Misplaced Pages

#818181

100-662: The first recorded sighting of Hiva Oa by the Europeans was by the Spanish expedition of Álvaro de Mendaña on 21 July 1595. They charted it as Dominica . The island was briefly occupied by german forces under the command of Admiral Von Spee in October 1914. Administratively, Hiva Oa is part of the commune (municipality) of Hiva-Oa , itself in the administrative subdivision of the Marquesas Islands . Atuona , on

200-552: A declaration of war —against Austria-Hungary and possibly Germany. On 31 July, word came that the German ultimatum that Russia demobilize its armies was set to expire; Spee ordered his ships' crews to prepare for war. On 2 August, Wilhelm II ordered German mobilization against Russia and its ally, France. Following Germany's violation of neutral Belgium during its invasion of France , Britain declared war on Germany. The East Asia Squadron consisted of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau and

300-705: A British Naval expedition. After an unsuccessful voyage to the South Pacific to collect the plants as commander of HMS  Bounty , in 1791, William Bligh commanded a second expedition with Providence and Assistant , which collected seedless breadfruit plants in Tahiti and transported these to St. Helena in the Atlantic and St. Vincent and Jamaica in the West Indies. The plant grows best below elevations of 650 m (2,130 ft), but

400-480: A German colony. Emden and the liner Prinz Eitel Friedrich , which had been converted into an auxiliary cruiser , joined the squadron there on 12 August. The four cruisers, accompanied by Prinz Eitel Friedrich and several colliers, then departed the central Pacific, bound for Chile. On 13 August, Commodore Karl von Müller , captain of the Emden , persuaded Spee to detach his ship as a commerce raider. On 14 August,

500-499: A dish similar to lasagna . Ripe breadfruit is used in desserts: flan de pana (breadfruit custard). Cazuela , a crustless pie with ripe breadfruit, spices, raisins, coconut milk, and sweet potatoes. Breadfruit flour is sold all over Puerto Rico and used for making bread, pastries, cookies, pancakes, waffles, crepes, and almojábana . In the Dominican Republic , it is called buen pan or "good bread". Breadfruit

600-442: A famine seized their island. When he could no longer bear to watch his children suffer, Kū told his wife that he could deliver them from starvation, but to do so he would have to leave them. Reluctantly she agreed, and at her word, Kū descended into the ground right where he had stood until only the top of his head was visible. His family waited around the spot he had last been, day and night, watering it with their tears until suddenly,

700-626: A foe far superior in power succeeds in catching me. But it will cost the wretches dearly before they take me down. While in port, Spee received the order from the Admiralty Staff to attempt to break through to Germany. The ships remained in the port for only 24 hours, in accordance with the neutrality restrictions, and arrived at Mas a Fuera on 6 November, where they took on more coal from captured British and French steamers. Dresden and Leipzig took their turn in Valparaiso, after which

800-578: A height of 26 metres (85 feet). The large and thick leaves are deeply cut into pinnate lobes. All parts of the tree yield latex , which is useful for boat caulking . The trees are monoecious , with male and female flowers growing on the same tree. The male flowers emerge first, followed shortly afterward by the female flowers. The latter grow into capitula , which are capable of pollination just three days later. Pollination occurs mainly by fruit bats , but cultivated varieties produce fruit without pollination. The compound, false fruit develops from

900-797: A hero in Germany, and several ships were named in his honor, including the heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee , which was built in the 1930s and was scuttled after the Battle of the River Plate during World War II . Spee was born in Copenhagen , Denmark, on 22 June 1861, though he was raised in the Rhineland in Germany, where his family had an estate. He joined the Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) in 1878 and initially served in

1000-551: A hospital, a medical and dental office, a post office (with satellite phone), a bank (with ATM), a national Gendarmerie station, a courthouse, schools with preschool (école maternelle et primaire) and a high school (Collège Sainte Anne), as well as a Catholic church and a Protestant church. For tourist needs, there is a hotel and small private pensions, as well as restaurants and bars. Larger cruise ships can also enter Atuona Bay. However, they are usually anchored and passengers are disembarked. Regular supply ships to/from Tahiti dock at

1100-401: A mixture of soil, peat and sand, and kept in the shade while moistened with liquid fertilizer . When roots are developed, the transplant is put in full sun until time for planting in the orchard. For large-scale propagation, root cuttings are preferred, using segments about 10 centimetres (2 in) thick and 20 centimetres (9 in) long. Rooting may take up to 5 months to develop, with

SECTION 10

#1732801886819

1200-451: A reasonable potential of 15 to 30 tonnes per hectare (6.7 to 13.4 short ton/acre). The ovoid fruit has a rough surface, and each fruit is divided into many achenes , each achene surrounded by a fleshy perianth and growing on a fleshy receptacle . Most selectively bred cultivars have seedless fruit , whereas seeded varieties are grown mainly for their edible seeds. Breadfruit is usually propagated using root cuttings . Breadfruit

1300-419: A rugged interior spine of volcanic mountains, ridges, and deep, isolated valleys. Unlike most other Polynesian islands near the equator, no fringing coral reefs protect Hiva Oa from the pounding of the ocean and only a few sheltered anchorages and sandy beaches are scattered around the coast. Travel along the shoreline is by boat as most of the coastal terrain is too rugged for roads. A few dirt roads traverse

1400-478: A small green shoot appeared where Kū had stood. Quickly, the shoot grew into a tall and leafy tree that was laden with heavy breadfruits that Kū's family and neighbors gratefully ate, joyfully saved from starvation. Though they are widely distributed throughout the Pacific, many breadfruit hybrids and cultivars are seedless or otherwise biologically incapable of naturally dispersing long distances. Therefore, it

1500-652: A thicket and had only "recently" been erected. Another notable site is in the Vustin River valley . Also notable is the Ta'aoa Valley, west of Atuona, which is filled with huge banyan trees, coconut palms, twenty-meter tall Barringtonia asiatica , many breadfruit trees, mango trees and Tahitian chestnuts. Among the dense undergrowth, it is difficult to distinguish most of the house and ceremonial platforms spread over an area of 3 ha, as little has been excavated and hardly anything has been restored. The Ta'aoa valley belonged to

1600-417: Is propagated mainly by seeds, though seedless breadfruit can be propagated by transplanting suckers that grow off the surface roots of the tree. The roots can be purposefully injured to induce the growth of suckers, which are then separated from the root and planted in a pot or directly transplanted into the ground. Pruning also induces sucker growth. Sucker cuttings are placed in plastic bags containing

1700-513: Is 71% water, 27% carbohydrates , 1% protein and contains negligible fat (table). In a reference amount of 100 g (3.5 oz), raw breadfruit supplies 103 calories , is a rich source of vitamin C (32% of the Daily Value , DV), and provides a moderate source of potassium (16% DV), with no other nutrients in significant content. Breadfruit is a staple food in many tropical regions. Most breadfruit varieties produce fruit throughout

1800-684: Is also called mapén and used to make pasteles and alcapurrias . Breadfruit is often served boiled with a mixture of sauteed bacalao (salted cod fish), olive oil and onions. Mostly as tostones where about 1 inch chunks are fried, lighty flattened and fried again. Mofongo de panapén fried breadfruit mashed with olive oil, garlic, broth, and chicharrón . Rellenos de panapén the breadfruit version of papa rellena . Dipping sauce made from boiled ripe breadfruit similar to chutney using spices, sesame seeds, herbs, lentil, coconut milk, and fruit. Both ripe and unripe are boiled together and mashed with milk and butter to make pastelón de panapén ,

1900-482: Is boiled, then fried and eaten with saucy meat dishes like curried duck. In Jamaica , breadfruit is boiled in soups or roasted on stove top, in the oven or on wood coal. It is eaten with the national dish ackee and salt fish. The ripe fruit is used in salads or fried as a side dish. In St. Vincent and the Grenadines it is eaten boiled in soups, roasted and fried. When roasted and served with fried jackfish, it

2000-471: Is called poi ʻulu . In Sri Lanka , it is cooked as a curry using coconut milk and spices (which becomes a side dish) or boiled. Boiled breadfruit is a famous main meal. It is often consumed with scraped coconut or coconut sambol , made of scraped coconut, red chili powder and salt mixed with a dash of lime juice. A traditional sweet snack made of finely sliced, sun-dried breadfruit chips deep-fried in coconut oil and dipped in heated treacle or sugar syrup

2100-657: Is clear that humans aided distribution of the plant in the Pacific, specifically prehistoric groups who colonized the Pacific Islands. To investigate the patterns of human migration throughout the Pacific, scientists have used molecular dating of breadfruit hybrids and cultivars in concert with anthropological data. Results support the west-to-east migration hypothesis, in which the Lapita people are thought to have traveled from Melanesia to numerous Polynesian islands. The world's largest collection of breadfruit varieties

SECTION 20

#1732801886819

2200-452: Is closely related to the breadnut . It is similar in appearance to its relative of the same genus , the jackfruit ( Artocarpus heterophyllus ). The closely related Artocarpus camansi can be distinguished from A. altilis by having spinier fruits with numerous seeds. Artocarpus mariannensis can be distinguished by having dark green elongated fruits with darker yellow flesh, as well as entire or shallowly lobed leaves. Breadfruit

2300-460: Is endemic to Hiva Oa and the neighboring island of Tahuata . There are no animals that are dangerous to humans. The nono fly, a type of black fly which occurs in the interior, is extremely unpleasant. In 2012, the population of Hiva Oa was 2,190, of which 1,845 lived in the commune of Atuona and 345 in the village of Puama'u . The inhabitants speak the southern Marquesan language , related to other Polynesian languages, and French . The population

2400-420: Is found at elevations of 1,550 m (5,090 ft). Preferred soils are neutral to alkaline ( pH of 6.1–7.4) and either sand, sandy loam, loam or sandy clay loam . Breadfruit is able to grow in coral sands and saline soils . The breadfruit is ultra-tropical, requiring a temperature range of 16–38 °C (61–100 °F) and an annual rainfall of 2,000–2,500 millimetres (80–100 inches). Breadfruit

2500-559: Is highly variable. Precipitation is much greater on the north and east (windward) parts of the islands and much less on the western (leeward) parts. Droughts, sometimes lasting several years, are frequent and seem to be associated with the El Niño phenomena. The highest annual rainfall recorded in Atuona is 148.2 inches (3,760 mm); the lowest is 22 inches (560 mm). The island is of volcanic origin. Geologically, Hiva Oa belongs to

2600-535: Is known as rata del petti . In India , fritters of breadfruit, called jeev kadge phodi in Konkani or kadachakka varuthath in Malayalam , are a local delicacy in coastal Karnataka and Kerala . In Seychelles , it was traditionally eaten as a substitute for rice, as an accompaniment to the mains. It would either be consumed boiled ( friyapen bwi ) or grilled ( friyapen griye ), where it would be put whole in

2700-485: Is not popular in Dominican cookery and is used mainly for feeding pigs. In Barbados , breadfruit is boiled with salted meat and mashed with butter to make breadfruit coucou. It is usually eaten with saucy meat dishes. In Haiti , steamed breadfruit is mashed to make a dish called tonmtonm which is eaten with a sauce made with okra and other ingredients, such as fish and crab. In Trinidad and Tobago , breadfruit

2800-728: Is primarily Christian , due to Catholic missionaries. The Catholic Church controls six religious buildings on the island, including the Church of the Immaculate Conception ( Église de l'Immaculée Conception ) in Atuona; the Church of Saint Anne ( Église de Sainte-Anne ) in Hanaiapa; the Church of Our Lady of Lourdes ( Église de Notre-Dame-de-Lourdes ) in Hanapa'aoa; the Church of Saint Joseph ( Église de Saint-Joseph ) in Nahoe;

2900-556: Is said that he was buried unmarked and somewhere in the jungle. The cemetery is a much-visited lookout point, offering views of Ta'aoa Bay. Admiral Von Spee Maximilian Johannes Maria Hubert Reichsgraf von Spee (22 June 1861 – 8 December 1914) was a naval officer of the German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy), who commanded the East Asia Squadron during World War I . Spee entered

3000-428: Is the country's national dish. The ripe fruit is used as a base to make drinks, cakes and ice cream. Breadfruit was widely used in a variety of ways among Pacific Islanders . Its lightweight wood ( specific gravity of 0.27) is resistant to termites and shipworms , so it is used as timber for structures and outrigger canoes . Its wood pulp can also be used to make paper , called breadfruit tapa . The wood of

3100-565: The Allied capture of German Samoa , which had taken place on 29 August. Scharnhorst and Gneisenau sailed to Apia to investigate the situation. Spee had hoped to catch a British or Australian warship by surprise, but upon his arrival on 14 September, he found no warships in the harbor. Spee decided against attacking the Allied troops ashore, since doing so would risk killing Samoans and damaging German property. On 22 September, Scharnhorst and

Hiva Oa - Misplaced Pages Continue

3200-651: The Austronesian expansion . It was further spread to other tropical regions of the world during the Colonial Era . British and French navigators introduced a few Polynesian seedless varieties to Caribbean islands during the late 18th century. Today it is grown in some 90 countries throughout South and Southeast Asia, the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean, Central America and Africa. Its name is derived from

3300-524: The Caroline Islands , in the context of sacred yitang lore, breadfruit ( poi ) is a figure of speech for knowledge. This lore is organized into five categories: war, magic, meetings, navigation, and breadfruit . According to an etiological Hawaiian myth , the breadfruit originated from the sacrifice of the war god Kū . After deciding to live secretly among mortals as a farmer, Kū married and had children. He and his family lived happily until

3400-646: The Marquesas , 1920/21, organized by the Bishop Museum . The Eiaone Valley, west of Puamau, is known for its unique and particularly expressive semi-relief petroglyphs. However, most of them are covered by dense vegetation. There are other petroglyphs, stone images and platforms in the Tahauku and Punae (Punai) valleys east of Atuona. The Atuona cultural center dedicated to the painter Paul Gauguin displays only copies of his paintings, but documents his life in

3500-533: The Marquesas Islands , where his ships acquired supplies including fresh meat by barter, purchase, or confiscation. On 12 October, the squadron reached Easter Island , where it was reinforced by Leipzig , Dresden , and four more colliers. Spee's ships were off the coast of Chile by 1 November, when he learned that the British cruiser Glasgow was moored in Coronel , ostensibly alone; he decided to try to sink

3600-460: The Yangtze . After arriving back in Germany, he was promoted to the rank of Korvettenkapitän (Corvette Captain) and assigned as the first officer aboard the pre-dreadnought battleship Brandenburg . Between 1900 and 1908, Spee held command of several ships, including the aviso Hela , the minelayer Pelikan , and finally the pre-dreadnought Wittelsbach . During this period, he

3700-572: The light cruisers Emden , Nürnberg , and Leipzig . At the time, Nürnberg was returning from the west coast of the United States, where Leipzig had just replaced her, and Emden was still in Qingdao. Spee recalled his ships to consolidate his forces; Nürnberg arrived on 6 August and the three cruisers plus their colliers moved to Pagan Island in the Marianas , at that time

3800-608: The Bay of Traitors, is in the crater of the volcano whose walls rise sharply 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) above the bay. Within Ta'a Oa are Atuona Bay and adjacent Taha Uku which are the best anchorages on the island. Hiva Oa is separated from the nearby island of Tahuata to its south by a 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide channel called Ha'ava or the Canal de Bordelais. Temperatures in the Marquesas are stable year round, but precipitation

3900-532: The British battlecruiser. The German flagship was herself not hit during this phase of the battle. Sturdee attempted to widen the distance by turning two points to the north to prevent Spee from closing to within the range of his numerous secondary guns. Spee counteracted this maneuver by turning rapidly to the south, which forced Sturdee to turn south as well to keep within range. This allowed Scharnhorst and Gneisenau to turn back north and get close enough to engage with their secondary 15 cm guns. Their shooting

4000-608: The British naval base in the Falkland Islands , but a superior British force surprised him. In the ensuing Battle of the Falkland Islands , Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee 's squadron, which included two powerful battlecruisers , destroyed the East Asia Squadron. Spee and his two sons, who happened to be serving on two of his ships, were all killed, along with about 2,200 other men. Spee was hailed as

4100-604: The Church of the Sacred Heart ( Église du Sacré-Cœur ) in Puamau; and the Church of Our Lady of the Sacred Heart ( Église de Notre-Dame du Sacré-Cœur ) in Ta'aoaoa. According to local myth, the gods created the Marquesas as their home. Therefore, all the islands have names related to the construction of a house: Hiva Oa means long ridge. Subsistence agriculture , a combination of fishing, pig and chicken farming, and

Hiva Oa - Misplaced Pages Continue

4200-548: The East Asia Squadron as its commander, and was promoted to the rank of Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) the following year. After the outbreak of World War I in July 1914, Spee led his squadron across the Pacific to the coast of South America. Here on 1 November, he defeated the British 4th Cruiser Squadron under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock in the Battle of Coronel , sinking two of Cradock's cruisers and forcing his other two ships to retreat. A month later, Spee decided to attack

4300-485: The East Asia Squadron departed Pagan for Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands . While en route across the Pacific, Spee relaxed formalities aboard his ships, integrating the messes for officers and non-commissioned and engineering officers. To keep the German high command informed, on 8 September Spee detached Nürnberg to Honolulu to send word through neutral countries. Nürnberg returned with news of

4400-674: The First World War, we remember them and must ensure that their sacrifice was not in vain." Breadfruit Breadfruit ( Artocarpus altilis ) is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family ( Moraceae ) believed to be a domesticated descendant of Artocarpus camansi originating in New Guinea , the Maluku Islands , and the Philippines . It was initially spread to Oceania via

4500-521: The German ships had expended around 40 percent of their ammunition supply. Spee had inflicted the first defeat on a Royal Navy squadron since the Napoleonic Wars a century earlier. After the battle, Spee took his ships north to Valparaiso. Since Chile was neutral, only three ships could enter the port at a time; Spee took Scharnhorst , Gneisenau , and Nürnberg in first on the morning of 3 November, leaving Dresden and Leipzig with

4600-457: The Graf von Spee family, called the location of the wreck "bittersweet", remarking that the family took comfort "from the knowledge that the final resting place of so many has been found, and can now be preserved, whilst also being reminded of the huge waste of life. As a family, we lost a father and his two sons on one day. Like the thousands of other families who suffered an unimaginable loss during

4700-591: The Marquesas Linear Volcanic Chain, which formed from a hot spot on the Pacific Plate and is moving west-northwest at a rate of 103 to 118 mm. per year. The magmatic rocks on the island are between 1.63 and 4.26 million years old, but volcanic activity has not yet been completely extinguished. Not far from the road from Atuona to Ta'aoa, further west, some mud pots and small solfataras can be seen. Like Nuku Hiva, Hiva Oa, as

4800-556: The South Seas. His house, which was right next door, has been reconstructed. In the process a disused well was found where the later inhabitants had disposed of the painter's personal belongings, including a comb and toothbrush, jugs of wine, empty absinthe bottles, a morphine syringe, and tiger balm. There are also some Jacques Brel memorabilia in Atuona . In 2003, a hangar was built especially for his Beechcraft D 50 Twin-Bonanza under

4900-720: The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand , heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary . On 17 July, the East Asia Squadron arrived in Ponape in the Carolines, where the ships remained while tensions steadily rose in Europe. In Ponape, Spee had access to the German radio network, and he learned of the Austro-Hungarian declaration of war on Serbia on 28 July, followed shortly thereafter by the Russian mobilization —tantamount to

5000-496: The attack. As Spee withdrew, Sturdee quickly got steam up in his ships and sortied to chase the Germans. By 13:20, the battlecruisers had caught up with Spee, who realized his armored cruisers could not escape the much faster battlecruisers. He ordered the three light cruisers to attempt to break away while he tried to hold off the British squadron with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau . Sturdee instead ordered his cruisers to chase down

5100-422: The attack. As they approached, observers aboard Gneisenau spotted smoke rising from Port Stanley , but assumed it was the British burning their coal stocks to prevent the Germans from seizing them. As they closed on the harbor, 30.5 cm (12.0 in) shells from the elderly battleship Canopus , which had been beached as a guard ship , began to fall around the German ships, which prompted Spee to break off

SECTION 50

#1732801886819

5200-457: The breadfruit tree was one of the most valuable timbers in the construction of traditional houses in Samoan architecture . Breadfruit contains phytochemicals having potential as an insect repellent . The parts of the fruits that are discarded can be used to feed livestock. The leaves of breadfruit trees can also be browsed by cattle. Breadfruit however, exudes latex upon harvesting, causing

5300-530: The breadnut ( Artocarpus camansi ) which is native to New Guinea , the Maluku Islands , and the Philippines . It was one of the canoe plants spread by Austronesian voyagers around 3,000 years ago into Micronesia , Melanesia , and Polynesia , where it was not native. A. camansi was domesticated and selectively bred in Polynesia, giving rise to the mostly seedless Artocarpus altilis . Micronesian breadfruit also show evidence of hybridization with

5400-609: The closely related Artocarpus camansi , and the endemic Artocarpus blancoi ( tipolo or antipolo ). All three species, as well as the closely related jackfruit , are commonly used much in the same way in savory dishes. The immature fruits are most commonly eaten as ginataang rimas (cooked with coconut milk ). In the Hawaiian staple food called poi , the traditional ingredient of mashed taro root can be replaced by, or augmented with, mashed breadfruit ( ʻulu in Hawaiian ). The resulting "breadfruit poi"

5500-541: The coast of Hiva Oa island, is the administrative centre of the commune. Atuona was formerly the seat of government for all of the Marquesas Islands, but it has been replaced by Taioha'e on Nuku Hiva island. The island is famous as the final home of French painter Paul Gauguin and Belgian singer Jacques Brel , both of whom are buried in Calvary Cemetery , overlooking Atuona. It is also home to

5600-531: The colliers at Mas a Fuera. There, Spee's ships could take on coal while he conferred with the Admiralty Staff in Germany to determine the strength of remaining British forces in the region. In addition, Spee sought to counter British press reports that attempted to minimize their losses and exaggerate German casualties. A reception followed at the German Club of Valparaiso, though Spee insisted that

5700-490: The cultivation of staple crops such as breadfruit, coconut, yam, taro, sweet potatoes and bananas, remains the basis of the island's economy. Part of the copra is grown for export. Tourism has so far existed only to a small extent, but is economically important, as otherwise there are few jobs on the island. The currency is the CFP franc , which is pegged to the euro . The settlements are only partially connected by paved roads. As

5800-474: The day, when the setting sun would silhouette Cradock's ships. The German ships would meanwhile be obscured against the Chilean coast, making the task of the British gunners more difficult. At 18:07, Spee issued the order to open fire, with his two armored cruisers battling Cradock's armored cruisers and his light cruisers engaging Glasgow and Otranto . Cradock quickly detached Otranto , as she had no place in

5900-525: The deputy commander for the reconnaissance forces of the High Seas Fleet . In late 1912, Spee was given command of the East Asia Squadron, replacing KAdm Günther von Krosigk on 4 December. Spee raised his flag on the armored cruiser Scharnhorst , and departed on a tour of the southwest Pacific along with Scharnhorst ' s sister ship Gneisenau , during which Spee made visits to several ports, including Singapore and Batavia . Spee

6000-401: The event be restrained in tone. He received a bouquet of flowers to celebrate the victory at Coronel; Spee replied that they would do nicely for his grave. He stated that, You must not forget that I am quite homeless. I cannot reach Germany. We possess no other secure harbor. I must fight my way through the seas of the world doing as much mischief as I can, until my ammunition is exhausted, or

6100-486: The existing ones are also steep and winding, the preferred means of transport between the villages is still by boat. The west and the mountainous interior of the island are largely undeveloped. The airfield, with a 1,250 m paved runway ( ICAO code: NTMN, IATA code: HIX), is located on the Tepuna plateau, northeast of Atuona, and is connected to the village by a winding road. Atuona has a fairly modern infrastructure, with

SECTION 60

#1732801886819

6200-471: The first President of the Republic of China . He came back aboard Scharnhorst on 11 May and the ship returned to Qingdao. Spee thereafter began preparations for a cruise to German New Guinea ; Scharnhorst departed on 20 June. The two armored cruisers proceeded to Nagasaki , Japan, where they coaled in preparation for their tour. While en route to Truk in the Caroline Islands , they received news of

6300-436: The fleeing German light cruisers while Invincible and Inflexible dealt with Scharnhorst and Gneisenau . Spee deftly maneuvered his ships, taking the leeward position; the wind kept his ships swept of smoke, which improved visibility for his gunners. This forced Sturdee into the windward position and its corresponding worse visibility. Scharnhorst straddled Invincible with her third salvo and quickly scored two hits on

6400-488: The foot of a steep cliff and includes 8 stone statues and cyclopean heads. The largest is Tiki Takai'i, the guardian spirit of the valley, at 2.43 meters. However, the most interesting artwork is the Maki'i Taua Pepe figure, unique in the entire South Seas region, which, according to Karl von den Steinen, physician and ethnologist, depicts a priestess or goddess giving birth. According to Thor Heyerdahl, who visited Hiva Oa in 1937,

6500-400: The harbor pier. The village of Puamau is 45 km from Atuona (a two and a half hour drive up a steep and winding road). On the outskirts of the village is a large ceremonial platform, said to be the burial place of Queen Vahine Titoiani. There are large stone tikis carved on two corners of the platform. In the Puamau valley, about two kilometers from the coast, is Ipona (formerly: Oipona),

6600-400: The idiocorophytes (ancient autochthonous species) are probably the coconut palm and the screw tree, which are widespread in the lowlands. Anthropochorophytes, such as breadfruit trees and Tahitian chestnut (Inocarpus edulis), already introduced by Polynesian settlers, predominate in the lowland and midland regions. A threat to native plant communities could be bamboo, which is not native to

6700-426: The interior and link seacoast villages and settlements. Atuona Airport is located at an elevation of 1,481 feet (451 m) on a plateau near the center of the island and has an asphalt-surfaced runway 3,986 feet (1,215 m) long with daily flights to other Marquesas islands and Tahiti . The outstanding geologic characteristic of Hiva Oa is the collapsed volcano Temetiu . Semi-circular Ta'a Oa bay, also called

6800-420: The island and has already formed extensive groves in some places. In the higher, more inaccessible areas of the island, the natural habitats remain almost unchanged. The north, shaded from wind and rain by the mountains, is largely arid. The fauna of the Marquesas Islands is limited to land and sea birds, insects , reptiles, butterflies and spiders. The Marquesas warbler ( Acrocephalus mendanae mendanae )

6900-466: The largest tiki sculptures in French Polynesia. In late pre-European times, the island was nearly evenly divided into two provinces — Nuku in the west, and Pepane in the east. Hiva Oa is the largest and most fertile of the southern Marquesas islands and second only to Nuku Hiva in size. Similar to all the larger Marquesas, Hiva Oa features steep cliffs abruptly rising from the ocean to

7000-606: The largest and most important historical site in the Marquesas. The valley once belonged to the influential Naiki tribe , which also controlled the Atuona region. After the Naiki captured and consumed the chief of the neighboring tribe, Tio'o, the clans of the Hanapa'aoa district took revenge and wiped out the Naiki. The victors erected a tapu on Ipona and installed tikis. After the introduction of Christianity, this place of worship fell into disuse. The Marae Takii, now well restored and consisting of three overlapping terraces, stands at

7100-402: The line of battle. By 18:50, Gneisenau had disabled Monmouth and so shifted fire to Good Hope ; the combined firepower of Scharnhorst and Gneisenau neutralized Good Hope by 19:23. Spee then withdrew his two armored cruisers and sent in his light cruisers to finish off Monmouth and Good Hope . The British had lost both ships and suffered more than 1,600 dead, including Cradock, though

7200-479: The main German naval base at Kiel . He was commissioned an officer at the rank of Leutnant zur See (lieutenant at sea), and was assigned to the gunboat SMS  Möwe , which was sent to western Africa. During this voyage, the Germans signed treaties with local rulers in Togo and Cameroon, creating the colonies of Togoland and Kamerun , respectively. In 1887, Spee was transferred to Kamerun where he commanded

7300-481: The name "Jojo", which has been restored in the meantime. Photos and documents from Brel's stay in the South Seas over several years are also on display here. A monument to Jacques Brel has been erected on a lookout point on the airport road. In the Calvaire Cemetery (Cimetière Calvaire), located above Atuona, are the graves of Gauguin and Brel. It is sometimes doubted that this is Gauguin's actual grave; it

7400-446: The native Artocarpus mariannensis , while most Polynesian and Melanesian cultivars do not. This indicates that Micronesia was initially colonized separately from Polynesia and Melanesia through two different migration events which later came into contact with each other in eastern Micronesia. Breadfruit is an equatorial lowland species. It has been spread from its Pacific source to many tropical regions. In 1769, Joseph Banks

7500-601: The navy in 1878 and served in a variety of roles and locations, including on a colonial gunboat in German West Africa in the 1880s, the East Africa Squadron in the late 1890s, and as commander of several warships in the main German fleet in the early 1900s. During his time in Germany in the late 1880s and early 1890s, he married his wife, Margareta, and had three children, his sons Heinrich and Otto and his daughter Huberta. By 1912, he had returned to

7600-448: The plant sap to adhere to the surface leading to the staining of the epicarp. Proper methods of breadfruit harvesting usually include the process of draining the latex and disposing of it. Sticky white sap or latex is present in all parts of the breadfruit tree and has been used for glue, caulk, and even chewing gum. Native Hawaiians used its sticky latex to trap birds , whose feathers were made into cloaks . On Puluwat in

7700-462: The port at Duala . He contracted rheumatic fever while there, and had to be sent back to Germany to recover, though he occasionally suffered from rheumatism for the rest of his life. After returning to Germany in 1889, he married his wife, Margareta Baroness von der Osten-Sacken. With her he had two sons—Otto, born on 10 July 1890, Heinrich, born on 24 April 1893—and one daughter, Huberta, born on 11 July 1894. By 1895, Spee had been promoted to

7800-665: The rank of Kapitänleutnant (captain lieutenant). From 1 May to 12 September that year, Spee commanded the ironclad gunboat Natter . In December 1897, Spee was stationed in Germany's East Asia Squadron after it seized the Jiaozhou Bay Leased Territory , with its port at Qingdao . Here, he served on the staff of Vizeadmiral (Vice Admiral) Otto von Diederichs . During the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900, Spee saw action at Qingdao and on

7900-658: The re-formed squadron continued south and rounded Cape Horn into the South Atlantic. In the meantime, the Royal Navy sent a pair of battlecruisers — Invincible and Inflexible —commanded by Vice Admiral Doveton Sturdee to hunt down Spee's squadron and avenge Cradock's defeat. On the morning of 6 December, Spee held a conference with the ship commanders aboard Scharnhorst to determine their next course of action. The Germans had received numerous fragmentary and contradictory reports of British reinforcements in

8000-466: The region; Spee and two other captains favored an attack on the Falkland Islands to destroy the British wireless station there, while three other commanders argued that it would be better to bypass the islands and attack British shipping off Argentina. Spee's opinion carried the day and the squadron departed for the Falkland Islands at 12:00 on 6 December. The ships arrived off the Falkland Islands two days later; Gneisenau and Nürnberg were delegated for

8100-455: The rest of the East Asia Squadron arrived at the French colony of Papeete . The Germans attacked the colony, and in the ensuing Battle of Papeete , they sank the French gunboat Zélée . The ships came under fire from French shore batteries but were undamaged. Fear of mines in the harbor prevented Spee from seizing the coal in the harbor. Spee then continued across the Pacific, passing through

8200-456: The second Mackensen -class battlecruiser was named Graf Spee , and was christened by Spee's widow Margarete. Construction of the ship had not been completed by the time of the Armistice of 11 November 1918 , and she was broken up for scrap by 1921. In 1934 Germany named the new heavy cruiser Admiral Graf Spee after him; as with the earlier vessel, a member of Spee's family christened

8300-415: The second largest island in the archipelago, has a relatively high biodiversity for the South Pacific islands. A total of 205 native plants - 24 of them endemic - and 178 exotic species have been identified. Among the richest and most widespread native species on the island are ferns with a high number of endemic species. They cover large areas of the inaccessible, humid and shady incises of the valley. Among

8400-600: The seeds can be cooked for consumption. The seedless breadfruit is found in Brunei , Indonesia and Malaysia , where it is called sukun . It is commonly made into fritters and eaten as snacks. Breadfruit fritters are sold as local street food. In the Philippines , breadfruit is known as rimas in Tagalog and kolo in the Visayan languages . It is also called kamansi (also spelled camansi ), along with

8500-581: The ship, this time his daughter. In December 1939, Admiral Graf Spee was scuttled by her crew after the Battle of the River Plate off the coast of Uruguay . Between 1959 and 1964 the Federal German Bundesmarine operated the training frigate Graf Spee . The wreck of Spee's flagship Scharnhorst was found off the Falklands on 5 December 2019, almost 105 years to the day after her sinking. Wilhelm Graf von Spee, head of

8600-407: The ship. Glasgow was assigned to the 4th Cruiser Squadron , under Rear Admiral Christopher Cradock ; as it turned out, Glasgow was joined by the armored cruisers Good Hope and Monmouth and the auxiliary cruiser Otranto . After discovering the entire squadron off Coronel, Spee decided to engage the British ships, but he delayed the action using his ships' superior speed until later in

8700-466: The sphere of influence of the powerful Tiu tribe, which plays a central role in the traditional myths of Hiva Oa. The buildings erected were correspondingly numerous and representative. In the center is a tohua, the largest of the Marquesas. A large tiki stands in the plaza and a stone head on one of the ceremonial platforms. Taro cultivation terraces have been found in the vicinity of the settlement. Ralph Linton explored this site as part of his expedition to

8800-454: The statue does not resemble a woman giving birth, but "more like an animal swimming," and he compared it to two sculptures of the "alligator god" from the St. Augustine culture. v.d. Steinen's interpretation of a woman in labor is contradicted by the fact that the base emerged from the navel region and not from the loins. He learned from his informants that the statue had long been lying on its back in

8900-631: The swollen perianth , and originates from 1,500 to 2,000 flowers visible on the skin of the fruit as hexagon-like disks. Breadfruit is one of the highest-yielding food plants, with a single tree producing up to 200 or more grapefruit-sized fruits per season, requiring limited care. In the South Pacific , the trees yield 50 to 150 fruits per year, usually round, oval or oblong weighing 0.25 to 6 kilograms (0.55 to 13 lb). Productivity varies between wet and dry areas. Studies in Barbados indicate

9000-483: The texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor. The trees have been widely planted in tropical regions, including lowland Central America , northern South America , and the Caribbean . In addition to the fruit serving as a staple food in many cultures, the light, sturdy timber of breadfruit has been used for outriggers , ships, and houses in

9100-486: The tropics. Breadfruit is closely related to Artocarpus camansi (breadnut or seeded breadfruit) of New Guinea, the Maluku Islands , and the Philippines , Artocarpus blancoi ( tipolo or antipolo ) of the Philippines, and Artocarpus mariannensis ( dugdug ) of Micronesia , all of which are sometimes also referred to as "breadfruit". It is also closely related to the jackfruit . Breadfruit trees grow to

9200-550: The wood fire used for cooking the main meal and then taken out when ready. It is also eaten as a dessert, called ladob friyapen , where it is boiled in coconut milk, sugar, vanilla, cinnamon and a pinch of salt. In Belize , the Mayan people call it masapan . In Puerto Rico , breadfruit is called panapén or pana , for short, although the name pana is often used to refer to breadnut , seeds of which have traditionally been boiled, peeled and eaten whole. In some inland regions it

9300-684: The year, the preservation of harvested fruit is an issue. One traditional preservation technique known throughout Oceania is to bury peeled and washed fruits in a leaf-lined pit where they ferment over several weeks and produce a sour, sticky paste . Stored in this way, the product may endure a year or more. Some pits are reported to have produced edible contents more than 20 years after burial. Remnants of pit-like formations with stone scattered around (presumed to line them) are often clues indicating prehistoric settlement to archaeologists studying pre-contact history of French Polynesia . In addition to being edible raw, breadfruit can be ground into flour and

9400-440: The year. Both ripe and unripe fruit have culinary uses; unripe breadfruit is cooked before consumption. Before being eaten, the fruit are roasted, baked, fried or boiled. When cooked, the taste of moderately ripe breadfruit is described as potato -like, or similar to freshly baked bread. One breadfruit tree can produce 200 kilograms (450 lb) each season. Because breadfruit trees usually produce large crops at certain times of

9500-399: The young trees ready for planting when they are 60 centimetres (2 ft) high. The term breadfruit was first used in the 17th century to describe the bread-like texture of the fruit when baked. Breadfruit has hundreds of varieties and numerous common names varying by its geographic distribution. According to DNA fingerprinting studies, the wild seeded ancestor of breadfruit is

9600-517: Was eventually tracked to the Juan Fernández Islands and sunk. The complete destruction of the squadron killed about 2,200 German sailors and officers, including both of Spee's sons; Heinrich died aboard Gneisenau , and Otto was killed aboard Nürnberg . Spee was hailed as a hero in Germany and the men of the East Asia Squadron were celebrated in the press, which emphasized their bravery and refusal to surrender. In September 1917,

9700-474: Was promoted to Fregattenkapitän (Frigate Captain) on 27 January 1904 and to Kapitän zur See (Captain at Sea) exactly a year later; his command of Wittelsbach followed the latter promotion. In 1908, he was assigned as the chief of staff to the commander of the North Sea Station, and in 1910 he was promoted to the rank of Konteradmiral ( KAdm –Counter Admiral). Spee was then assigned as

9800-595: Was promoted to Vizeadmiral the following year. Over the following year and a half, Spee met with the leaders of several East Asian countries. From 1 April to 7 May 1913, Scharnhorst took Spee to Japan to meet the Taishō Emperor . Later in the year, Spee met with Chulalongkorn , the King of Siam . In May 1914, Spee took Scharnhorst and the torpedo boat S90 on a visit to Port Arthur and then to Tianjin ; Spee continued on to Beijing , where he met with Yuan Shikai ,

9900-621: Was so accurate that it forced the British to haul away a second time. The British gunfire became increasingly accurate, and by 16:00, Scharnhorst had begun to list badly, while fires raged aboard the ship. Spee ordered Gneisenau to try to disengage while he turned Scharnhorst toward his attackers in an attempt to launch torpedoes at them. At 16:17, Scharnhorst capsized and sank, taking her entire crew with her, including Spee. The British, still focused on Gneisenau , made no effort to rescue survivors. Gneisenau , Leipzig , and Nürnberg were also sunk. Only Dresden managed to escape, but she

10000-679: Was stationed in Tahiti as part of the Endeavour expedition commanded by Captain James Cook . The late-18th-century quest for cheap, high-energy food sources for slaves in British colonies prompted colonial administrators and plantation owners to call for breadfruit to be brought to the Caribbean . As president of the Royal Society , Banks provided a cash bounty and gold medal for success in this endeavor, and successfully lobbied for

#818181