruce Rothschild et al. and was found to bear bite marks from a young polycotylid plesiosaur (possibly a Dolichorhynchops or something similar). The Hesperornis's bone, specifically

3200-634: The surplus male population would endanger the female and young seals. Despite this advocacy, the North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 was signed into law, that, despite banning pelagic hunting, also enacted a mortarium on fur seal hunting for five years. Further controversy over the issue led to another scientific commission to the Pribilof Islands by the Secretary of Commerce in 1914, whose discoveries led to

3264-448: The techniques involved. Perhaps because of the manner of his development he seems to have had little regard for investigative science per se. As a consequence, he had little opportunity for formal education and he never sought any. After the 11 years he spent at Ward's, he bragged that, "during those days he never read through any scientific book, never attended a course of scientific lectures, never did an hour's laboratory work, nor made

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3328-416: The teeth sitting in a longitudinal groove rather than in individual sockets , in a notable case of convergent evolution with mosasaurs . The teeth of Hesperornis were present along nearly the entire lower jaw (dentary) and the back of the upper jaw ( maxilla ). The front portion of the upper jaw ( premaxilla ) and tip of the lower jaw (predentary) lacked teeth and were probably covered in a beak. Studies of

3392-506: The toothed birds, that were meant for Marsh. Cope called the birds "simply delightful", but Marsh replied with accusations Cope had stolen the bones. By 1873 their friendship dissolved into open hostility, helping to spark the Bone Wars . While Marsh would rarely go into the field after 1873, the collectors he paid continued to send him a stream of fossils. He eventually received parts of 50 specimens of Hesperornis , which allowed him to make

3456-715: The very small H. mengeli and H. macdonaldi , the slightly larger H. bairdi , and the very large H. chowi , all from the Sharon Springs member of the Pierre Shale Formation in South Dakota and Alberta, 80.5 million years ago. In addition, there are some unassigned remains, such as SGU 3442 Ve02 and LO 9067t and bones of an undetermined species from Tzimlyanskoe Reservoir near Rostov . The former two bones are probably H. rossicus ; some remains assigned to that species in turn seem to belong to

3520-540: The youngest known specimens of Hesperornis have been found in inland freshwater deposits of the Foremost Formation , suggesting that some species of Hesperornis may have eventually moved, at least partially, away from a primarily marine habitat. Additionally, the species H. altus comes from the freshwater deposits at the base of the Judith River Formation . Traditionally, Hesperornis

3584-528: Was accused of disloyalty, Mudge was appointed as the stage geologist and the director of the first Kansas Geological Survey by Governor Thomas Carney . He reluctantly accepted, writing the following note at the bottom of the Senate nomination: "This petition was started without my knowledge or consent. I am in favor of the appointment of Prof. W. Foster". Mudge was responsible for surveying 212,000 km (82,000 sq mi) of mineral and soil resources by

3648-581: Was assisted on his 1874 expedition by Samuel Wendell Williston , who started leading his own expeditions in 1877. Mudge primarily focused on the Kansas Chalk from 1874 to 1876, but from 1876 to 1879 he expanded into Colorado discovering some of the first Jurassic dinosaurs in the American West . According to Blackmar, "in one year he shipped over three tons of fossils, etc., to New Haven" Marsh's rival Cope in turn had Oramel Lucas and Charles Hazelius Sternberg seeking out new finds. In 1877, Cope's team

3712-437: Was assumed to belong to the same specimen as that of H. gracilis , so when Lucas (1903) decided that the former specimen represented a distinct genus, he mistakenly used the later specimen to anchor it, creating the name Hargeria gracilis . This mistake was rectified by later authors, who sank Hargeria back into Hesperornis and renamed the more distinctive specimen Parahesperornis . The first species recognized from outside

3776-617: Was born in Orrington, Maine to James and Ruth Mudge on August 11, 1817, and moved with his family to Lynn, Massachusetts , in 1818. He helped support three older brothers enrolled in the Methodist Episcopal Conference by working as a shoemaker for 6 years, before attending Wesleyan University . Unlike his brothers who all became clergy , Benjamin studied science and the classics before graduating in 1840. He acquired his Master of Arts several years later from

3840-557: Was elected its first president, and published many of his scientific papers in its Transactions ., and he became a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1878. He died outside his home of a "stroke of apoplexy " on November 21, 1879, and was buried two days later on Cemetery Hill. Three species were named in his honor. Cope named a mosasaur species Liodon mudgei in 1871; though it

3904-451: Was large, wingless, and had strong legs—Marsh considered it a diving species. Unfortunately, the specimen lacked a head. Marsh named the find Hesperornis regalis , or "regal western bird". Marsh headed back west with a smaller party the following year. In western Kansas, one of Marsh's four students, Thomas H. Russell, discovered a "nearly perfect skeleton" of Hesperornis. This specimen had enough of its head intact that Marsh could see that

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3968-429: Was making remarkable finds at Como Bluff , Wyoming near Cañon City, Colorado , and Marsh sent Mudge to establish a quarry near the location. While the quarry was eventually abandoned because the bones were too fragile to transport, Mudge and Williston discovered the holotype specimens of Allosaurus ( A. fragilis ) and Diplodocus ( D. longus ) in 1877 before the quarry was closed, and both species were named by Marsh,

4032-416: Was named in 1876 by Marsh, who initially classified it in a different genus as Lestornis crassipes . H. crassipes was larger than H. regalis , had five ribs as opposed to four in the first species, and differed in aspects of the bone sculpturing on the breastbone and lower leg. H. crassipes is known from the same time and place as H. regalis . One incomplete skeleton is known, including teeth and parts of

4096-533: Was that of "all round" naturalist , a specimen he regarded regretfully as fast disappearing. Because of his associations at the National Museum and his past experience at Ward's Establishment, he was able associate and work with many men of this type including William Hornaday , Carl Akeley , Henry B. Ward , Arthur Howell , among others, people whose recognition was based on their writings as explorers rather than as academicians . Lucas never regarded as himself as deficient in that respect. In 1885, Lucas proposed

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